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Topic: Tree rings

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Dendrochronology

Radiocarbon dating

Petrified wood

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	Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona
		The practical applications of the study of tree rings are numerous.
		A key distinction of dendrochronology is that all trees rings being analyzed are dated to their correct year of formation.
		The wedge that is the 4th ring is "locally absent" from part of this tree.
	www.ltrr.arizona.edu /dendrochronology.html (494 words)

	Tree Rings
		Tree rings are normally the annual growth rings of trees.
		The number of rings is supposed to equal the age of the tree in years.
		The result is that tree rings are not an objective and independent dating method, it can't be used to confirm or calibrate C14 dates.
	genesismission.4t.com /OE/Treerings.html (526 words)

	Tully Valley Tree Rings
		For example, rings of trees growing on well-drained, upland soils usually are narrower during drought years and wider when rainfall is plentiful; the opposite may be true for some wetland trees exposed for long periods to saturated soil conditions.
		The rings of each paired cores were measured and crossdated with each other (the process whereby each ring is assigned an exact year of formation) and averaged together to form one composite ring-width series for each tree.
		Tree rings preserve evidence of three distinct episodes of hydrologic change within the wetland during the past century, at a location where no previous effects of salt mining had been reported.
	ny.water.usgs.gov /pubs/fs/fs05797/html2/FS057-97.html (2162 words)

	Tree rings tell drought story
		Tree ring science is not exactly one of the core courses in a college curriculum.
		Connie Woodhouse, a tree ring scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Boulder, recently spent a day in the Poudre River drainage to sample cores from aged ponderosa pines, estimated to be 300 to 400 years old.
		Trees used for climate studies need to be old, and they also need to be in an ecosystem that reflects climate as purely as possible, without being influenced by other factors.
	www.northfortynews.com /Archive/A200211treeRings.htm (1070 words)

	Dendrochronology - Jonathan Taylor
		Tree ring data for most areas of the country are now documented by master chronologies spanning hundreds of years, based on timbers of the same tree species, from the same region, with overlapping periods of growth.
		For tree ring analysis to produce an accurate result, it is necessary to have samples of timber which retain their bark, so that it is clear which ring was outermost when it was felled.
		This is because the number of rings in the sapwood varies widely, with some estimates suggesting that the range may be from 15 to 50 rings in the sapwood of mature oak trees in 95 per cent of the cases considered in the UK.
	www.buildingconservation.com /articles/dendrochron/dendro.htm (1113 words)

	Views of the National Parks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By examining the tree rings of two of the stumps, there have been found 180 years of overlapping rings.
		This means the trees grew during the same time, suggesting a forest of redwoods actually existed in the area.
		The rings, along with the cone and leaf fossils, were used to identify the trees as ancient redwoods (Sequoia affinis), and most similar to the modern coastal redwood (Sequoia semprevirens).
	www2.nature.nps.gov /views/Sites/FLFO/HTML/03_Fossils_TreeRings.htm (163 words)

	Tree Rings - How We Use Them
		A. Douglas proposed that tree rings would be allow us to measure past climate and, potentially, to predict drought and flood over a period of years, which would provide economic advantage.
		The tree ring next to the bark is the the ring created in the last growth-year of the tree.
		Based on the past found from tree rings, it is becoming possible to predict future climate behavior over a period of years, and to predict seasonal conditions that lead to severe wildfire.
	www.icogitate.com /~tree/treerings.ac05.htm (582 words)

	NOVA Online \| The Vikings \| Build a Tree-Ring Timeline
		The rings form a kind of fingerprint—actually, with its irregularly spaced lines, the pattern bears a remarkably close resemblance to a DNA fingerprint.
		The thickness of this ring depends on how much the tree grows during the year: favorable growing conditions result in a fat ring, unfavorable conditions, in a narrow ring.
		By starting with a living tree and working back, using wooden objects of different ages, dendrochronologists have created continuous chains of tree rings that stretch back hundreds, sometimes even thousands, of years.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/vikings/treering.html (345 words)

	Ringers
		Known as dendrochronology (defined), the science of tree rings has matured and perhaps a thousand people worldwide are now reading the stories that reside in living trees or in ancient timbers found at archeological sites.
		Trees grow better or worse in response to a combination of weather conditions, depending on their physiology (defined) and where they are growing.
		Importantly, tree ring data can be replicated by taking and comparing multiple samples to ensure that a signal is not peculiar to a single tree or stand of trees.
	whyfiles.org /021climate/ringers.html (740 words)

	Gymnosperm Database: information on tree age determination
		The tree may have a arisen from a branch, or from a root, that was some number of years old and that was part of another tree.
		If the tree is growing in the open and has sufficient light and water, this process will continue for decades, carrying the tree through seedling and sapling stages until its a fine tall tree (incidentally, this phenomenon of rapid youthful growth provides the economic basis for commercial tree farming).
		For example, the tree could be struck by lightning, burned by a fire, attacked by insects, injured by human activity, or under stress due to adverse weather (such as extreme cold or a severe drought).
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/earle/topics/oldest.htm (2019 words)

