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	eMedicine - Trematode Infection : Article by Subhash Chandra Parija
		Colonic biopsy: This biopsy is a sensitive and specific procedure to aid in identifying parasite eggs in biopsy specimens for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis and intestinal trematode infections.
		Surgical management may be needed for complications of trematode infection, which include bladder carcinoma in urinary schistosomiasis, fibrosis and thickening of the intestinal wall in intestinal schistosomiasis, ascending cholangitis in fascioliasis, and cholangiocarcinoma in clonorchiasis.
		Chemotherapy objectives in trematode infections are to cure the disease, to reduce morbidity, and to prevent transmission of parasitic infection in endemic areas.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2301.htm (5893 words)

	The Origin and Evolution of Trematode Life Cycle
		It is shown that the main trend of morphological evolution of miracidia is their simplification and miniaturization which is accompanied by the passage from active infection of the first intermediate host with free-swimming larva to the passive one whereby miracidium hatching takes place in the alimentary tract of molluscan host having swallowed the egg.
		The analysis of trematode evolution itself is based on the principle of the posse sing equal rights study of all stages of the life cycles, i.e.
		Evolutionary development of trematodes is considered as result of complex evolution, transformations of their life cycles, the individual stages and generations composing them are characteristic of different directions of the adaptations.
	www.angelfire.com /sc/gorbushin/galbook.html (1876 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Trematode (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is shown that the main trend of morphological evolution of miracidia is their simplification and miniaturization which is accompanied by the passage from active infection of the first intermediate host with free-swimming larva to the passive one whereby miracidium hatching takes place in the alimentary tract of molluscan host having swallowed the egg.
		The analysis of trematode evolution itself is based on the principle of the posse sing equal rights study of all stages of the life cycles, i.e.
		Evolutionary development of trematodes is considered as result of complex evolution, transformations of their life cycles, the individual stages and generations composing them are characteristic of different directions of the adaptations.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Trematode (489 words)

	Companion Animal Parasite Council
		Trematodes of dogs and cats have indirect life cycles that require one or two intermediate hosts to reach the infective stage.
		Trematode infections are acquired by consumption of intermediate or paratenic hosts (or, in the case of H.
		Trematode eggs are less buoyant than those of nematodes or protozoa; unless high-density sucrose flotation is used, diagnosis of infection by fecal examination requires concentrating the ova present in feces by sedimentation rather than flotation.
	www.capcvet.org /?p=Guidelines_Trematode&h=0&s=0 (1244 words)

	Penn State Eberly College of Science -- Deformed Frogs Form when Parasites and Pesticides Combine
		When they leave the snail, in the form of trematode larvae called cercariae, they swim around in the pond in search of a tadpole, which is the next host they need to invade in order to survive.
		The researchers placed groups of their tadpoles in the six ponds within two kinds of enclosures located side-by-side--one with a fine screen that prevented the trematode larvae from entering the enclosure, and the other with a larger-mesh screen that allowed the trematode larvae to infect the tadpoles.
		Trematode infections can cause limb deformities if the larvae are able to evade the defenses of the tadpole's immune system long enough to transform themselves into hard cysts.
	www.science.psu.edu /alert/Kiesecker7-2002.htm (1477 words)

	Trematode Parasites: What Is Their Genesis?
		The purposes of this study are to review some of the “design-like” behaviors and structures of this group of parasites, to search for a reasonable explanation for their existence in the evolutionary literature, and to provide a creation-based explanation for their origins.
		At one time researchers believed that the thick-walled metacercarial cyst of trematodes encysted in various hosts was a direct response by the host to the presence of the parasite within tissues (Sogandares-Bernal and Lumsden, 1964).
		Trematode: Class Trematoda of helminths which are parasitic flatworms (flukes) mainly in the digestive tract of all classes of vertebrates.
	www.creationresearch.org /crsq/articles/36/36_4/trematodes.html (6082 words)

	USGS Release: It’s a World Made for Parasites, or Is It? (7/3/2002)
		Intact trematode communities are assurances of the healthy integrity and diversity of species within the salt marsh.
		Trematode infection begins as a horn snail grazing on algae incidentally ingests worm eggs, perhaps from a bird dropping.
		The adult trematode takes up final residence in the bird’s gut, releasing thousands of eggs that are deposited in bird droppings back into the salt marsh, completing the life cycle of the parasite.
	www.usgs.gov /newsroom/article.asp?ID=368 (1669 words)

	Trematode Hemoglobins Show Exceptionally High Oxygen Affinity -- Kiger et al. 75 (2): 990 -- Biophysical Journal
		The rate of autoxidation of oxyhemoglobins of trematodes was measured in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at 37°C under air.
		The oxygen kinetic and equilibrium parameters of trematode hemoglobins are shown in Table 1.
		H NMR structure of the heme cavity in the oxygen avid molecule from the trematode Paramphistomum epiclitum.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/75/2/990 (4470 words)

