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Topic: Treaty of Turkmenchay

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	Turkmanchai Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Turkmanchai treaty (also written Turkemanchay, Turkamanchay, and Turkmanchay) is a treaty by which the Persian Empire, more commonly known today as Iran, divided the territory of Azerbaijan with Imperial Russia after its defeat in 1828 at the end of the Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828.
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828 (5th of Shaban, 1243 in the Islamic calendar), by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef o-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah from Persia's side, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Imperial Russia.
		As was the case for the Gulistan Treaty, Persia was forced to sign the treaty by Russia, as it had no alternative after Abbas Mirza's defeat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay (411 words)

	History of Azerbaijan
		Due to its location astride the trade routes connecting Europe to Central Asia and the Near East and on the shore of the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan was fought over by Russia, Persia, and the Ottomans for several centuries.
		Finally the Russians split Azerbaijan's territory with Persia in 1828 by the Treaty of Turkmenchay[?], establishing the present frontiers and extinguishing the last native dynasties of local Azerbaijani khans.
		The beginning of modern exploitation of the oil fields in the 1870s led to a period of unprecedented prosperity and growth in the years before World War I.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/az/Azerbaijan___History.html (404 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		TREATY BETWEEN THE KHAN OF QARABAGH AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE ON TRANSFER OF THE QARABAGH KHANATE TO RUSSIA
		Taking into account the factual value of the Treaty of 1805 for the confirmation of the inalienable rights for their primordial lands, we publish its original copy which is kept in the Central Historical Archive of the Azerbaijan Republic (File 130, list 1, folder 4, pp.245-248).
		The Treaty was published in "The Acts of the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission" in Tiflis (Tbilisi) in 1868 (Volume 2, p.705).
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/7124/treaty-intro.html (187 words)

	Golestan Treaty - (CAIS)
		Abstract: Treaty of Golestan dated 1813, signed by Russia and Iran (Persia) at Gulistan, a village in what is now NW Azerbaijan.
		The treaty was set up by Gore Ouseley of Britain who served as the mediator, and was signed by Haji Mirza Abol Hasan Khan from the Iranian side in 11 chapters.
		The treaty is also regarded by Iranians as the main reason why Fath Ali Shah is seen as one of Iran's most incompetent rulers in memory.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Iran/golestan.htm (403 words)

	Treaty of Paris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet
		Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space
		Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
	en.explicatus.org /wiki/Special:Allpages/Treaty_of_Paris (143 words)

	Turkmenistan - Azerbaijan: Legal and Political Issues in the Caspian Dispute
		The 1927 treaty on exploiting the fishing grounds on the southern shore between the USSR and Persia and the 1940 treaty on trade and navigation between the USSR and Iran clearly define the subject of international legal regulation, while the 1921 treaty does not even have a name.
		The current period, during which the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakstan delimiting the bottom of the northern portion of the Caspian Sea was signed on July 6, 1998 in Moscow, confirms Russia's consistency.
		Recognition was achieved on the basis of treaty and law, and now the land borders between the newly independent states are being delimited and demarcated.
	turkmeniya.tripod.com /turkmenistanlaws/id21.html (5258 words)

	NKR Office in Washington, DC
		The treaty affirming this was signed on October 12, 1813, in the Artsakh fortress of Gulistan.
		The new Russian-Persian war of 1827-28 ended with the treaty of Turkmenchay on February 10, 1828.
		According to the treaty, Yerevan and Nakhichevan khanates, as well as the Ordubad province were given to Russia.
	nkrusa.org /nk_conflict/nk_until_1918.shtml (1479 words)

	Torkman Treaty - (CAIS)
		The Torkamanchai treaty (also written Turkmanchai, Turkemanchay, Turkamanchay, and Turkmanchay) is a treaty by which Iran lost many of its northern territories to Russia after its defeat in 1828, bringing an end to the second Russo-Persian wars (1827-1828).
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828, by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef o-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah from Iran's side, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Russia.
		As was the case for the Gulistan Treaty, Iran was forced to sign the treaty by Russia, as it had no other alternative after Abbas Mirza's defeat.
	www.cais-soas.com /cais/Iran/torkmanchai.htm (459 words)

