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Topic: Treaty ports

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Unequal Treaties

Unequal Treaties (China)

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty of Nanjing

Treaty of 1901

Guangdong Province

Tianjin Municipality

Treaty of Shimonoseki

Bohai Gulf

Xiangyang

New Territories

First Opium War

Second Opium War

	Treaty Ports - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Treaty Ports, Asian cities that were opened to foreign trade and residence by treaty beginning in the mid-1800s.
		Treaty ports were port cities in China, Japan and Korea opened to foreign trade by the Unequal Treaties, i.e.
		An outline of Treaty Ports and Extraterritoriality in China circa 1921-22.
	encarta.msn.com /Treaty_Ports.html (0 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for treaty
		treaty ports The Asian ports, especially Chinese and Japanese, that were opened to foreign trade and habitation as a result of a series of UNEQUAL TREATIES in the 19th century.
		A bad treaty returns; the case of the law of the sea treaty.
		Treaties as contracts: textualism, contract theory, and the interpretation of treaties.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=treaty (967 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Barbary Treaties 1786-1816 - Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796
		Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary.
		If she be in port she shall not be seized or attacked when it is in the power of the other party to protect her.
		And he by virtue of his signature to this treaty engages for himself and successors to declare the justice of the case according to the true interpretation of the treaty, and to use all the means in his power to enforce the observance of the same.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1796t.htm (0 words)

	Foreign Imperial Ports in China quiz -- free game
		This port near Hangzhou was one of the treaty ports China had to open as an international treaty port in 1842.
		This port which is the capital of Fujian province was one of the five ports opened to international trade in 1842.
		This port was settled by the Portuguese in 1557 and declared Portuguese territory in 1849.
	www.funtrivia.com /playquiz.cfm?qid=164380 (446 words)

	treaty port. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The term is usually confined to ports in those countries that formerly strongly objected to foreign trade or attempted altogether to exclude it.
		As in all the 69 Chinese treaty ports that were finally opened, zones were established for foreign residence that enjoyed extraterritoriality.
		Most of the ports were on the seacoast or on large rivers.
	www.bartleby.com /65/tr/treatypo.html (266 words)

	AllRefer.com - treaty port (International Law) - Encyclopedia
		The term is usually confined to ports in those countries that formerly strongly objected to foreign trade or attempted altogether to exclude it.
		As in all the 69 Chinese treaty ports that were finally opened, zones were established for foreign residence that enjoyed extraterritoriality.
		Most of the ports were on the seacoast or on large rivers.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/treatypo.html (334 words)

	Treaty Ports and Extraterritorality in China - 1921-22
		Treaty areas provided a semi-safe haven beyond the easy reach of central government authorities for revolutionary elements during the Qing Era and later to other dissidents as well as criminals.
		Under this principle nationals of treaty nations were subject to the laws of their home nation rather than the laws of China.
		This treaty was between the Kingdom of Gurkha and the Kingdom of Thibet.
	www.geocities.com /treatyport01/TREATY01.html (0 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 2 Feb 1848
		To this end, immediately upon the signature of this treaty, orders shall be despatched to the American officers commanding such castles and forts, securing against the removal or destruction of any such artillery, arms, apparatus of war, munitions, or other public property.
		Immediately after this Treaty shall have been duly ratified by the Government of the Mexican Republic, the sum of three Millions of Dollars shall be paid to the said Government by that of the United States at the city of Mexico, in the gold or silver coin of Mexico.
		This interest shall begin to run upon the whole sum of twelve millions, from the day of the ratification of the present treaty by the Mexican Government, and the first of the instalments shall be paid at the expiration of one year from the same day.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1848hidalgo.html (1797 words)

	Breaching the Bamboo Curtain
		Eight copies of the Treaty of Wangxia, four in English and four in Chinese, were laid out on a stone table sitting on a raised platform at the far end of the room.
		Collectively, the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, the 1843 Treaty of the Bogue, the 1844 Treaty of Wangxia, and the 1844 Treaty of Whampoa became the core of a unique "treaty system" that virtually reduced China to the status of a semi-colonial nation.
		The Oregon Treaty of 1846, the Mexican conquest of 1846-1848, and the California Gold Rush of 1849 were but a prelude to the rapid settlement of America's newly won Pacific Coast.
	koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C19/E1901.htm (2838 words)

	AQ-September 1999-China’s Treaty Ports: Half Love and Half Hate
		China’s Treaty Ports started off in a rather different form, as a social history of the treaty port era modelled on T. White’s marvellous The Age of Scandal: a history told mainly in the words of those who lived it.
		The ports were ‘bright oases in the desert of Eastern heathendom and unfriendliness’.
		It is not certain that the attitudes that shaped the the treaty port mentality have entirely disappeared.
	www.vuw.ac.nz /asianstudies/publications/quarterly/99septemberh.html (938 words)

