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	Trench fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Trench Fever is caused by infection with the micro-organism called bartonella quintana.
		Urban trench fever Over the past few years trench fever has returned and invaded major cities around the world.
		Because the symptoms are so similar to the common cold many people with trench fever mistakenly believe that their recurring symptoms are due to their immune system being run down.
	www.intellimeds.com /conditions/trench_fever.aspx (440 words)

	Bartonella quintana Characteristics and Management \| CDC EID
		Trench fever was precisely described based on experimental infections in volunteer soldiers (4).
		Three different courses of trench fever were described by Kostrzewski: the classic relapsing form associated with shin pain, headaches, and dizziness; the typhoidal form characterized by a prolonged fever, splenomegaly, and rash; and the abortive form, characterized by a brief, less intense course.
		Trench fever is characterized by attacks of fever that last 1–3 days; are associated with headache, shin pain, and dizziness; and recur every 4–6 days (2,23), although each succeeding attack is usually less severe.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol12no02/05-0874.htm (3969 words)

	Trench fever - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trench fever is a moderately serious disease, transmitted by body lice, that infected more than a million soldiers during World War I and World War II.
		Trench fever is also called Wolhynia fever, shin bone fever, quintan fever, five-day fever, Meuse fever, His disease and His-Werner disease (after Wilhelm His, Jr.
		The onset of symptoms is usually sudden with high fever, severe headache, back and leg pain and a fleeting rash.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trench_fever (336 words)

	First World War.com - Feature Articles - Life in the Trenches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However stalemate - and trench warfare soon set in - and the expected war of movement wasn't restored until towards the close of the war, although the line rippled as successes were achieved at a local level.
		In busy sectors the constant shellfire directed by the enemy brought random death, whether their victims were lounging in a trench or lying in a dugout (many men were buried as a consequence of such large shell-bursts).
		Trench Foot was more of a problem at the start of trench warfare; as conditions improved in 1915 it rapidly faded, although a trickle of cases continued throughout the war.
	www.firstworldwar.com /features/trenchlife.htm (1781 words)

	First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Trench Fever
		Unlike the similar-sounding condition Trench Foot incidences of Trench Fever continued to grow throughout the war.
		Trench Fever attacked all armies and until the final year of the war baffled doctors and researchers.
		In 1918 the cause was identified as excretions from lice, affecting all trenches: Rickettsia quintana.
	www.firstworldwar.com /atoz/trenchfever.htm (224 words)

	Trench fever:essential data
		Trench fever is described as an agent of squalor.
		Trench fever takes its name from its first appearance in the trenches of the Western front of World War I. It was described in the medical literature for the first time in September 1915 as a "relapsing febrile illness of unknown origin" in an article by Major J. Graham in the Lancet in September 1915.
		As trench fever claimed 800,000 casualties, with few fatalities, in France and Belgium an outbreak of typhus on the Eastern front was claiming 6,000 victims a day and may have killed a quarter of the Serbian army.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Pathogens/BQ.HTML (1068 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Trench fever is another illness which arose as a direct result of trench warfare conditions.
		Trench fever was a very real, potentially fatal illness, it was a type of Typhus and it struck in epedemic proportions sapping the strength of a front line unit.
		Causes: trench fever was directly caused by the humble body louse that every man in the trenches seemed to be plagued with.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/kylet1/tfever.htm (554 words)

	fever
		Q fever (Worldwide): Q fever is a rickettsial zoonosis (infection with gram negative Coxiella burnetii) contracted primarily from inhalation of dust contaminated by infected animals, especially sheep, cattle, and goats; and also other mammals.
		Trench fever is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, headache, myalgia, malaise, and often aseptic meningitis.
		Yellow fever (most of tropical and subtropical South America and Africa): Yellow fever (YF) is caused by an arbovirus transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito from one human to another (the urban form of YF) or from monkeys to humans (the jungle or sylvan form of YF).
	www3.baylor.edu /~Charles_Kemp/fever.htm (5022 words)

	1918 - Trench Warfare
		Trench warfare created a living environment for the men which was harsh, stagnant and extremely dangerous.
		Apart from the inescapable cold during the winters in France, trenches were often completely waterlogged and muddy, and crawling with lice and rats.
		Diseases such as trench fever (an infection caused by louse faeces), trench nephritis (an inflammation of the kidneys), and trench foot (the infection and swelling of feet exposed to long periods of dampness and cold, sometimes leading to amputation) became common medical problems, and caused significant losses of manpower.
	www.awm.gov.au /1918/trenchwarfare (266 words)

