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	Treaty of Wehlau - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Johann von Hoverbeck was one of the German diplomats during negotiations of the Treaty of Wehlau.
		The treaty was amended by the Treaty of Bydgoszcz of November 6, 1657 and confirmed by the Treaty of Oliva in 1660.
		Because Hohenzollern sovereignty in Prussia lay outside of the Holy Roman Empire, Elector Frederick III was able to elevate the Duchy of Prussia to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Wehlau (309 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Thirteen Years War
		It ended with the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466, (also known as the Peace of Torun), an agreement between the Teutonic Knights and Poland, which, although negotiated with help from the Papal legate, was not confirmed by the Pope.
		A clause in the peace treaty stated that it was guaranteed by the Prussian states, which would gain the right to defy the Teutonic Order if it broke the treaty.
		With a lot of help from the Pope's legate Rudolf from Rudesheim[?], in October 10, 1466, a peace treaty (known as the peace of Thorn[?]) was finally signed.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/th/Thirteen_Years_War?title=Inflanty (4988 words)

	AllEmpires - The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth (Full) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The biggest of the Swedish successes was the treaty signed in Krolewiec on 17 I 1656 between Karol X Gustaw and Fryderyk Wilhelm, Prussian prince and Brandenburg ruler (Kaiser elector).
		In 1672 the Turks invaded the Commonwealth and after besiege of fortress Kamieniec Podolski, imposed the treaty of Buczacz on the Poles by which Poland ceded to Turkey the provinces of Podolia and Ukraine paid a heavy war tax of 80,000 thalars and promised an annual tribute of 22,500 thalars.
		The treaty provided that sixty thousand men would be mobilized by the emperor and forty thousand by the king of Poland, and that in case of a siege by the Turks of either Vienna or Cracow, all efforts would be made by the ruler of the other country to liberate the capital of his ally.
	www.allempires.com /empires/polish_lit_full/polish_lit2.htm (3005 words)

	Ducal Prussia
		The duchy of Prussia thus came to the senior Hohenzollern branch, the ruling Margraves of Brandenburg.
		The second Treaty of Thorn had left eastern Prussia as a fief of the Polish crown.
		In 1660, after the Second Northern War[?] between Sweden, Poland and Brandenburg, the Treaty of Welawa (Wehlau) granted full sovereignty to Frederick William I, the "Great Elector", of the Brandenburg Hohenzollerns as "Duke of Prussia".
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/du/Ducal_Prussia.html (325 words)

	With fire and sword- Poland's wars in XVIIth century - Military Photos
		The Danes first signed a treaty with the Swedes in February of 1658 but the Swedes tried to seize Copenhagen before the treaty was ratified by the Danish Rigsdag, provoking English and Dutch naval intervention to save Copenhagen (because of the disruption to the vital Baltic grain trade).
		Sweden signed the Treaty of Oliwa with the Commonwealth in May 1660, ending the Swedish phase of the war by which Sweden renounced all conquests in the Commonwealth since 1655.
		An ominous outcome of the Treaty of Oliwa was the Treaty of Wehlau/Welawa, by which the Commonwealth relinquished its feudal rights in Prussia, effectively setting Prussia and its brilliant leader Friedrich Wilhelm independent.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=22135 (2964 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on HACKED BY TURK-SOPHİA
		Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (en)
		Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (en)
		Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (en)
	www.blinkbits.com /wikifeeds/TR?from=7200 (269 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Treaty of Bydgoszcz
		The Treaty of Bydgoszcz was a political act signed by the King of Poland Jan Kazimierz and the prince-elector of Brandenburg Frederick William I in the city of Bydgoszcz on November 6, 1657.
		The treaty (together with the earlier Treaty of Welawa) was to draw Prussia out of an alliance she had with Sweden during The Deluge.
		In the treaty both the king and the prince-elector signed a mutual military alliance.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Treaty_of_Bydgoszcz (249 words)

	Wikinfo \| Ducal Prussia
		The medieval treaty also prescribed that in case the Hohenzollern dukes of Prussia died out, the land would go to the kingdom of Poland.
		The Polish nation which existed in 1945 was a successor of the Polish Kingdom only in locale, and in any case such old treaties would never have applied to modern nations as Germany and Poland were in the twentieth century.
		East Prussia was put under temporary Polish and Soviet Administration with the communist military take-over in 1945, and was afterwards split in a Polish and Russian part, most of its ethnic German population murdered or removed to West Germany or the gulags.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Ducal_Prussia (462 words)

	Ducal
		The second Treaty of Thorn (1466) had left eastern Prussia as a fief of the Polish crown.
		I would like to point out, that it is indeed an interesting footnote of history, that the treaty of 1660 accounts for the case if Hohenzollern looses rulership of prussia, the territory should revert to poland.
		To declare him still valid, would mean to unconditional apply principles of 1660 to 1945 AND to negate all the treaties after 1660 which effectively annulled this clause at the same time.
	frozenup.com /pages9/27/ducal.html (1187 words)