	THE HONG KONG TREATY PORTS
		The Treaty Port Offices in Japan were closed in 1879 due to competition from the newly-established Japanese overseas mail department and cheaper, faster, mail routes to Europe via San Francisco.
		While the Chinese Treaty Port consular post offices were closed in 1922, in Wei-Hai-Wei, a small British Colony held on lease from China, the post office continued to operate until 1930, when the Colony was returned to China and the final curtain descended on the Era of The Treaty Ports.
		A dependency of Hong Kong, on the same footing as the Treaty Ports, it was occupied in May,1898 and restored to China in October,1930
	www.island.net /~rjbw/hktp.html (0 words)

	Trade Treaty with China
		A treaty port typically was a major ocean or river port city once closed to trade with certain foreign nations, but subsequently opened by treaty.
		Often these treaty arrangements were forced upon the host nation (China and Japan, for example) and were resented by the residents.
		Memorabilia related to Trade Treaty with China is at auction on eBay.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h358.html (406 words)

	Featured Document: The Treaty of Kanagawa
		The Treaty was the result of an encounter between an elaborately planned mission to open Japan and an unwavering policy by Japan's government of forbidding commerce with foreign nations.
		Yet in the fact that warrior/diplomats on both sides were able to put aside their cannons and swords long enough to reach this accord, we also see the potential for two cultures to find mutual understanding, and we find the roots of a peaceful strategic alliance that has lasted for more than 50 years.
		Sketch of Simoda from the Treaty of Kanagawa, 1854
	www.archives.gov /exhibits/featured_documents/treaty_of_kanagawa (303 words)

	HarpWeek: Cartoon of the Day
		The Japanese hoped the treaty would prevent a replication of the situation in China, where the British and the French were engaged in a war against China to gain further trade concessions.
		Japanese signatories to the U.S. treaty, who hoped to become foreign ambassadors, had insisted on an article stipulating that the exchange of ratifications take place in Washington, D. Most Japanese, however, were very resentful of the Western trade treaties, which helped undermine the stature of the ruling Tokugawa house (which finally fell in 1868).
		In 1859, there were several attacks on foreigners in the treaty ports, and the original negotiators were excluded from the 1860 diplomatic mission to the U.S. Those Japanese chosen to lead the delegation were cautious bureaucrats with little diplomatic experience or interest in other cultures, thus limiting the scope and understanding of their information gathering.
	www.harpweek.com /09Cartoon/RelatedCartoon.asp?Month=May&Date=26 (951 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Documents: JayTreaty 1794
		ARTICLE I. There shall be a firm, inviolable and universal peace, and a true and sincere friendship between His Britannic Majesty, his heirs and successors, and the United States of America; and between their respective countries, territories, cities, towns and people of every degree, without exception of persons or places.
		It is agreed that the first ten articles of this treaty shall be permanent, and that the subsequent articles, except the twelfth, shall be limited in their duration to twelve years, to be computed from the day on which the ratifications of this treaty shall be exchanged, but subject to this condition.
		We are bound by our treaties with three of the belligerent nations, by all the means in our power, to protect and defend their vessels and effects in our ports, or waters, or on the seas near our shores, and to recover and restore the same to the right owners when taken from them.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/D/1776-1800/foreignpolicy/jay.htm (2673 words)

	Kunsan City (1900-1945) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		As a "treaty" port, it was opened with international approval and became part of the cat-and-mouse games being played by the colonial powers in Korea.
		Kunsan is one of the opened "treaty" ports on the west coast.
		The west coast ports, on the other hand, are nothing but shallow and tortuous inlets shielded by small islands and alternately filled or emptied by tides that rises twenty-five to forty feet.
	kalaniosullivan.com /Korea/KunsanCity/Kunsanx.html (6489 words)

	treaty port - Encyclopedia.com
		treaty port port opened to foreign trade by a treaty.
		Message to the Senate transmitting Amendments to the 1987 Treaty on Fisheries Between the Governments of Certain Pacific Island States and the Government of the United States of America, with Annexes.
		Global treaty on fisheries signed by 31 countries.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-treatypo.html (669 words)

	The Cushing Mission: Negotiating the U.S.-China Treaty (1844)
		As in the British treaty, five ports were opened to the trade of Americans and the residence of consuls, most- favored-nation and extraterritoriality provisions were included and, in contrast to the Anglo-Chinese agreement, the trading of opium was specifically prohibited.
		Now he insisted on a speedy signing of the treaty, but it was feared that after the treaty was concluded he would actually proceed to Peking.
		The said envoy was also notified in writing that, if the treaty could be concluded without delay, there would be no necessity of going to Peking and (was asked) when he cared to hand over his credentials.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob51.html (1397 words)

	Hawaii-United States Treaty -1875
		In the event of any doubt appearing as to the true intent and meaning of any clause or part of a treaty, notes explanatory thereof have been exchanged prior to ratification, and these notes have afterwards been held to give the true interpretation of the clause held to be vague or ambiguous.
		The only excuse for the insertion of such an article into a treaty of this nature would be its relevancy to the privileges stipulated for in the original convention of 1875, to which this is supplementary and the duration of which this convention is intended to limit and define.
		No separate single article or part of a treaty can be held to have a continuing power apart from the rest of the treaty unless provided for in specific terms.
	www.hawaii-nation.org /treaty1875.html (1023 words)

