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Topic: Trees of Britain

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	Tree - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trees are important components of the natural landscape and significant elements in landscaping, and in agriculture supplying orchard crops (such as apples).
		The earliest trees were tree ferns and horsetails, which grew in vast forests in the Carboniferous Period; tree ferns still survive, but the only surviving horsetails are not of tree form.
		The oldest trees are determined by growth ring counts in cores taken from the edge to the centre of the tree or from entire cross-sections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tree (2033 words)

	Trees of Britain and Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The only endemic tree species in Britain and Ireland (that is, that are native only to this region) are some apomictic whitebeams.
		A tree can be defined as a large, perennial, woody plant with secondary branches supported by a primary stem (compare with shrub).
		Tree For All (Tree For All is the most ambitious children's tree-planting project ever launched in the United Kingdom, with plans to help plant 12 million trees over the next five years.)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trees_of_Britain_and_Ireland (553 words)

	Encyclopedia: Trees of Britain and Ireland
		Native (usually synonymous with indigenous) species are considered to be species which are today present in the region in question, and have been continuously present in that region since a certain period of time.
		These larger shrubs occasionally reach tree size: A willow shrub A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall.
		Trees of the world (please add to list in alphabetical order) Trees of The Americas Trees of Canada Trees of North America Trees of The Caribbean Basin Trees of Australasia List of trees of New Zealand Trees of Europe Trees of Britain and Ireland Trees of Denmark Trees of Asia...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Trees-of-Britain-and-Ireland (2719 words)

	A History of Trees in Britain
		No history stands in isolation, and the history of trees since the last 'Ice Age' - the 10,000 years known as the Holocene - must be placed in the context of the previous million years - the period known as the Pleistocene.
		The period was one of climatic fluctuation with 'Ice Ages' in which parts of Britain were covered by glaciers; 'interglacial' periods when the climate was warmer and trees and other plants re-established themselves; and 'interstadials' in which the climate improved to a lesser extent.
		Some trees also remained in isolated pockets especially in the south, though possibly as stunted forms whose flowering would be restricted by the climate.
	www.middlea.freeserve.co.uk /essays/trees_essay/trees_essay.html (2030 words)

	New Britain's Charter Oak "Grandson"
		Trees are symbolic of our relationship with nature, a touchstone to the past and future.
		The tree had grown to the point that the fence was too small and causing damage.
		The origin of the tree is described as follows: "The acorns from the original Charter Oak were planted by Deacon D. Camp in his yard on Camp Street in 1857, and from this tree came the sapling that these old veterans are planting" Mr.
	www.ct-botanical-society.org /newsletter/charteroak.html (734 words)

	Oak
		The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus, and some related genera, notably Lithocarpus.
		Oaks are hardwood trees, the wood commonly used in furniture and flooring.
		Other dangers include wood-boring beetles, as well as root rot in older trees which may not be apparent on the outside, often only being discovered when the trees come down in a strong gale.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/o/oa/oak.html (808 words)

	Oak - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Australian tree known as desert-oak is unrelated, and instead belongs to the genus Allocasuarina.
		The leaves of oak are eaten by the larvae of Lepidoptera species such as Oak Hook-tip, Blotched Emerald, Common Emerald, November Moth and Pale November Moth.
		The oak is the national tree of the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /oak.htm (996 words)

	Directory - Science: Biology: Botany: Dendrology: By Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Trees and Shrubs of Ontario · Designed to assist those interested in learning some of the common trees and shrubs found in the province.
		Trees of Eastern North American Forests · cached · Descriptions and images of various trees native to the eastern forests of North America.
		Trees of Alabama and the Southeast · cached · Brief text and numerous photos of both native and planted trees.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=27697 (340 words)

	George H Powell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Britain is home to arguably some of the most ancient living things on earth, some of which are believed to be between 4-5000 years old.
		We view, fossils of extinct trees such as the Lepidodendron that formed the great coal reserves and fueled the industrial revolution, and many marvel at the slides of Britains little known Fossil Forests, where we view trunks and stumps of trees that were here during the time of T rex.
		The Ancient trees of Britain have been rightly called the "Silent Watchmen of History", some having been alive since the rise of the first human civilisations, and these have also witnessed the rise of the Celts in Britain, the coming and going of the Romans, the Vikings, the Saxons, and the Normans.
	www.lovetrees.co.uk /clients.htm (869 words)

	Oak Trees
		It is roughly estimated that about 150 oak trees are being lost every day in britain, in fact we are losing trees at a far greater rate in percentage terms than are being lost in south america.
		Oak trees are a keystone species and are extreemly important to Britains ecosytsem, in some places oak trees would be supporting up to 300 different life forms.
		The most persecuted tree in Britain has to be the poor old English Oak and the other varieties of Oaks including naturalised Oaks.
	www.geocities.com /tree15.geo/oak.html (1529 words)

	tree -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the one, the tree is the vertical...
		Drumstick trees can reach a height of about 9 m (30 feet); they have corky gray bark, branching, fernlike leaves, and scented clusters of white flowers.
		When a tree is wounded, fungus spores lodge in the wound, germinate, and send out creeping threads that attack the living cells and tissues.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9108708 (868 words)