	Treaty of Wehlau - Historic Event - German Archive: The Treaty of Wehlau (German: Vertrag von Wehlau) was a treaty ...
		Treaty of Wehlau - Historic Event - German Archive: The Treaty of Wehlau (German: Vertrag von Wehlau) was a treaty signed in the eastern Prussian town of Wehlau (Welawa, now Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast) between Poland and Brandenburg-Prussia during the Swedish Deluge on September 19, 1657.
		The Treaty of Wehlau (German: Vertrag von Wehlau) was a treaty signed in the eastern Prussian town of Wehlau (Welawa, now Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast) between Poland and Brandenburg-Prussia during the Swedish Deluge on September 19, 1657.
		In his capacity as Duke of Prussia, Margrave Frederick William, the 'Great Elector' of Brandenburg, had revoked his oath of loyalty to his sovereign King John II Casimir of Poland in 1656 and allied against him with King Charles X Gustav of Sweden, whom Frederick William recognized as sovereign over Prussia.
	www.germannotes.com /archive/article.php?products_id=572&osCsid=3512d2bc856e6841715229c6c916eb8d (339 words)

	Timeline of Polish history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Signing of the Treaty of Melno concludes the Gollub War
		Signing of the Treaty of Polanów concludes the Smolensk War
		Treaty of Vienna concludes the War of the Polish Succession
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_history (228 words)

	Treaty of Bydgoszcz at AllExperts (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Treaty of Bydgoszcz () was a political act signed by King John II Casimir of Poland and Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia in the city of Bydgoszcz on November 6, 1657.
		The intent of the treaty (together with the earlier Treaty of Wehlau) was to draw Prussia out of an alliance she had with Sweden during The Deluge.
		In the treaty both the king and the margrave signed a military alliance.
	experts.about.com.cob-web.org:8888 /e/t/tr/Treaty_of_Bydgoszcz.htm (123 words)

	Treaty of Wehlau information - Search.com (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The treaty was amended by the Treaty of Bydgoszcz of November 6 1657.
		According to the terms of the treaty, in case Brandenburg-Prussia's Hohenzollern dynasty died out, Ducal Prussia was to return to the crown of Poland.
		It was split in 1945 after World War II between Poland, Russia, and Lithuania (the current Warmia-Masurian Voivodship, Kaliningrad Oblast, and Klaipėda Region respectively).
	search.com.com.cob-web.org:8888 /reference/Treaty_of_Welawa (335 words)

	Wikinfo \| Prussia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He then became grand master and in 1411 concluded a treaty at Torun with the Jagiellonian king Ladislaus II of Poland.
		In the Prusso-Swedish peace treaty of Stockholm (January 1720), Brandenburg-Prussia regained Stettin and Sweden's holdings in Pomerania, most of which had been a part of Hohenzollern Brandenburg since 1472 (Outer Pomerania was annexed to Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia).
		During this time the trends set in motion by the Great Elector reached their culmination, as the Junkers - the landed aristocracy - were welded to the army which had gained so much influence in the previous fifty years.
	www.wikinfo.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki.php?title=Prussia (2359 words)

	Thirteen Years\' War (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It ended with the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 (also known as the Peace of Torun), an agreement between the Teutonic Knights and Poland, which, although negotiated with help from the Papal legate, was not confirmed by the Pope, nore by the emperor.
		After victory by the Polish and Lithuanian forces at the Battle of Grunwald during the Great War 1409-1411, the Prussian states eagerly pledged allegiance to King Wladyslaw Jagie&322;&322;o, but they quickly returned to Teutonic rule after the Poles were unable to conquer Marienburg (Malbork).
		At one point There was a signed cease fire lasting 9 months (there was even a signed treaty, and John Giskra as mediator kept Malbork), and Peace appeared certain, but the Prussian states decided to persuade the king to break off negotiations.
	thirteen-years-war.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (5158 words)

	PGSA - East Prussia
		No less numerous are breweries, brickyards, mills and sawmills; the most significant ones are on the Lyna river in Welawa and Frydlad powiaty, on the Pregola, in Wystruc powiat, and on the Niemen in Ragneta powiat, as well as along the banks of the Niemen and on the lakes of Masuria.
		The Great Elector Frederick William took advantage of Poland's critical situation during the war with Sweden [1655-1660] to free himself of his allegiance by the treaty of Wehlau, confirmed in Oliva in 1660.
		His successor, Frederick, with the Emperor's consent, declared the Duchy of Prussia a kingdom, and was crowned in Królewiec in 1701.
	www.pgsa.org /eprussia.htm (1833 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Kraków - Seat of the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania
		Realize that even if it were the desire of this court to do so, we are bound still by treaty against undertaking any such action.
		After the formalities were taken care of, the Polish Army stayed in their camp awaiting the armies from Russia that were soon to come.
		The treaty which ended the war for Croatia restricts me from striking the Porte.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?p=5074501&posted=1 (6783 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Kraków - Seat of the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania
		As for your mention of Russian aid against the Ottoman Empire.
		That Polish Hetman Lubomirski shall be released to agents of the Polish Crown immediately upon reception of this treaty in Moskva.
		In return the King of Poland shall strike any claim to be Grand Duke of Russia or Smolensk.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?p=5074501&posted=1 (6784 words)

	Report by the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Theo van ...
		The Government informed that investigations by the SIU are in progress.
		The Government stated that the concluding observations made by the Special Rapporteur with reference to Sri Lanka are based on selective quotations from human rights treaty bodies without due reference to the responses sent by the Government.
		The observations on the issue of corporal punishment also quote pre-independence colonial legislation dating back to 1889 and 1939 and does not take into account current administrative practice and recent positive developments (i.e.
	www.derechos.org /nizkor/torture/vanboven/lka.html (15140 words)

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