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Topic: Treaty with Tripoli (1796)

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	The Avalon Project : The Barbary Treaties 1786-1816 - Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Signed at Tripoli November 4, ...
		Following the Arabic and in the same order, is the translation of Joel Barlow as written in the treaty book-the twelve articles of the treaty, the "receipt," and the "note"; and after these is the approval of David Humphreys from the same document, which is fully described in the notes.
		Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary.
		And he by virtue of his signature to this treaty engages for himself and successors to declare the justice of the case according to the true interpretation of the treaty, and to use all the means in his power to enforce the observance of the same.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1796t.htm (1071 words)

	Treaty of Tripoli - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Treaty of Tripoli (the Treaty of Peace and Friendship) was a 1796 peace treaty between the United States and Tripoli.
		It was signed at Tripoli on November 4, 1796 and at Algiers (for a third-party guarantee) on January 3, 1797 by Joel Barlow, the American consul-general to the Barbary states of Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis.
		At the time of the Treaty and for 300 years prior, the Mediterranean Sea lanes were largely controlled by the north African Muslim states of the Barbary Coast (Tripoli, Algiers, Morocco, and Tunis) through piracy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli (1024 words)

	Joel Barlow And The Treaty With Tripoli
		The Treaty with Tripoli was unanimously approved by the Senate on June 10, 1797.
		The treaty has figured prominently in the ongoing debate over whether the United States was intended to be an officially "Christian nation." Advocates of church-state separation point to Article 11 as evidence that public officials in the fledgling United States were well aware of the government's non-religious character and weren't afraid to state it publicly.
		On Nov. 4, 1796, Barlow concluded negotiations on the Treaty with Tripoli with Jussof Bashaw Mahomet, Bey of Tripoli.
	members.tripod.com /~candst/boston4.htm (2823 words)

	1797 Treaty With Tripoli by Gene Garman
		The official and only 1797 Treaty with Tripoli which was read, accepted, approved, and ratified by the Senate of the United States was the one penned by Joel Barlow in the English language.
		The official 1797 Treaty with Tripoli which President John Adams signed and "ordered the premises [propositions] to be made public" included Article 11 in the English language.
		The official treaty, in plain English, says: "The government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion." The United States Senators read and ratified it, and President John Adams read and signed it.
	www.sunnetworks.net /~ggarman/tripoli.html (896 words)

	Treaty of Tripoli - Wikisource
		Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary.
		There is a firm and perpetual peace and friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and subjects of Tripoli, of Barbary, made by the free consent of both parties, and guarantied by the most potent Dey and Regency of Algiers.
		The commerce between the United States and Tripoli; the protection to be given to merchants, masters of vessels, and seamen; the reciprocal right of the establishing Consuls in each country; and the privileges, immunities, and jurisdiction, to be on the same footing with those of the most favored nations respectively.
	en.wikisource.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli (735 words)

	Treaty of Tripoli, 1796, 1806
		I lay before you, for your consideration and advice, a treaty of perpetual peace and friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and subjects of Tripoli, of Barbary, concluded at Tripoli, on the 4th day of November, 1796.
		Like the treaty* of 1797, this treaty showed the government of the United States to be impartial in matters of religion,--that it had no established religion, and that the question of religion and religious opinion was not to be considered in national affairs.
		The Barbary Treaties : Tripoli 1805 The Lear Declaration of June 5, 1805
	members.tripod.com /~candst/tripoli1.htm (2052 words)

	Joel Barlow
		He was American consul at Algiers in 1795—1797, securing the release of American prisoners held for ransom, and negotiating a treaty with Tripoli (1796).
		He returned to America in 1805,and lived near Washington, D.C., until 1811, when he became American plenipotentiary[?] to France, charged with negotiating a commercial treaty with Napoleon, and with securing the restitution of confiscated American property or indemnity therefor.
		He was summoned for an interview with Napoleon at Wilna[?], but failed to see the emperor there; became involved in the retreat of the French army; and, overcome by exposure, died at the Polish village of Zarnowiec on the 24th of December 1812.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/jo/Joel_Barlow.html (432 words)

	Does the 1796-97 Treaty with Tripoli Matter to Church/State Separation?
		On 4 November 1796, near the end of George Washington's second term, a treaty with the "Bey and People of Tripoli" was signed, promising cash and other considerations to Tripoli in exchange for peace.
		There is considerable dispute about whether the Arabic version of the treaty read and signed by the representatives of Tripoli even had the famous words included (they are not present, as was discovered in about 1930, in the surviving Arabic version).
		I found the treaty and Adams' statement reprinted in full in three newspapers, two in Philadelphia and one in New York City and, in one case, held the actual newspaper (the Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser for Saturday, 17 June 1797) in my hands.
	www.stephenjaygould.org /ctrl/buckner_tripoli.html (1562 words)