	EO News: Deformed Frogs Form When Parasites and Pesticides Combine - July 8, 2002
		Trematode parasites inhabit a series of host species during their life cycle, including pond snails.
		When they leave the snail, in the form of trematode larvae called cercariae, they swim around in the pond in search of a tadpole, which is the next host they need to invade in order to survive.
		The researchers placed groups of their tadpoles in the six ponds within two kinds of enclosures located side-by-side--one with a fine screen that prevented the trematode larvae from entering the enclosure, and the other with a larger-mesh screen that allowed the trematode larvae to infect the tadpoles.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/MediaAlerts/2002/200207089837.html (1311 words)

	[No title]
		Johnson found the more trematode infections the tadpoles acquired, the more the legs of the adult frog were deformed, multiplied or missing.
		Trematode eggs in the bird feces are then deposited in a pond and the cycle starts anew.
		Johnson said even though trematodes are found throughout North America, the parasite probably is not the single cause for a worldwide decline in frogs and other amphibians first noticed two decades ago.
	www.promedmail.org /pls/promed/f?p=2400:1001:8245610171407108884::::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_ARCHIVE_NUMBER,F2400_P1001_USE_ARCHIVE:1001,19990505.0740,Y (735 words)

	DEFORMED FROG MYSTERY
		Trematodes have a complex life cycle that involves several hosts, in this case including snakes, pond snails, and amphibians.
		The trematodes increase dramatically in number while in the snail hosts by a process called "polyembrionic amplification." During a second larval stage, free-swimming flatworm larvae are released from the snails and attack frog tadpoles in which they form cysts called metacercariae.
		One outcome of the conference was the recognition of the need for a realistic program of scientific research that is broad enough to take into account both the role of parasites and the possibility of chemical pollutants or other factors.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA08/frog11.html (625 words)

	Our Stolen Future: Trematode parasites cause some frog deformities
		Mechanisms of the trematode action are undetermined, but may involve either chemical or mechanical disruption of development caused by presence of the parasite.
		And they demonstrate that the pattern and type of deformities measured in the field is within the range of deformities caused in the laboratory by the trematode parasite.
		One additional factor they do not address, but related to the last point, is whether variation in immune system function may relate to variation in resistance to the parasite.
	www.ourstolenfuture.org /newscience/wildlife/frogs/1999johnsonetal.htm (595 words)

	The effects of endoparasites on the productivity of Ethiopian highland sheep - Effets des endoparasites sur la ...
		In addition, trematode EPG counts were also high for most parts of 1989 at Tulu Meko but not on other sites.
		The repeatability values for PCV, bodyweight, body-condition score, lambing interval, nematode EPG and trematode EPG were 0.44 ± 0.01, 0.71 ± 0.01, 0.35 ± 0.01, 0.43 ± 0.14, 0.09 ± 0.01 and 0.20 ± 0.02, respectively (Table 4).
		But high trematode EPG resulted in high body-condition scores and high bodyweights which could be due to repeated exposures to fascioliasis while at the same time growing and increasing in body mass.
	www.fao.org /Wairdocs/ILRI/x5520B/x5520b0s.htm (2917 words)

	Trematode Parasites : What Is Their Genesis? :::KACR.or.kr 한국창조과학회
		The purposes of this study are to review some of the “design-like” behaviors and structures of this group of parasites, to search for a reasonable explanation for their existence in the evolutionary literature, and to provide a creation-based explanation for their origins.
		At one time researchers believed that the thick-walled metacercarial cyst of trematodes encysted in various hosts was a direct response by the host to the presence of the parasite within tissues (Sogandares-Bernal and Lumsden, 1964).
		Trematode: Class Trematoda of helminths which are parasitic flatworms (flukes) mainly in the digestive tract of all classes of vertebrates.
	www.kacr.or.kr /library/itemview.asp?no=1036¶m= (6098 words)

	AccessMedicine - Harrison's Internal Medicine: Schistosomiasis and Other Trematode Infections: Introduction
		"Trematodes, or flatworms, are a group of morphologically and biologically heterogeneous organisms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes.
		For clinical purposes, the significant trematode infections of humans may be divided according to the tissues invaded by adult flukes: blood, biliary tree, intestines, and lungs (Table 203-1).
		Details of geographic history, exposure to freshwater bodies, and indulgence in local eating habits without ensuring safety of food and drink are all essential elements in the history.
	www.accessmedicine.com /content.aspx?aID=78500 (311 words)