	Global Change Teacher Packets - Time and Cycles
		Tree rings are formed from the center of the tree outward.
		The ring closest to the bark is the youngest and final growth ring.
		The ring closest to the center of the tree is the oldest growth ring.
	erg.usgs.gov /isb/pubs/teachers-packets/globalchange/globalhtml/time.html (1579 words)

	CVO Website - Brantley, et.al., 1986, Tree-Ring Dating of Volcanic Deposits
		Trees that were injured but not killed by tephra or lahars may show a sequence of narrow rings beginning at the time of impact.
		Missing rings can be detected by "cross-dating", or matching, the ring-width variation patterns of sampled trees with the ring patterns of other trees growing nearby (Stokes and Smiley, 1968; Fritts, 1976).
		Beyond this point, ring counts will be one or more years off unless corrections are made by "inserting hypothetical rings" at the proper places until ring-width patterns again match those of control trees.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Projects/TreeRings/tree_ring_dating.html (894 words)

	Tree Rings: A Study of Climate Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Tree rings provide a record of local climate during the life of the tree.
		These annual rings can be counted to tell the age of the tree, and because there is more growth under good conditions, the growth patterns can be studied to determine the conditions a tree lived through such as forest fires, drought, insect attack, floods, or slopes.
		Tree rings are studied throughout the state including in Denali National Park, near Fairbanks; Willow Island; Tok; Northway Junction; Mt. Billy Mitchell; Moose Pass; and along the Glenn Highway as shown in the map.
	vathena.arc.nasa.gov /curric/land/global/treestel.html (961 words)

	Tree Rings
		Ring thickness' can vary from approximately 1" to 0.02" depending on varying factors such as growing conditions, soil fertility, temperature, rainfall, and whether grown in the open or woodland, character of individual species and also the tree's age.
		The number of cells laid down each year appears to decrease, but as the tree's girth increases the same number of cells laid down would produce narrower rings simply because the increase in the tree's circumference in later years requires a proportionally greater number of cells to be laid if ring thickness is maintained.
		Tree rings provide interest because of their link with time and weather patterns, so direct observation, macro, and micro representations yield much for us to ponder upon.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artjan02/treering.html (1304 words)

	Tree Rings
		An increment borer, also known as a tree corer, is a metal, T-shaped instrument used to drill into the trunk of a tree and extract a tree core.
		Ring width measurements in millimeters were used to calculate basal area increments.
		The more a tree's rate of growth has been limited by such environmental factors, the more variation in ring to ring growth will be present.
	www.yale.edu /fes519b/saltonstall/trmethods.htm (586 words)

	Trees as indicators of climate change
		To complicate matters further, tree growth in one year is influenced to varying degrees by the nature of growth in one or more previous years and even by the climate conditions that prevailed outside the growing season.
		Ring growth over a number of years is also affected by non-climate-related factors that include tree age, competition from other plants, soil fertility, attacks by herbivorous insects and even changes in the composition of the atmosphere.
		For example, trees growing at high latitudes or high altitudes are most sensitive to changing temperatures while the growth of trees in semi arid environments responds strongly to changing soil water conditions and so provides information on precipitation.
	www.cru.uea.ac.uk /cru/annrep94/trees (1189 words)

	Tree Rings and Climate
		Tree Rings and Climate was his second book, which was written for the non-botanist and non-statistician who wish to understand the principles governing tree ring formation and their analysis to reveal past history, climate and dating of past events.
		An appendix is included of scientific and common names of trees, bibliography to the pre-1976 literature, a glossary of terms, an author index and a subject index.
		Tree Rings and Climate remains the basic primer of the field in spite of the exponential growth of dendrochronology and its expansion and application to a wide variety of disciplines in the last 25 years.
	www.blackburnpress.com /trerinandcli.html (349 words)

	Are tree-ring chronologies reliable?
		That is, rings of the same putative dendrochronological age were found to contain the same amount of radiocarbon, and to give the same pattern of fluctuations over time.
		If trees were growing two or three rings per year at the time one of these episodes occurred, two or three times as many rings would be affected than if trees were only growing one ring per year.
		Thus, a record of ring growth per year is preserved in the number of rings affected by these periods of solar quiescence.
	www.biblicalchronologist.org /answers/c14_treerings.php (1474 words)

	Dendrochronology
		Discovered by A.E. Douglass from the University of Arizona, who noted that the wide rings of certain species of trees were produced during wet years and, inversely, narrow rings during dry seasons.
		Samples taken from trees of unknown age can then be studied for matches with samples from trees with known sequences of growth.
		A number of tree samples must be examined and cross dated from any given site to avoid the possibility of all the collected data showing a missing or extra ring.
	www.sonic.net /bristlecone/dendro.html (898 words)