	Key to Common Trees Found in Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Trees can be divided into two main groups: those that have flattened and wide leaves (known as broadleaves) and those that have needle-like leaves (known as conifers).
		Most broadleaved trees lose their leaves in the winter and are called deciduous; but most conifers keep their leaves in the winter and are called evergreen.
		As well as the leaves, it is helpful to look at other features such as the tree shape, bark, buds flowers (all trees have them in some form, mostly in Spring and Summer), fruit and seeds (mostly in late Summer and Autumn).
	www.malton.n-yorks.sch.uk /TreeWeb/key (109 words)

	Britain's Woodlands UK
		The National Inventory of Woodland and Trees, recently produced by the Forestry Commission, gives evidence of 1.3 billion trees growing in Britain that cover a total 8.4% of the country.
		There are a number of explanations for the news, but there seems no doubt that the storms of 1987 encouraged a strong change in public opinion that has also produced a great deal of activity in the years since then.
		Volunteers all over the country monitor their local woods and plant trees; the Woodland Trust has seen its membership grow by 60% in the last two years to over 100,000 and there are people who go on holidays specially to take part in tree-planting programmes.
	www.greenfingers.com /articledisplay.asp?id=1832&gfAdSection=NEWS (254 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: Cassell's Trees of Britain and Northern Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		With every tree you could possibly wish to identify faithfully represented and catalogued, along with immaculate paintings of bark, leaves and fruit, Cassell's Trees of Britain and Northern Europe is not merely an excellent reference guide, but a beautiful coffee-table book and without doubt the new tree-spotter's bible.
		The huge variety of trees growing in the British Isles is a legacy ofcenturies of collecting by enterprising explorers.
		The artist spent many years touring to findthe right tree to paint; the result is a work in which the trees lookreal, indeed it is hard to believe you are looking at paintings in manycases.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0304361925 (724 words)

	Society \| Campaign to save Britain's heritage trees
		According to conservationists such as the Tree Council, that support should come from the government, which is being accused of neglecting many of the trees which have cultural, ecological or historical significance.
		But the Tree Council says that the system for protecting such trees from damage and ensuring that they are properly maintained is itself suffering from decay.
		Heritage trees should qualify as a form of historic monument and should be specifically protected.
	society.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,5035976-111982,00.html (873 words)

	Genetically Altered Trees Attacked In Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The trees are part of an eight-year experiment funded by the European Union and the paper-making industry to look at developing trees with lower levels of lignin, a polymer in the cell walls of trees which makes them rigid and woody.
		Zeneca argues that such trees could reduce the use of energy and chlorine in paper-making and pulping.
		An anonymous statement released on behalf of the people who attacked the trees -- the Genetic Engineering Network -- an activist group which opposes genetic modification of plants, said genetic alteration of trees was a major threat to the world's environment.
	www.netlink.de /gen/Zeitung/1999/990712a.htm (378 words)

	Book Review 'Trees of Britain and Northern Europe - Collins Field Guide' by Alan Mitchell - Countrylovers.co.uk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The definition of a tree used for this Guide is 'a woody, perennial plant which can attain a stature or more on a single stem' and while the tree stem may 'divide low down' it must do so above ground level.
		A pretty heavyweight identification key and guide to variants of trees follows a short Introduction which also includes sections of estimating the age of a tree and tree height.
		Of the 800 trees featured only thirty five species are native to Britain, but Mitchell's book contains just about every tree cultivar to be found in Britain and Europe north of the Mediterranean, and really only excludes the rare exotics that you might expect to find in botanic gardens.
	www.countrylovers.co.uk /blit/bukrev42.htm (472 words)

	Tolkien's Trees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It was Celtic Britain which loved trees first and best, and English folklore still shows the perseverance of that love in such carols as "The Holly and the Ivy" and other folksongs.
		As trees grow out of the earth and reach for the clouds, it's not surprising that trees connect you to the gods of the earth and the sky.
		Narrator: "The Ents were as different from one another as trees from trees, some as different as one tree is from another of the same name but quite different growth and history; and some as different as one tree-kind from another, as birch from beech, oak from fir." (469)
	my.richnet.net /~msallen/msallen/lotr/lotrtrees/trees.html (993 words)