	Limp-frogging \| Science & Technology \| Down To Earth magazine
		The researchers placed their tadpoles in six ponds within two kinds of enclosures located side-by-side — one with a fine screen that prevented the trematode larvae from entering the enclosure, and the other with a larger-mesh screen that allowed the trematode larvae to infect the tadpoles.
		“We found that tadpoles have to be ex-posed to trematode infection for deformities to develop,” said Joseph Kiesecker, the lead researcher.
		In summary, the researchers proved that only tadpoles infected with trematodes developed limb deformities and that these deformities occurred with more frequency in the groups of tadpoles that also were exposed to pesticides.
	www.downtoearth.org.in /full.asp?foldername=20020815&filename=sci&sid=9 (436 words)

	Trematode Myoglobins, Functional Molecules with a Distal Tyrosine -- Rashid et al. 272 (5): 2992 -- Journal of ...
		A model of the Mb structure of the trematode Pe was built by homology modeling using A.
		Trematodes contain respiratory proteins clearly different from the Hbs/Mbs of their hosts (16).
		All three trematode Mb sequences show a high degree of homology (~32%) especially in the first half of the molecule.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/272/5/2992 (5206 words)

	eMedicine - Trematode Infection : Article Excerpt by Subhash Chandra Parija
		Depending on the habitat in the infected host, flukes can be classified as blood flukes, liver flukes, lung flukes, and intestinal flukes (see Classification of trematodes according to their habitat).
		Medicine is a constantly changing science and not all therapies are clearly established.
		In particular, all drug doses, indications, and contraindications should be confirmed in the package insert.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/trematode-infection.htm (2235 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Differential Interference Contrast Image ...
		A parasitic trematode, Fasciolopsis buski is known as the giant intestinal fluke of man, but may also infect swine.
		In their adult form, the worms attach themselves to the tissues of the small intestine through the use of ventral suckers and may reach up to 7.5 centimeters in length.
		The complex lifecycle of the trematode was not understood, however, until Claude H. Barlow’s determination of it in 1925.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/techniques/dic/dicgallery/fasciolopsisbuskismall.html (280 words)

	UTas ePrints - The Trematode Fauna of a Brackish Coastal Lagoon in Tasmania
		The Trematode Fauna of a Brackish Coastal Lagoon in Tasmania
		Preliminary investigations of the ecology of other water bodies in Tasmania revealed that the trematodes found at Calvert's Lagoon are widely distributed on the E and NE coasts of Tasmania in enclosed, brackish lagoons inhabited by C. badgerensis.
		The distributions of these trematodes probably extend to similar water bodies that occur on the Bass Strait Islands and in the SE of the Australian mainland.
	eprints.utas.edu.au /402 (633 words)

	Larval Trematoda: Winterbourne
		All larval trematodes were found in the region of the digestive gland and gonad of the host snail and infection probably rendered the snail infertile.
		Probert (1966) found that trematodes which have a prosobranch snail as intermediate host never parasitise pulmonate snails, and P. ant-ipodarum is the only prosobranch which is widely distributed in New Zealand freshwaters.
		ROTHSCHILD, M. Observations on the growth and trematode infections of Peringa ulvae (Pennant) in a pool in the Tamar Saltings, Plymouth.
	www.indiana.edu /~curtweb/trematodes/Winterbourne.htm (2158 words)

	Parasites as Indicators of Coastal-Ecosystem Health
		"A measure of the trematode community, gathered from dissecting snails that act as the first host of these worms, provides a single, integrated snapshot of host species that have been in an estuary over the average lifespan of the snails that occur there," said Lafferty.
		Parasite: This free-swimming stage of a parasite larva, a trematode cercaria, leaves an infected snail to encyst on a fish brain.
		The adult trematode takes up final residence in the bird's gut, releasing thousands of eggs that are deposited by way of bird droppings back into the salt marsh, completing the life cycle of the parasite.
	soundwaves.usgs.gov /2002/08/research2.html (1549 words)

	Zoonoses: Hidden health problems caused by fish-borne trematodes.
		Fish-borne trematode infections tend to go unnoticed and hence be under-recorded, not least because the symptoms are often quite general, and may be mistaken for a range of other infections and conditions.
		Unfortunately, detecting a low level of trematode infection, which is vital for early and effective treatment, is difficult even for trained technicians.
		Infection with fish-borne trematodes is associated with a most unpleasant cancer of the bile duct which is very difficult to treat, even if it is detected early.
	www.new-agri.co.uk /03-2/focuson/focuson6.html (826 words)

	Lung Fluke Haematoloechus longiplexus
		The oral and ventral suckers of the trematode are indicated.
		This particular specimen’s (immature adult trematode) ventral sucker was obstructed by the tissue and was therefore not visible.
		It was obvious from this study that the ventral sucker of this particular species is not as prominent as the oral sucker.
	www.uleth.ca /emf/rtucker/rtucker.htm (1378 words)

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