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Topic: Treaty on Open Skies

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	Treaty on Open Skies . President of the United States . George H. W. Bush . Warsaw Pact . Cold War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The treaty is designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information about military forces and activities of concern to them.
		Open Skies is one of the most wide-ranging international efforts to date to promote openness and transparency of military forces and activities.
		All Open Skies aircraft and sensors must pass specific certification and pre-flight inspection procedures to ensure that they are compliant with treaty standards.
	www.uk.kunsimuna.net /Treaty_on_Open_Skies_UK_195911_tb (437 words)

	Updates to the Treaty on Open Skies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Accession of the Republic of Lithuania to the Treaty on Open Skies
		Accession of the Republic of Croatia to the Treaty on Open Skies
		Accession of the Republic of Latvia to the Treaty on Open Skies
	www.osmpf.wpafb.af.mil /Treaty_info/Updated_Decisions.htm (8794 words)

	Open Skies Treaty
		The Treaty was negotiated by the then-members of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and was signed in Helsinki, Finland, on March 24, 1992.
		This Treaty is not related to civil-aviation open skies agreements.
		Open Skies aircraft may have video, optical, panoramic and framing cameras for daylight photography, infra-red line scanners for a day/night capability, and synthetic aperture radar for a day/night, all weather capability.
	www.state.gov /t/ac/rls/fs/2004/33147.htm (921 words)

	TREATY ON OPEN SKIES
		This Treaty establishes the regime, to be known as the Open Skies regime, for the conduct of observation flights by States Parties over the territories of other States Parties, and sets forth the rights and obligations of the States Parties relating thereto.
		The estimated time of departure for the flight from the point of entry to the Open Skies airfield where the observation flight shall commence and the location, the date and the start time of the pre-flight inspection shall be subject to confirmation by the observed Party.
		The mission plan may provide that the Open Skies airfield where the observation flight terminates, as well as the point of exit, may be different from the Open Skies airfield where the observation flight commences or the point of entry.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /acda/treaties/openskie.htm (9874 words)

	Open Skies Treaty: Congressional/Ratification Testimony
		The Open Skies Treaty is not a traditional arms control treaty because it does not require the destruction or limit the capabilities of any weapons or other military equipment.
		The Treaty seeks to establish a new standard in security relations between former enemies by asserting that states have an interest in conducting themselves in a manner which can withstand the scrutiny of their neighbors.
		Open Skies imagery can also be used to improve CFE inspections and other verification regimes.
	www.dod.mil /acq/acic/treaties/os/congr_test.htm (1560 words)

	- Perspectives for Co-operative Aerial Observation and the Treaty on Open Skies
		The seminar on the ‘Perspectives for Co-operative Aerial Observation and the Treaty on Open Skies’ took place on the 30th of November and the 1st of December 2004 at SIPRI in cooperation with the Foreign Ministries of Germany and Sweden.
		As it seems unrealistic to extend the Treaty as such to states, which are not in the OSCE area (too great distances for exchanging flights, etc), one should look for countries within the area that could increase the relevance of Open Skies.
		Open Skies observation flights can be quite effective when relatively large areas of rugged terrain have to be covered, when heavy equipment is moved out of military bases and storage sites or when undeclared military infrastructure has to be discovered.
	www.sipri.org /contents/director/esdp/report.html (5052 words)

	Open Skies Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A: The treaty is of unlimited duration, but provisions have been made for signatory countries to review the treaty after the first 3 years and every 5 years thereafter.
		For the OS treaty, the ground resolution is 30 cm, i.e., able to identify as distinct objects all those objects that are either larger than 30 cm or are at least 30 cm apart.
		Open Skies (OS) Observation flights are conducted using unarmed, fixed-wing aircraft equipped with a suite of Treaty-permitted sensors.
	www.nawcwpns.navy.mil /~treaty/OS_QandA.html (2291 words)

	OSCE: Signing of Treaty on Open Skies
		The Treaty on Open Skies, which set out the framework for a regime of unarmed observation flights over the territory of participating States, was signed in Helsinki on 24 March 1992.
		Although the Treaty was not negotiated within the CSCE/OSCE framework in its formal sense, it is nevertheless closely associated with the Organization due to its basic philosophy of openness.
		The Treaty on Open Skies, an accord on unarmed observation flights over the territory of participating States, is closely associated with the OSCE.
	www.osce.org /item/15839.html (383 words)

	Treaty on Open Skies Enters into Force
		The original concept for the Treaty -- mutual and cooperative aerial observation -- was proposed by President Eisenhower in 1955, and the Treaty itself was an initiative of former President Bush in 1989.
		The Treaty was negotiated between the members of NATO and of the former Warsaw Pact, with the latter dissolving during the course of the talks.
		Although the European security environment has changed significantly since the Treaty on Open Skies was negotiated and signed, the Treaty is still expected to be a useful element of the European security framework, which includes the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and the Vienna Document 1999 agreement on confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs).
	www.state.gov /r/pa/prs/ps/2002/7151.htm (332 words)