	ARMENIAN HIGHLAND
		As a result of the Russo-Persian War of 1804-13, Persia was defeated and ceded virtually all of Caucasus to the Russian Empire, including Karabagh and Gandzak khanates, the annexation of these two provinces being included in the Treaty of Gullistan (a fortress in Artsakh), signed on October 12, 1813.
		The second large scale Russo-Persian war of 1827-28 ended once again with Persia's defeat, which was ratified with the Treaty of Turkmenchay, signed on February 10, 1828.
		According to this treaty, the Yerevan and Nakhichevan khanates, as well as the Ordubad province were annexed by the Russian Empire.
	www.armenianhighland.com /artsakh/chronicle292.html (529 words)

	History of Azerbaijan
		Historically Azerbaijan is located in the territory from the Caucasian ridge in the north till Hamadan (central Iran) in the south, from the Goyche (Sevan) and Uremia rivers in the west till the Caspian Sea in the east.
		Pursuant to the Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828) peace treaties concluded between Russia and Iran as a result of the wars between them, the territory of Azerbaijan was divided into two parts.
		In 1724, pursuant to the Istanbul treaty, Caspian littoral districts, including Baku, Salyan and Lenkeran were annexed to Russia and the rest part of Azerbaijan - to Turkey.
	www.azerbaijan.00page.com (1801 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on HACKED BY TURK-SOPHİA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (en)
		Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (en)
		Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (en)
	www.blinkbits.com /wikifeeds/TR?from=7200 (269 words)

	Azerbaijan (07/06)
		In July 1992, Azerbaijan ratified the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment and provides for the destruction of weaponry in excess of those limits.
		Although Azerbaijan did not provide all data required by the treaty on its conventional forces at that time, it has accepted on-site inspections of forces on its territory.
		Azerbaijan is a member of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), NATO's Partnership for Peace, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership, the World Health Organization, CFE Treaty member state, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Council of Europe, the Community of Democracies, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2909.htm (3460 words)

	Today.Az - All news from Azerbaijan
		In conformity with the Kurekchay treaty, khan was to pawn his elder Mamed- Hassan-aga's son to stay forever in Tifliss and undertook all expense on his keeping.
		In conformity with the treaty, according to the tsar's decree Ibrahim-khan was awarded the rank of General-Lieutenant of the Russian army, his sons Mamad- Hassan and Mehdi-Gulu - Major-General and Khanlar - the rank of Colonel.
		That Treaty was the politically-legal Act reflecting transfer of Karabakh, as the Azerbaijani khanate to the vassalage dependence from Russia and everything in the Treaty was written very clearly.
	www.today.az /print/news/politics/18574.html (4170 words)

	Genocide
		After signing of Nishtadt peace treaty with Swedes in 1721 Russian tsar Peter I turned his imperial aspirations to Caucasus and Caspian territories that led to the capture of Baku city in 1723.
		Shortly after concluding of Turkmenchay treaty by the Decree of March, 21 1828 Nicholas I, the Russian emperor, created “Armenian oblast (district)” on the territory of Irevan and Nakhchivan khanates that included also Irevan city where 7331 Azerbaijanis and 2369 Armenians lived.
		After that, according to the clause XV in Turkmenchay treaty mass migration of Armenians from Iran into Irevan, Karabakh and Nakhchivan – the lands populated by Azerbaijanis was implemented that later caused the expatriation of them from their home lands.
	meltingpot.fortunecity.com /jinx/744/genocide_en.htm (3037 words)

