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Topic: Treaty of Vienna

	Congress of Vienna - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from September 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815.
		The Congress of Vienna was frequently criticized by 19th century and more recent historians for ignoring national and liberal impulses, and for imposing a stifling reaction on the continent.
		The Congress of Vienna was an integral part in what became known as the Conservative Order in which peace and stability were traded for the liberties and civil rights associated with the French and American Revolutions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Congress_of_Vienna (1949 words)

	Treaty - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Treaties can be called by many names: treaties, international agreements, protocols, covenants, conventions, exchanges of letters, exchanges of notes, etc.; however all of these are equally treaties, and the rules are the same regardless of what the treaty is called.
		Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held legally liable for that breach.
		The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is the authoritative treaty on the international law of treaties, establishing the procedures by which treaties are adopted, interpreted, and invalidated.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Treaty (1140 words)

	[No title]
		A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.
		A material breach of a treaty, for the purposes of this article, consists in: (a) a repudiation of the treaty not sanctioned by the present Convention; or (b) the violation of a provision essential to the accomplishment of the object or purpose of the treaty.
		Treaties shall, after their entry into force, be transmitted to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration or filing and recording, as the case may be, and for publication.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /multi/texts/BH538.txt (4835 words)

	Vienna : In Depth : History \| Frommers.com
		Vienna's history has been heavily influenced by its position astride the Danube, midway between the trade routes linking the prosperous ports of northern Germany with Italy.
		In 1200, Vienna's ring of city walls was completed, financed by the ransom paid by the English to retrieve their king, Richard Coeur de Lion (the Lion-Hearted), who had been seized on Austrian soil in 1192.
		A city charter was granted to Vienna in 1221, complete with trading privileges that encouraged the town's further economic development.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/vienna/0068020044.html (556 words)

	How to Find Information on United States Treaties in the Library of Congress (Library of Congress)
		Treaties are included in each volume except for the years 1778-1845, when treaties were all collected in Vols.
		Digests of bilateral treaties are arranged by country and those of multilateral treaties are arranged by subject.
		Generally speaking, a treaty is not binding unless and until it is ratified, although in the meanwhile, it is not entirely devoid of certain effects.
	www.loc.gov /rr/main/gopher/treaty.html (2635 words)

	"Two Treaties", essay by Tyler Jones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Treaty of Vienna was the treaty that ended the Napoleonic Wars and punished France.
		By the time the treaty was given to and imposed on France, a barrier of strong states had been either pointed out or created outright (as in the case of the Netherlands) along France's borders.
		Other than that, the Treaty of Vienna was not truly excessive or even haughty in it's aims, and France redily accepted it's terms - which included a debt to be paid to the victors and minor military controls.
	www.june29.com /~chambers/Tyler/nonfiction/2treat.html (568 words)

	Propaganda Postcards of the Great War (World War 1) - Schleswig
		The province, along with its neighbor to the south, the Duchy of Holstein, were under Danish administration from the 1815 Treaty of Paris (with settled post-Napoleon European borders) until Denmark's defeat by Germany and Austria in the Danish War of 1864.
		By the 1864 Treaty of Vienna, Schleswig and Holstein were granted jointly to Prussia and Austria.
		That treaty contained a provision for a popular plebiscite to be held in Schleswig to determine the wishes of the people.
	www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com /schleswig.html (610 words)

	Review of Ozone by A. Guerrrero, F97
		The Vienna Convention serves as a mechanism of harmonization for policies and strategies on ozone layer research.
		Any State or regional economic organization is free to accede to the treaties, and parties to the Montreal Protocol, under Article 4, are banned from importing or exporting controlled substances to or from States not party to the Protocol.
		While the Vienna Convention and in particular the Montreal Protocol establish specific reduction goals to address the ozone depletion problem and timetables and monitoring mechanisms for achieving those goals, the treaties do not provide procedures for non-compliance.
	www.law.berkeley.edu /faculty/ddcaron/Archive/iel97/ie01003.htm (2039 words)