	HarpWeek: Cartoon of the Day
		The Japanese hoped the treaty would prevent a replication of the situation in China, where the British and the French were engaged in a war against China to gain further trade concessions.
		Japanese signatories to the U.S. treaty, who hoped to become foreign ambassadors, had insisted on an article stipulating that the exchange of ratifications take place in Washington, D. Most Japanese, however, were very resentful of the Western trade treaties, which helped undermine the stature of the ruling Tokugawa house (which finally fell in 1868).
		In 1859, there were several attacks on foreigners in the treaty ports, and the original negotiators were excluded from the 1860 diplomatic mission to the U.S. Those Japanese chosen to lead the delegation were cautious bureaucrats with little diplomatic experience or interest in other cultures, thus limiting the scope and understanding of their information gathering.
	harpweek.com /09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=May&Date=26 (951 words)

	Review of Barbara J. Brooks. Japan's Imperial Diplomacy: Consuls, Treaty Ports, and War in China, 1895-1938.
		Indeed, she demonstrates that bureaucratic shifts in the 1930s constituted a second period of change within the Foreign Ministry, the first occurring a decade or so earlier when junior members sought to alter the ministry's focus and means of determining policy.
		This was deemed necessary because the initial Japanese focus on treaty revision inclined the ministry towards working closely with the European and American diplomatic corps, which induced many Japanese diplomats to absorb much from Western models, including not only certain concerns but also an elitist approach to policy formation.
		Others involved consular duties, as "diplomats [in Chinese treaty ports] walked a tightrope between the fluctuating but consistent domestic demand for greater Japanese dominance in China and the international pressure to conform to the more limited rules of the treaty system in China" (p.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/reviewsw116.htm (1502 words)

	Tales of old Shanghai - Library - A Short History of Shanghai
		In the wording of the Treaty no direct mention was made of settlements, and the only safeguards provided for foreign merchants were that "they with their families and establishments shall be allowed to reside for the purpose of carrying on their mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint" in the five ports.
		The Treaty was ratified at Peking, and was brought to Hongkong by Commissioner Ki-ying in June, 1843.
		A careful study of the Treaty shows that in many ways it was unsatisfactory and that it did not take account of many of the problems which were sure to arise.
	www.earnshaw.com /shanghai-ed-india/tales/library/pott/pott02.htm (3502 words)

	Kingdom of Hawaii Treaty with Sweden/Norway - 1852
		The subjects of each of the two contracting parties, respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to come with their ships and cargoes, to all places, ports and rivers, in the territories of the other, where trade with other nations is permitted.
		Nor shall any prohibition be imposed upon the exportation of any article from the territories of either of the two contracting parties to the territories of the other, which shall not equally extend to the exportation of the like articles to the territories of all other nations.
		The like privilege of frequenting the three ports of the Sandwich Islands named in this article, which are not ports of entry for merchant vessels, is also guaranteed to all the public armed vessels of Sweden and Norway.
	hawaiiankingdom.org /treaty_sweden-norway.shtml (533 words)

	The Treaty of Nanjing
		Under the terms of this agreement, British warships were permitted to anchor at the five treaty ports and to patrol Chinese rivers and coastal waters to protect commerce and control sailors.
		Finally, the Treaty of the Bogue introduced the concept of "most-favored-nation" status, a condition that granted to Britain whatever other rights might be given to some other nation in the future.
		The Treaty of Nanjing and Treaty of the Bogue were the two wedges that pried open the Bamboo Curtain.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C18/E1803.htm (3574 words)

	Cook's tour: stamps for the offices in China stamps
		Treaty ports were cities on the seacoast or up navigable rivers that were open to foreign commerce and administered by a foreign-run Chinese maritime customs office and municipal council.
		A cover mailed July 15, 1921, from the treaty port of Amoy to Hong Kong bearing two 2¢ deep green King George V stamps, Scott 2, is shown in Figure 4.
		The address-and-message side of a picture postcard mailed April 3, 1908, from the treaty port of Hankow to Carinthia, Austria, is shown in Figure 7.
	www.linns.com /howto/refresher/officesinchina_20030609/refreshercourse.asp (1449 words)

	The Opium War and the Opening of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Treaty of Nanjing (August, 1842) and supplement treaties (July and October 1843) signed between the British and the Chinese were the first of the humiliating "unequal treaties".
		The Chinese officials believed that such a system would eliminate disputes in the treaty ports, and were quite happy to agree to it.
		The treaty ports which lay on the South Eastern Coast of China between Shanghai and Canton, gave Western merchants access to the most developed area of China where the economy was liveliest.
	historyliterature.homestead.com /files/extended.html (4167 words)

	ANZUS Information
		The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the military alliance which binds Australia and the United States, and separately Australia and New Zealand to cooperate on defense matters in the Pacific Ocean area, though today the treaty is understood to relate to attacks in any area.
		The resulting treaty was concluded at San Francisco on 1 September 1951, and entered into force on 29 April 1952.
		It is interesting to note the treaty itself was not a source of debate for 30 years, though in this period New Zealand and Australia committed forces to the Malayan Emergency and subsequently the ANZUS nations fought together in the Vietnam War.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/ANZUS (1752 words)

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