	Open Skies Treaty: Executive Summary
		In 1989 the Treaty was reformulated by President George H.W. Bush and negotiations began in Ottawa in February 1990 between NATO and the Warsaw Pact states.
		Negotiations resumed in Vienna in 1991, and the Treaty was signed on March 24, 1992 in Helsinki in conjunction with the opening of the CSCE Review Conference.
		The Treaty is open to accession by other Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) states upon EIF.
	www.dod.mil /acq/acic/treaties/os/execsum.htm (593 words)

	Arms Control Association: Fact Sheets: The Open Skies Treaty at a Glance
		Signed March 24, 1992, the Open Skies Treaty permits each state-party to conduct short-notice, unarmed, reconnaissance flights over the others' entire territories to collect data on military forces and activities.
		Observation aircraft used to fly the missions must be equipped with sensors that enable the observing party to identify significant military equipment, such as artillery, fighter aircraft, and armored combat vehicles.
		have such capabilities, and the treaty is also aimed at building confidence and familiarity among states-parties through their participation in the overflights.
	www.armscontrol.org /factsheets/openskies.asp (784 words)

	Treaty on Open Skies--Questions Facing the U.S. Defense Industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Treaty on Open Skies, which entered into force on January 1, 2002, is intended to enhance military openness and transparency among the participating states of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
		To accede to the Treaty, other states may apply to the Open Skies Consultative Commission (OSCC), which is the decision-making body established by the Treaty.
		The Passive Overflight Module (POM) conducts pre-flight analyses of Open Skies observation missions, and produces advance notification and flight status messages for facilities that may be overflown during the mission.
	dtirp.dtra.mil /products/OS/305p.htm (3017 words)

	Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus - The Open Air Agreement
		The Treaty regulates requirements for observation aircraft, determines the set of sensors and their specifications, establishes organisational procedures for observation flights and procedures for processing data collected during these flights and also contains legal provisions necessary for legal support of the Open Skies regime, including provision of data for the third States Parties.
		Upon the Treaty entry into force, the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No.129 dated 25.03.2003 "On Measures to Implement the Open Skies Treaty" was adopted, to implement the Treaty.
		Issues of compliance and development of the Treaty provisions are discussed with the participation of the Belarusian delegation within the framework of the special body - Open Skies Consultative Commission (OSCC) in Vienna.
	www.mod.mil.by /nebo_eng.html (403 words)

	"Open Skies" An-30 at Fairford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Previously operated in a grey Russian Air Force paint scheme, this An-30 now wears a hybrid "Open Skies" livery while retaining its former military serial on the fuselage, it is seen here minutes before departure from Fairford.
		This was the An-30 of the Russian Air Force assigned to the "Open Skies" Treaty.
		This Treaty, signed by 27 nations, is intended to facilitate the monitoring of compliance with existing or future arms control treaties.
	www.aeronautics.ru /nws001/afm030.htm (187 words)

	Guardian \| 'Open skies' air treaty threat
		The text of the draft "open skies" treaty, obtained by the Guardian, is likely to alarm environmental activists who argue that the seemingly unstoppable growth in air travel is among the main contributory factors to global warming.
		The treaty, however, will be subject to a vote by EU member states requiring 65% of countries to approve it.
		Talks towards "open skies" have been motivated by a desire to throw open routes in America and Europe to foreign airlines.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,,329416196-108958,00.html (763 words)

	Code One Magazine: C-130J Open Skies Treaty Testing — Second Quarter 2003 Events
		The Open Skies Treaty, which went into effect in 1992, gives each of the twenty-seven signatory countries the right to gather information about the military forces and activities of each member through reciprocal, unarmed observation flights.
		A consortium of nine European nations plus Canada meets Open Skies Treaty requirements with the Special Avionics Mission Strap-On-Now C-130 Open Skies Pod System developed by Lockheed Martin for the C-130H.
		SAMSON COPS consists of a modular control console installed in the aircraft and a mission pod with the same external dimensions as the C-130H standard underwing fuel tank.
	www.codeonemagazine.com /events/apr_03/apr03_events23.html (217 words)

	Verification and Compliance with the Treaty on Open Skies
		The Treaty on Open Skies (OS) established a regime of unarmed aerial observation flights over the entire territory of participating States.
		The openness and transparency of military forces and activities afforded by OS are among the most wide-ranging reached to date.
		The first Treaty Review Conference was held in February 2005, and reaffirmed the importance and effectiveness of the regime as a transparency and confidence-building measure.
	www.state.gov /t/vci/rls/prsrl/57324.htm (726 words)