	Learn more about List of treaties in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This is a chronological list of important international treaties, agreements, peaces, etc..
		1648 - Peace of Westphalia (The treaties of Munster and Osnabrück)
		1674 - Treaty of Westminster - treaty ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /l/li/list_of_treaties.html (302 words)

	The Treaties of Utrecht
		To reach the goal of separating the crowns of France and Spain, the treaties required Felipe V to relinquish all claims to the French throne, and the remaining French princes to relinquish all claims to the Spanish throne.
		Spain acceded to the terms of the treaty by the treaty of the Hague, Feb 17, 1720.
		Treaty between Great Britain, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire, confirming the treaties of the Quadruple Alliance and the Treaty of Vienna of 1725.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/france/utrecht.htm (1146 words)

	Secretariat - Representatives from 30 States review CFE Treaty in Vienna
		VIENNA, 30 May 2006 - Representatives of 30 States gathered in Vienna today for the Third Review Conference of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, widely known as the CFE Treaty.
		The CFE Treaty, which was signed in November 1990 and entered into force in 1992, provided for significant cuts in conventional military arsenals of NATO and former Warsaw Pact States.
		As the Treaty was originally designed to provide military security and stability in Europe by ensuring parity between NATO and Warsaw Pact in conventional armaments and equipment, the changed environment after the Warsaw Pact was dissolved and NATO enlarged in the 1990s gave rise to the need to adapt it.
	www.osce.org /secretariat/item_1_19287.html (481 words)

	The Succession Laws of Parma
		The reciprocal renunciations of the Spanish king and the Emperor to their claims were made and exchanged in London in 1721; a final peace treaty between Spain and the Emperor signed in Vienna on April 30, 1725 and ratified by the Empire on June 7, 1725.
		The matter was settled by a convention of June 10, 1763, whereby the king of Sardinia accepted to change his reversionary rights to the case of the ruler of Parma acceding to either of the other thrones, in exchange for a lump-sum payment representing the value of the revenues from the disputed territory.
		But the treaty of Vienna of June 1815 revised the arrangements and gave Parma to Napoleon's wife only, for her life, leaving the details of the reversion for another treaty; that treaty was signed in Paris on June 10, 1817.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/parma.htm (2047 words)

	Iran urged to ratify nuclear test ban treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thomas Selzer, the president of the UN preparatory commission on the implementation of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), said it would be a logical step as Iran appeared ready to heed other calls on its nuclear programme.
		The treaty commits countries who have ratified to refrain from any kind of nuclear weapons testing.
		The treaty appears likely to collapse as all the countries with nuclear capabilities must ratify it in order for it to come into force, and the United States has indicated that it has no plans to ratify it.
	www.spacewar.com /2003/031113155711.s3yynedf.html (275 words)

	Treaty Summary
		The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty bans all nuclear explosions, for military or civilian purposes.
		The preamble outlines the significance of the Treaty.
		Article II provides for the establishment of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization in Vienna to ensure the Treaty's implementation as well as providing a forum for consultation and cooperation.
	www.earthscope.org /GEO399/TreatySummary.html (334 words)

	LM _VIENNA CONVETION ON CONSULAR RELATIONS, Spring'01
		Under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, a treaty signed by more than 160 countries and ratified by the U.S. in 1969, law enforcement authorities must inform arrested or detained foreign nationals "without delay" of their right to consular assistance.
		By the time cases reach the appellate level, invoking the treaty is too late and dismissed by procedural default, which basically means the defendant failed to raise his claim in state court.
		Vienna treaty is routinely violated, but the procedural default issue comes up when thinking about possible remedies.
	www.lightmillennium.org /spring01/vienna_convention.html (1594 words)