	1797 Tripoli Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		George Washington was president when the treaty was signed at Tripoli, but by the time it reached the Senate for ratification John Adams was president, and it was the latter who presented it to the Senate.
		The treaty of 1805 does not have the passage: "the government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion," but its Article XIV is practically the same as the previous treaty's Article XI with that omission.
		Like the treaty of 1796-97 however, this later treaty also showed the government of the United States to be impartial in matters of religion--that it had no established religion, and that the question of religion and religious opinions was not to be considered in national affairs.
	www.govsux.com /1797_tripoli_treaty.htm (1544 words)

	Treaty of Tripoli. Article 11. Christian nation phrase
		From 1796 to 1799, America was involved in a "Quasi-War" with France, in which the "debilitated" French navy was set against the "vastly outnumbered" American navy.
		Tripoli, the least considerable of the Barbary States, had come forward with demands unfounded either in right or in compact, and had permitted itself to denounce war, on our failure to comply before a given day.
		The humiliating loss of the frigate Philadelphia and the capture of her captain and crew in Tripoli in 1803, criticism from his political opponents, and even opposition within his own cabinet did not deter Jefferson from his chosen course during four years of war.
	www.tektonics.org /qt/tripoli.html (3350 words)

	THE ASTUTE BLOGGERS: 1796: THE "PEACE TREATY" WITH ISLAM THAT NOW NEEDS TO BE DISCARDED
		This antique treaty implicitly supports my argument that the United States is not fighting Islam the religion but radical Islam, a totalitarian ideology that did not even exist in 1796.
		The official text of the signed treaty was in Arabic, not English; the English wording quoted above was provided by the famed diplomat who negotiated it, Joel Barlow (1754-1812), then the American consul-general in Algiers.
		First, as noted by David Hunter Miller (1875-1961), an expert on American treaties, "the Barlow translation is at best a poor attempt at a paraphrase or summary of the sense of the Arabic." Second, the great Dutch orientalist Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936), reviewed the Arabic text in 1930, retranslated it, and found no 11th article.
	astuteblogger.blogspot.com /2006/11/1796-peace-treaty-with-islam-that-now.html (1580 words)

	WallBuilders \| Resources \| Treaty of Tripoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The 1797 Treaty of Tripoli, specifically article XI, is commonly misused in editorial columns, articles, as well as in other areas of the media, both Christian and secular.
		That treaty, one of several with Tripoli, was negotiated during the "Barbary Powers Conflict," which began shortly after the Revolutionary War and continued through the Presidencies of Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison.
		The 1797 treaty with Tripoli was one of the many treaties in which each country officially recognized the religion of the other in an attempt to prevent further escalation of a "Holy War" between Christians and Muslims.
	www.wallbuilders.com /resources/search/detail.php?ResourceID=5 (2394 words)

	United States is not a Christian Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There is a firm and perpetual Peace and friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and subjects of Tripoli of Barbary, made by the free consent of both parties, and guaranteed by the most potent Dey and regency of Algiers.
		But if the Consul residing at the place where the dispute shall happen shall not be able to settle the same, an amicable reference shall be made to the mutual friend of the parties, the Dey of Algiers, the parties hereby engaging to abide by his decision.
		Most extraordinary (and wholly unexplained) is the fact that Article 11 of the Barlow translation, with its famous phrase, 'the government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian Religion.' does not exist at all.
	secular.embassyofheaven.com /usa/tripoli.htm (1735 words)

	Treaty of Tripoli, 1796 Quote/Quotation
		ARTICLE XI of the Treaty of Tripoli, 1796, signed in the last part of Washington's presidency, ratified under John Adams.
		Written in Algiers and signed at Tripoli on Nov. 4, 1796, and at Algiers on Jan. 3, 1797, by Hassan Bashaw, dey or bey of Algiers, and Joel Barlow (1754-1812), U.S. Consul to Algiers.
		George Washington was president when the treaty was signed at Tripoli, but by the time it reached the Senate for ratification, John Adams was president and presented it to the Senate.
	quotes.liberty-tree.ca /quote/treaty_of_tripoli,_1796_quote_b1e6 (309 words)

	Separation of State and Church - Supported by Founding Fathers - Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		June 10, 1997 marked the 200th anniversary of the ratification of the Treaty with Tripoli, declaring the United States not to be founded on Christianity.
		It was during John Adam's administration that the Senate ratified the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, which states in Article XI that "the government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian Religion."..
		Thomas Jefferson wrote that "The day will come when the mystical generation of Jesus, by the supreme being as his father in the womb of a virgin, will be classed with the fable of the generation of Minerva in the brain of Jupiter"..
	www.museumstuff.com /articles/ar204881063044080.html (818 words)