	Open Skies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Treaty on Open Skies was signed on 24 March 1992, in Helsinki, Finland, and it entered into force on 1 January 2002, following ratification by Russia and Belarus.
		The Open Skies Consultative Commission (OSCC) meets periodically to discuss a number of issues including distribution of active quotas, and Russia’s concerns about reducing the number of passive quotas.
		Since the Open Skies overflight takes priority over all but emergency aircraft; scheduled exercises, operations, or tests may be interrupted delayed, or cancelled by an overflight.
	www.nawcwpns.navy.mil /~treaty/OS.html (524 words)

	RAND \| RGS Dissertations \| The Treaty on Open Skies and Its Practical Applications and Implications for the United ...
		This dissertation examines the capabilities allowed by the Treaty on Open Skies in the context of the current international security environment, and addresses the question: Given the existence of "spy satellites" and the end of the Cold War, what is the utility of this treaty to the United States?
		The dissertation continues with an analysis of the costs and benefits of the Treaty, in which two case studies of potential uses for the Treaty are developed and explored.
		In conclusion, the analysis demonstrates that the Treaty on Open Skies may provide an oppoertunity for substantial benefit to the United States at a minimal cost.
	www.rand.org /pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD143 (469 words)

	Move by US hurts odds for 'open skies' treaty - The Boston Globe
		The "open skies" treaty would let EU-based airlines fly across the Atlantic from anywhere in the 25-nation bloc, not just their home countries.
		The United States "remains committed" to reaching an "open skies" agreement, Transportation Secretary Mary Peters said in a statement announcing the withdrawal of the investor rule.
		Most European airlines favored the rule as a way to speed "open skies" talks and help compete with U S carriers.
	www.boston.com /business/globe/articles/2006/12/06/move_by_us_hurts_odds_for_open_skies_treaty (354 words)

	Treaty on Open Skies, done at Helsinki March 24, 1992, S. Treaty Doc. 102.37, not in force.
		Treaty on Open Skies, done at Helsinki March 24, 1992, S. Treaty Doc.
		Treaty on Open Skies, done at Helsinki March 24, 1992, S.
		A group of States Parties shall, at its request, be entitled to a common total passive quota which shall be allocated to it and common individual and total active quotas shall be distributed in respect of it.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/peace/docs/openskies.html (9963 words)

	Open Skies Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Treaty further established the Open Skies Consultative Commission (OSCC) in Vienna as a body representing all States Parties to the Treaty, for further consultations, clarification of issues, and the proposal of amendments to the Treaty.
		With Russia and Belarus ratifying the treaty last year, the final instruments for its entry into force were put in place.
		Even though this treaty was primarily designed for the Cold War security environment, The State Department in its statement about the entry into force added that the Treat would be a "useful element of the European security framework."
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/os/index.html (244 words)

	Edwin Ginn Library-Multilaterals Project-Rules of Warfare; Arms Control
		Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1 Jul 1968)
		Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof (11 February 1971)
		Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-ballistic Missile Systems (26 May 1972); and Protocol of 3 July 1974.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /multi/warfare.html (670 words)

	Treaty On Open Skies
		The agreed format in which such data is to be recorded and exchanged on other recording media shall be decided within the Open Skies Consultative Commission during the period of provisional applica-tion of this Treaty.
		III and IV and to the handling of mission reports pursuant to Article VI, Section I, paragraph 21, as well as to minor matters of an administrative or technical nature, shall be agreed upon within the Open Skies Consultative Commission and shall not be deemed to be amendments to this Treaty.
		Further phasing in respect of the introduction of additional categories of sensors or improvements to the capabilities of existing categories of sensors shall be addressed by the Open Skies Consultative Commission in accordance with the provisions of Article IV, para-graph 3 concerning such introduction or improvement.
	www.aviation.go.th /airtrans/airlaw/OpenSkies.html (11200 words)

	The Treaty on Open Skies (Privileges and Immunities) Order 1993
		The authoritative version is the Queen's Printer copy published by The Stationery Office Limited as the The Treaty on Open Skies (Privileges and Immunities) Order 1993, ISBN 0110342461.
		It shall come into force on the date of the entry into force of the Treaty on Open Skies, opened for signature at Helsinki on the twenty-fourth of March 1992
		This order confers privileges and immunities upon persons designated by States Parties to the Treaty on Open Skies, signed at Helsinki on the twenty-fourth of March 1992 (Cm.
	www.opsi.gov.uk /si/si1993/Uksi_19931246_en_1.htm (576 words)

	Open Skies Treaty Announcement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Treaty, each participating state may conduct a certain number of
		Open Skies regime to make a unique contribution to building
		The Treaty is open to any nation by consensus approval.
	www.uhuh.com /action/laws/openskies-an.htm (292 words)

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