	CFE : Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty
		Furthermore, the Treaty limits the proportion of armaments to be held by a single country to one third of the total numbers, the so-called "sufficiency rule".
		The Treaty stipulates that arms or equipment beyond the agreed limits have to be destroyed so that within 40 months from entering into force the limits will have been reached.
		The Vienna CSCE Follow-up Meeting (1986 - 1989) endorsed, in parallel with the mandate for the Negotiations on Confidence-and Security Building Measures, the mandate to negotiate, within the framework of the CSCE process, measures for military stability of the conventional forces in Europe.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/cfe (654 words)

	The Map of Europe by Treaty, 1875
		Map shewing the Boundary between Russia and Turkey, as fixed by the Treaties of 1829, 1856 and 1857.
		A Map to illustrate the Treaties of 7th November 1817 and 2nd February 1861.
		Treaty of the 26th February 1871, as altered by the Treaty of 10th May 1871
	www.maproom.org /maps/books/europe/met/index.html (469 words)

	USATODAY.com - U.N. nuclear agency expands treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		VIENNA, Austria (AP) — An 89-nation conference on Friday approved broadening a treaty meant to keep nuclear material from the hands of terrorists, opening the way for states to ratify the agreement.
		The amended treaty enters into force only after ratification by at least two-thirds of the 112 countries abiding by it — a process expected to take years.
		The existing treaty was drawn up in Vienna and New York in 1980, long before the threat of terrorist nuclear attacks had become a pressing fear.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-07-08-un-nuke-agency_x.htm?csp=34 (441 words)

	Libya ratifies nuclear test ban treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Libya has joined the over 100 countries which have ratified the nuclear test ban treaty as it continues to make overtures to the international community only weeks after abandoning efforts to develop weapons of mass destruction, a senior treaty official told AFP Wednesday.
		"Libya ratified the treaty on January 6 by handing in the instrument of ratification to the UN secretary general in New York," said Wolfgang Hoffmann, executive secretary of the Vienna-based preparatory commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-test-ban Treaty organization (CTBTO).
		But the treaty appears likely to collapse as all the countries with nuclear capabilities must ratify it in order for it to come into force.
	www.spacewar.com /2004/040114155926.0t8u5qhy.html (153 words)

	AcademicDB - The Treaty of Vienna 1815
		The Treaty of Vienna 1815 = While the final hectic scenes of Napolean's escapades were still being played out, far broader issues were being discussed by the general diplomatic assembly which had congregated in Vienna.
		Those men involved in the Congress of Vienna had a monumental task in front of them: that of piecing Europe together once more and of seeking to establish conditions which would give this work of reconstruction a reasonable chance of survival.
		There was the unstable Tsar Alexander I from Russian, the enigmatic Austrian Metternich, the cool, calm Caslereagh representing Britain, the Frenchman Talleyrand and King Frederick William III and his chancellor, Hardenberg leading the Prussian delegation.
	www.academicdb.com /treaty_vienna__359 (241 words)

	The Story of the Life of Lord Palmerston by Karl Marx
		It was the Treaty of Adrianople that prepared Russia's usurpation of Moldo-Wallachia, and recognised her claims to the Caucasus.
		Russia required the marshy islands of the Danube, by virtue of the clause of the Treaty of Adrianople, which clause itself was a violation of the treaty she had previously contracted with England and the other Powers, in 1827.
		Now Russia is a party to the Treaty of Vienna, and that treaty stipulates, in Article CXIII, that "each State shall be at the expense of keeping in good repair the towing paths, and shall maintain the necessary work in order that no obstructions shall be experienced by the navigation".
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1853/palmerston/ch07.htm (1771 words)