	Should America Be One Nation Under God?
		The Treaty of Tripoli is a problem for conservatives.
		Secularists are convinced that the Treaty of Tripoli of 1796 proves that America should be a godless state or a secularist state.
		Virtually all of the groups which are hostile toward traditional American values cite the Treaty of Tripoli in books, articles and speeches.
	www.alliancedefensefund.org /nla/volume_II/issue_4/feature_1.html (296 words)

	"The United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion" [Archive] - Sean Hannity ...
		The Treaty of Tripoli found itself sealed in the dust bin of history for over 200 years before it was ressurected again by atheist and their anti-God cohorts to support their claims of a secular nation.
		The treaty was in response to the pirates of the Barbary coast in general and of Tripoli in particular were destroying U.S. shipping and holding as prisoners U.S. seamen in the 1790s.
		I find the evaluations of the Treaty of Tripoli, or more accurately the Treaty of peace and friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli, of Barbary, to be unjustifiably dismissive of the rather direct and (to your position) condemning statements of Article 11.
	www.hannity.com /forum/archive/index.php/t-15608.html (16631 words)

	Tripoli Treaty & Great Seal of U.S. Founding Fathers
		Tripoli Treaty continually refers to the U.S. as "the American Christian nation",
		Treaty of Peace and Friendship, signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796 (3 Ramada I, 1211), and at Algiers January 3, 1797 (4 Rajab, A. Original in
		interpretation of the treaty, and to use all the means in his power to enforce the
	www.theswordbearer.org /spM004_tripoli.html (2087 words)

	Does the 1796-97 Treaty with Tripoli Matter to Church/State Separation?
		Dec-05-06 07:21 PM Treaties are "The Supreme Law of the Land"
		However, as the constitution is silent on the issue of ending treaties (it only speaks about the process of ratification) the practice has been that treaties may be set aside by the executive as the executive sees fit (by executive order) or by subsequent legislation that nullifies treaties or sections of treaties.
		The purpose is to set the federation above the states: the Constitution, the laws passed by Congress/signed by the president, and treaties, all outweigh state prerogatives.
	www.democraticunderground.com /discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=364x2862778 (814 words)

	The U.S. NOT founded upon Christianity
		Officially called the "Treaty of peace and friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli, of Barbary," most refer to it as simply the Treaty of Tripoli.
		The preliminary treaty began with a signing on 4 November, 1796 (the end of George Washington's last term as president).
		The Senate approved the treaty on June 7, 1797, and officially ratified by the Senate with John Adams signature on 10 June, 1797.
	www.nobeliefs.com /Tripoli.htm (2053 words)

	"The United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion" - Page 4 - Sean Hannity ...
		The Treaty of Tripoli is not the Constitution.
		What it is, is a treaty created at the time of our founders, stating outright that we are not a Christian nation, as so many neo-conservative holy-rollers would like us to believe.
		The treaty was made in order to prevent anyone starting "holy wars" with Moslem Nations and using our "Christian Nation" as an excuse.
	www.hannity.com /forum/showthread.php?t=15608&page=4 (1025 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Barbary Treaties 1786-1836
		An Act Authorizing the President of the United States to Apply a Further Sum to the Expense of Negotiations with the Dey and Regency at Algiers.
		RESOLUTION Expressive of the Sense of Congress of the Gallant Conduct of Captain Stephen Decatur, the Officers and Crew of the United States Ketch Intrepid, in Attacking in the Harbor of Tripoli, and Destroying, a Tripolitan Frigate of Forty-four Guns.
		Resolutions Expressive of the Sense of Congress of the Gallant Conduct of Commodore Edward Preble, the Officers, Seamen and Marines of His Squadron.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/barmenu.htm (310 words)

	Marginal Revolution: The Treaty of Tripoli
		After some difficulty, a treaty was signed in 1796 with the Bey of Tripoli promising friendship, trade and an end to hostilities.
		The 11th article of the treaty provides a remarkable contrast between how these sorts of issues were handled by the founders and how they are handled today.
		In his proclamation John Adams said, "I John Adams, President of the United States of America, having seen and considered the said Treaty do, by and with the advice consent of the Senate, accept, ratify, and confirm the same, and every clause and article thereof." The treaty was published in a number of leading newspapers.
	www.marginalrevolution.com /marginalrevolution/2005/11/the_treaty_of_t.html (501 words)

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