	Russian Armenia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1828, with the treaty of Turkmenchay, Russia annexed Yerevan, Nakhichevan, and the surrounding countryside.
		However, in the peace treaty of 1829, Russians gave all of the newly captured Armenian territories back to the Ottoman Empire, keeping only Akhalkalak and Akhaltsikhe.
		1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay awards Nakhichevan and area around Erevan to Russia, strengthening Russian control of Transcaucasus and beginning period of modernization and security.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_Armenia (526 words)

	Azerbaijan
		Following the Turkmanchai treaty, signed in February 1828, Azerbaijan was divided along the Aras river (Araxus).
		Following their defeat by Russia, Qajar Iran was forced to sign the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, which acknowledged the loss of the territory to Russia.
		The Russians dictated another final settlement as per the Treaty of Turkmenchay, which split Azerbaijan's territory with the Qajars of Persia in 1828.
	www.vugar.4mg.com /about.html (8183 words)

	Azerbaijani language Summary
		The sides concluded the Treaty of Gulustan in 1813, and Iran ceded a large part of the Caucasus to Russia.
		In February 1828, the Treaty of Turkmenchay was signed, and Iran lost the rest of the Caucasus, including most of the northern part of Azerbaijan.
		In the eyes of many Azerbaijanis, this treaty symbolizes the separation of the people.
	www.bookrags.com /Azerbaijani_language (2459 words)

	[No title]
		It is an irony of history that while Azerbaijan has a population of some 8 million, of whom 90 percent are Azeri, some 20 million of Iran’s population of 66 million — close to 30 percent — are Azeri.
		The split came in the 19th century, as a result of the 1813 Treaty of Gulustan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, signed between the Russia and Persia.
		After the signing of the treaties, Azeris living in Iran held some of the highest governmental posts.
	www.gamoh.org /en/bakusun-interv.html (1069 words)

	Issues of International Law and Politics in the Caspian in the Context of the Turkrnenistan-Azerbaijan Discussion and ...
		Previously it was governed by two treaties - the Russo-Iranian treaty of February 26, 1921 and the Soviet-Iranian treaty of March 25, 1940.” [5] In F. Bogomolov’s opinion, “both tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union incorporated this principle of condominium in their treaties with Iran (at that time our only neighbor on the Caspian.” [6]
		Iran agreed “to equally enjoy the right of free navigation in the Caspian Sea under their own flags” and the provisions of the 1940 treaty, some authors have noted that “After the disintegration of the USSR, the situation underlying both these treaties changed.
		The countries of the world and international organizations make extensive use of the potential of union states as subjects of international law in the creation of an architecture for cooperation.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/usazerb/422.htm (5211 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It also underwent a brief period of feudal fragmentation in the mid-18th to early 19th centuries, and consisted of independent khanates.
		Following the two wars between the Qajar dynasty of Persia and the Russian Empire, Azerbaijan was acquired by Russia through the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, and the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828.
		After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, Azerbaijan declared independence and established the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
	aa.1asphost.com /urmu/meqaleler/History_of_Azerbaijan.htm (360 words)

	HyeEtch - Religion & Church - Etchmiadzin & Treasures p2
		The conquests were solidified by the treaty of Turkmenchay, in which the Persian side recognized the fact that it had no claims on Eastern Armenia, and promised to help resettle and help return those Armenians living in Iran back to their homeland in Eastern Armenia.
		The treaty of Sevres on August 10, 1920, in which the Turkish government recognized and signed the passing of Western Armenia to the Republic of Armenia.
		The promises only remained a vague pledge and a great disappointment and a deceiving exploit of the Armenian people by the Allies for their own purposes and interests only in the game of realpolitik.
	www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au /religion/h_see_p2.html (2104 words)