	Napoleon Bonaparte Internet Guide - Treaty of Vienna
		Whitbread, having enquired of ministers whether war was to be made on Napoleon Bonaparte, and that no peace was to be concluded with him so long as he remained in possession of the supreme authority in France.
		Lord Castlereagh acknowledged that the association of the allies had certainly been made for the purpose of destroying the power of Bonaparte; but said that the treaty was only binding on the allies so long as they chose to make it so.
		Lord Castlereagh assured the honorable gentleman that if he wished to take the sense of the House, he had only to make a motion, and that he should be prepared to meet him.
	www.napoleonbonaparte.nl /newspaper/treaty_of_vienna.html (439 words)

	Treaty of Paris 1815
		By comparing it with the treaty of the previous year a large part of what that episode cost France can be ascertained.
		But whatever may be the result of this deliberation, all the Fortresses and Positions occupied by the Allied troops shall, at the expiration of 5 years, be evacuated without further delay, and given up to His Most Christian Majesty, or to his heirs and successors.
		The Treaty of Paris of the 30th of May, 1814, and the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna of the 9th of June, 1815, are confirmed.
	www.napoleon-series.org /research/government/diplomatic/c_paris2.html (358 words)

	Anglo-Spanish War, 1727-1729
		But Felipe V did gain one concession by the Treaty of the Hague in 1720, namely recognition of the succession of his son Carlos to the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza when the Farnese male line expired.
		Treaties of Vienna: in a diplomatic reversal (precipitated by marital intrigues which had again alienated Spain and France), Austria promised to assist Spain in recovering Gibraltar from Britain
		By the Treaty of Vienna in July 1731 the status quo ante was reaffirmed, namely the 1720 Hague treaty allowing Carlos to succeed the Farnese line in Parma.
	www.regiments.org /wars/18thcent/27spain.htm (614 words)

	The Story of the Life of Lord Palmerston by Karl Marx
		The contracting parties to the treaty of Vienna had a right to require that the Constitution of Poland should not be touched, and this was an opinion which I have not concealed from the Russian Government.
		He assured the Commons that "on the part of the British Government everything shall be done to ensure a due respect being paid to the provisions of the treaty of Vienna." Mr.
		Now, the Treaty of Utrecht, renewed in 1782, was definitely abrogated by the Anti-Jacobin war; and had, therefore, ever since 1792, ceased to be operative.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1853/palmerston/ch03.htm (2628 words)

	Russo-Turkish War And The Treaty Of Berlin
		A fresh upthrust of what we have here called the natural map against the diplomatic arrangements of the Treaty of Vienna began in 1875, when the Christian races in the Balkans, and particularly the Bulgarians, became restless and insurgent.
		There upon Russia, intervened (1877), and after a year of costly warfare obliged the Turks to sign the treaty of San Stefano, which was, on the whole, a sensible treaty, breaking up the artificial Turkish Empire, and to a large extent establishing the natural map.
		This treaty of Berlin was the second main factor, the peace of Frankfort being the first, in bringing about the great war of 1914-18.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles33n/history-11.shtml (191 words)

	The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814- 8 June 1815
		As agreed at the first Treaty of Paris in 1814, a congress of the Great Powers of Europe met at Vienna to settle the future boundaries of the continent.
		By the act of Confederation, signed 8 June 1815, and supplemented by the final act of Vienna, 15 May 1820, a German Confederacy was set up to replace the old Holy Roman Empire.
		The Congress of Vienna was seen as the first of a series of Congresses which have been labelled as the "Congress System" although it was never a system.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/forpol/vienna.html (1046 words)

	Virtual Vienna Net Newsletter: April 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Vienna Prater is considered the oldest amusement park in the world.
		It contains, inter alia, the right to life, the prohibition of torture as well as of inhuman and humiliating punishment, the prohibition of forced labour, prohibition of the deportation of Austrian citizens, the freedom to emigrate, respect of private and family life and the right to marry and have a family.
		Among the fundamental rights, special political significance is accorded to the protection of minorities, as embodied in the State Treaty of St. Germain (1919) and the State Treaty of Vienna (1955).
	www.virtualvienna.net /xstorage/nl_2005/apr_2005.html (892 words)

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