	Tree Rings - What they Are and Why they Vary
		Each tree ring marks a line between the dark late wood that grew at the end of the previous year and the relatively pale early wood that grew at the start of this year.
		One annual ring is composed of a ring of early wood and a ring of late wood.
		If the rings are narrow on one side of a tree with wide rings on the other, the tree was crowded on the side of the tree where the rings are narrow.
	www.icogitate.com /~tree/treerings.ac04.htm (790 words)

	USATODAY.com - Tree rings show Earth was warm 800 years ago (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Scientists study annual growth rings in trees to determine ancient patterns of temperature and precipitation.
		The study, appearing in the March 21 issue of the journal Science, analyzed ancient tree rings from 14 sites on three continents in the northern hemisphere and concluded that temperatures in an era known as the Medieval Warm Period some 800 to 1,000 years ago closely matched the warming trend of the 20th century.
		Cook said the study found that, based on the growth of rings in the trunks of trees that lived hundreds of years ago, the temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were about equal to the warming trend that started in the 20th century.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/climate/2002-02-03-tree-rings.htm (621 words)

	Untitled Document
		Dendrochronology (dendron = tree, chronos = time) is the science that uses tree rings dated to their exact year of formation to analyze temporal and spatial patterns of processes in the physical and cultural sciences.
		Dendroclimatology is the use of tree rings to study and reconstruct the past and present climate.
		Few trees established before the severe drought of the late 1500s survived, whereas many of the oldest trees in the Southwest recruited into forests and woodlands during the relatively wet and cool early 1600s.
	www.cpluhna.nau.edu /Tools/dendrochronology.htm (1375 words)

	History in Tree Rings
		In this climate, thick rings mean a good or a relatively warm year; thin rings mean poor, frigid weather.
		They do this by gauging how well the tree was growing during the summer, when the outermost portion, or latewood of a ring is put on.
		So it all fit together that 1783, the trees recorded a temperature change, there was a legend of a lot of people dying because of no summer around that year and the observations of the Russian explorers that there was a decrease in population.
	soundprint.org /global_perspectives/nature_in_balance/tree_rings.phtml (799 words)

	Troubled Times: Tree Rings
		The evidence is in tree rings, which clearly show several years of cold weather that stunted growth beginning in A.D. 536 and especially after A.D. The rings show similar events that began in 1628 B.C. and 1159 B.C., and rare written documents of those times seem also to describe cataclysmic social collapse.
		Tree rings record the age of a tree, with a distinct ring of growth produced each year.
		The width of each ring depends on growing conditions, so each year's growth in a particular area leaves a unique signature (a reflection of fat, moderate, or lean growing conditions) in the tree-ring record.
	www.zetatalk.com /theword/tword27k.htm (594 words)

	Tree Rings as Records of the Past
		Since growth rate depends largely on precipitation (or the lack of it) during the growing season, the widths of tree rings can be used to reconstruct rainfall patterns in the past, and in particular to identify periods of drought.
		It should be noted that tree ring analysis does not generally involve cutting trees down; instead, a special auger is used to extract a slender core for study.
		Identify rings that represent the years the child, the child's parents, and the child's grandparents were born, or years of historical importance.
	www.beloit.edu /~SEPM/Fossil_Explorations/Tree_Rings.html (348 words)

	Ring Around the Tree
		Trees are the largest of all the plants.
		A tree that is very old usually has a large trunk.
		As the tree grows, new cells are added to the trunk.
	www.sfscience.com /english/grade_3/unit_A/chap_1/act_1/1.htm (63 words)

	Tree Rings
		Apparently, the few bristlecone pine trees (all in one small area 10,000 feet high) which did survive the Exodus events of a long overcast Sun did so because they were, as were not the Sequoias, able to "shut up shop" and survive without producing any rings.
		All in all, strong oscillations in the size of tree rings must be expected in years of great natural catastrophes.
		One would expect to find, not "strong oscillations," but constricted growth rings or damaged wood in "years of great natural catastrophes." But that is plainly not what we find in the record, so Velikovsky lists, not only agents of destruction, but probably everything he could think of that might have a positive effect on growth.
	www.pibburns.com /smtrerng.htm (1536 words)

	TREE RINGS
		The relationship between tree rings and agriculture is not a direct relationship, but one can be established through the indirectly.
		If trees are varying growth rates due to changes in climate and changes in climate are affecting agriculture in modern times, it should be a feasible argument to suggest that this could be applied in the past.
		The tree ring record supports a positive relationship between documented agriculture abundance in both AD 357 and 359 as discussed earlier, and it also shows a relationship in documented drought periods as in AD 348 and 301 discussed in chapter five.
	www.cast.uark.edu /student_pubs/david_holt/tree_rings.htm (777 words)

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