	The Azeri Edge; With oil, questionable elections, and a rising Islamic presence, Azerbaijan may be at a crossroads ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		(The fact that Nagorno-Karabakh was home to a concentration of Armenians in Azeri territory is the vestige of the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay between Iran and Russia, which historically, along with Turkey, have had the greatest influence over Azeri fortunes.
		Azerbaijan's first attempt at independence was short-lived, lasting two years between the 1917 collapse of czarist Russia and the invasion of the Red Army in 1920.
		By 1994, the year a cease-fire was achieved, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict had left 30,000 dead, 20 percent of Azeri territory occupied, and up to 800,000 Azeris as refugees in their own country.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0RMQ/is_2006_March_28/ai_n16346215 (840 words)

	Nagorno-Karabakh information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the early 16th century, after the fall of the Ak-Koyunlu state, control of the region passed to the Safavid dynasty of Iran, that created a Ganje-Karabakh province (beglarbekdom, bəylərbəyliyi); and in the mid-18th century, the Karabakh khanate was formed.
		Karabakh passed to Imperial Russia by the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, before the rest of Transcaucasia was incorporated into the Empire in 1828 by the Treaty of Turkmenchay.
		In 1822, the Karabakh khanate was dissolved, and the area became part of the Elizavetpol governorate within the Russian Empire.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Nagorno-Karabakh (4600 words)

	Iran sent a protest note to Azerbaijan Persian Journal Latest Iran News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		We consider these approaches and statements as Azerbaijan's incompliance with the treaty on friendly relationships and cooperation principles between Iran and Azerbaijan signed by the Presidents of the two countries in Tehran in May, 2002.
		It is very surprising that in the meeting organized by Azerbaijan state, anti-Iran forces voiced such illogical and unfriendly statements, and it also surprising that contrary to the items of Turkmenchay treaty, the treaty was introduced as division of Azerbaijan," the note reads.
		"The Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran severely urges the Azerbaijan Republic to end such actions, prevent anti-Iran elements' activities immediately as well as fulfill the treaty of friendship between the two countries and comply with friendly neighborhood and its principles," the note concludes.
	www.iranian.ws /iran_news/publish/printer_14199.shtml (351 words)

	Azerbaijan (05/01)
		Since 1992, the United States has disbursed more than $140 million in humanitarian assistance to the IDP, refugee, and war-affected populations of Azerbaijan.
		Azerbaijan is a member of the United Nations; the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe; NATO's Partnership for Peace; Euro-Atlantic Partnership; World Health Organization; CFE Treaty member state; the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the Council of Europe; the Community of Democracies; the International Monetary Fund; and the World Bank.
		The major domestic issue affecting Azerbaijan is the dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh, a predominantly ethnic Armenian region within Azerbaijan.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/a/12737.htm (2540 words)

	Today.Az - All news from Azerbaijan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		We consider these statements as Azerbaijan's incompliance with friendly relations and cooperation between Iran and Azerbaijan signed by the Presidents of the two countries in Tehran in May, 2002.
		"It is very surprising" that in the meeting organized by Azerbaijan, "anti-Iranian forces" voiced such "illogical and unfriendly" statements, and it also surprising that contrary to the items of Turkmenchay treaty, the treaty was introduced as division of Azerbaijan, the note reads.
		The Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran "severely urges" the Azerbaijan Republic to end such actions, prevent "anti-Iranian" elements' activities immediately as well as fulfill the treaty of friendship between the two countries and comply with friendly neighborhood and its principles," the note concludes.
	www.today.az /print/news/politics/24255.html (255 words)

	Cultural situation in the South Caucasus
		This particular example was the result of the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 between Russia and Persia which included the annexing of part of the region into the Russian Empire (which eventually became today’s Azerbaijan) while the other part became part of an Iranian state which has Tabriz as its regional centre.
		In 1828-30 in accordance with the Treaty, Russia settled more than 130,000 Armenians from Iran and Turkey in Mountainous Karabakh.
		This pattern is duplicated, albeit with smaller numbers involved but often with greater complexity, both within and immediately beyond the Caucasus region.
	assembly.coe.int /Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc03/EDOC9736.htm (12660 words)

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