	RDFN Past Papers - Issue 8 English
		Farmers manipulated the selection of trees on their farms, over time saving fruit trees in newly adjudicated fields, then planting pole species once original stocks were depleted, then concentrating planted trees, mainly fruit and hedge species, around their homesteads.
		Their commitment to tree planting was illustrated by the fact that they accessed many sources and sometimes travelled great distances to procure seedlings.
		The author argued that the attempt to regenerate hedges and free-standing trees through planting was mistaken; history shows that nurturing of existing saplings is a better approach.
	www.odifpeg.org.uk /rdfn/englishfiles/networkpapers8english.html (463 words)

	Native Trees of Britain and Ireland: Ilex aquifolium/Holly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Small evergreen tree or shrub, often with prickly, dark green leaves, commonly found in hedgerows, as a shrub layer in woods, and in scrub.
		Male and female flowers, found on separate trees, are small (around 6mm diameter) and white or purple tinged, with four petals.
		The tree is one of the ancient symbols of the midwinter festival.
	www.biodiversity.org.uk /ibs/envmath/resources/year3/env324/moffatt/HTMLfiles/i_aquifolium.htm (924 words)

	SHOTYK annotated bibliography of books about trees
		The ash is the tree of life; willow, tree of enchantment, hazel, tree of knowledge; beech, tree of learning.
		With a brief description of the trees native to northeastern North America and their natural range, they authors have also described how the trees look their best, and during which season, cultivars, as well as any problems encountered during their cultivation.
		Convince me that you have a seed there, and I am prepared to expect wonders.” It is truly incredible that the greatest trees on earth, from the tallest redwood to the broadest oak, started out their lives as a tiny seed.
	publish.uwo.ca /~pnelliga/bibliotrees.html (3597 words)

	UK big trees from The Tree Register.
		Our wonderful tree heritage is recorded within the Tree Register, a Registered Charity with a unique database of over 125,000 of our most notable Trees.
		If you have an interest in trees and wish to become more involved with The Tree Register, we are looking for help organising events, guided walks and meetings at local and national level.
		Volunteer tree recorders, become one of our "Tapers", and photographers are also always welcome to help with ongoing survey work and updating of historic records.
	www.tree-register.org (221 words)

	trees
		The Tree Council of Ireland aims to "promote, the conservation, planting and maintenance of trees; to act as a forum for organisations concerned with trees and to provide initiatives for co-operation; to disseminate knowledge about trees and their care".
		The Tree Register is a UK charity devoted to collating and updating a database of notable and ancient trees in Britain and Ireland.
		Presented in April 2000, "Analyses of the spring phenology of boreal trees and its response to climate change" is the PhD thesis of Tapio Linkosalo of the University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Ecology.
	agrifor.ac.uk /browse/cabi/detail/2d5563ed288ac5396add9b78fbca810b.html (3092 words)

	Powell's Books - Silva: (the tree in Britain ) by Archie. Miles
		There are also chapters on wild and domestic fruit trees, the native evergreens, and the trees of water.
		Rounding out the volume are a wide range of tree-related topics: trees in myth and legend, their herbal and medicinal uses, woodland crafts, and tree planting, conservation, and management.
		A celebration of trees in Britain with the focus on native species.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=16-0091867886-1 (215 words)

	Trees on the web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After all, tree rings are just one component of an extremely complex organism.
		To supplement this information, he also provides a bibliography on historic trees that is sure to grow in size.
		This species and genus is considered a "living fossil" by scientists, with fossil impressions of the leaves of this tree dating back millions of years.
	web.utk.edu /~grissino/trees.htm (718 words)

	Book Review 'Trees of Britain and Northern Europe - Collins Pocket Guide' by Alan Mitchell & John Wilkinson - ...
		The heart of the book, however, is the 225-plus page section in which each of the tree families is illustrated; although the long, narrow pages don't really provide a lot of space for large illustrations.
		One very commendable inclusion in the book is a section at the rear which identifies the most 'Notable trees in the British Isles', and specifying the locations and measurements of these; a nice touch which will keep tree hunters occupied for a long time.
		The content is comprehensive and 'covers all tree species, both native and introduced, which the reader is likely to find growing north of the Mediterranean region'.
	www.countrylovers.co.uk /blit/bukrev41.htm (693 words)

	Book Review 'Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Trees & Shrubs of Britain' - Countrylovers.co.uk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We discover that tree shape is not foolproof means of identification since a species can change appearance depending on the conditions in which it grows (mountain slopes being a good example).
		The core section of the Guide, however, is the 250-something pages which groups our trees and shrubs by leaf and needle shapes (page references in the opening identification section will take the reader quickly to the relevant section without the need to thumb pages haphazardly).
		Generally each tree and shrub species has a page devoted to it and includes artists' illustrations of typical tree shapes during winter and summer periods, a twig section showing leaves and their arrangement, flowers and fruits, plus photographs of a bark sample, and an example of the tree in-situ.
	www.countrylovers.co.uk /blit/bukrev36.htm (399 words)

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