	Werner-His disease definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Werner-His disease (trench fever) is estimated to have affected more than a million people in Russia and on the war fronts in Europe.
		The organism (B. quintana) that causes trench fever also has been found responsible for a disease called bacillary angiomatosis in people infected with HIV and for infection of the heart and great vessels (endocarditis) with bloodstream infection.
		Trench fever is also called Wolhynia fever, shin bone fever, quintan fever, five-day fever, Meuse fever, His disease, and His-Werner disease.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6015 (361 words)

	Trench fever Encyclopedia of Medicine - Find Articles
		The term trench fever refers to the crowded conditions in which troops fought in during World War I and World War II.
		Symptoms of trench fever begin about 2 weeks to a month after exposure to the bacteria.
		Pain is particularly severe in the shins, leading to the nickname "shin bone fever." The fever can reach 105°F (40.5°C) and stays high for five to six days at a time.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0013/ai_2601001395 (504 words)

	BBC - Health - Conditions - Trench Fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Trench fever was first recognised in the trenches of World War I, where cramped and dirty conditions enabled the infection to spread easily.
		Over the past few years trench fever has returned and invaded major cities around the world.
		However, if the immune system is significantly weakened then trench fever may cause more problems than just a high temperature and bone pains.
	www.bbc.co.uk /health/conditions/trenchfever1.shtml (608 words)

	Fever, trench definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Fever, trench: A disease borne by body lice that was first recognized in the trenches of World War I, when it is estimated to have affected more than a million people in Russia and on the fronts in Europe.
		Trench fever was again a major problem in the military in World War II and is seen endemically in Mexico, Africa, E. Europe, and elsewhere.
		Trench fever is also called Wolhynia fever, shin bone fever, quintan fever, five-day fever, Meuse fever, His' disease, His-Werner disease, Werner-His disease.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3437 (322 words)

	Lice and Men: Trench Fever and Trench Life in the AIF \| Dr. M. Geoffrey Miller \| Medical Front WWI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Trench Fever is an unusual disease in that it was first discovered in 1915 and disappeared in 1918 when the war ended.
		Before continuing with a clinical description of Trench fever, a brief description of life in the trenches is necessary in order to comprehend the enormous potential for disease that existed on the Western Front in WWI.
		The vector for Trench Fever was, of course the body louse, pediculus corporis which became infected by feeding on the blood of infected soldiers; spread was by migration of the louse and infection of the new host by the insect bite or by scratching the skin which was contaminated by the louse excreta.
	www.vlib.us /medical/liceand.htm (1577 words)

	eMedicine - Trench Fever : Article Excerpt by: Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD, PhD
		Background: Trench fever is a blood-borne infection caused by a fastidious, pleomorphic, aerobic, gram-negative bacillus.
		Trench fever was considered the most prevalent disease among Allied troops serving in the trenches during WWI.
		Endocarditis is prominent in recent urban trench fever cases among homeless, inner-city dwellers.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/trench-fever.htm (490 words)

	Rickettsia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Typhus, spotted fever and trench fever are transmitted via arthropod vectors; Q fever is acquired via inhalation or ingestion of contaminated milk or food.
		Epidemic typhus and trench fever are transmitted from human to human via the louse.
		The spread of the rash is often characteristic: spread from the trunk to the extremities (centrifugal) is typical for typhus; spread from the extremities to the trunk (centripetal) is typical for spotted fever.
	www.cehs.siu.edu /fix/medmicro/ricke.htm (461 words)

	Kipling and Medicine - Fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For a patient with fever 5,6,8, or even 10 grains of quinine were given every three hours or until singing in the ears, or noises in the head or partial deafness occurred when the quinine had to be stopped at once.
		Blackwater fever appears to be an allergic response to reinfection with the parasite of malignant tertian malaria.
		Fever, headache, lethargy, and a clouding of the mind (typhus = a cloud) are symptoms caused by the endotoxin produced when the bacteria are broken down in the bloodstream.
	www.kipling.org.uk /rg_med_fever.htm (7959 words)

	trench fever - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Trench Fever, Bane of Soldiers, Afflicting Homeless Alcoholics
		Trench fever: make a sunny statement on a rainy day with a classic but cool, chic but affordable trench coat.
		This was the true horror of the trenches.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-trenchfe.html (211 words)

	AEGiS-AP: Study: Cats Can Hurt AIDS Sufferers
		The bacteria are the same ones responsible for cat scratch fever and trench fever.
		A study in Thursday's issue of the New England Journal of Medicine examined 49 people with this condition, known as bacillary angiomatosis, and found that their problems were caused by two related microbes.
		Trench fever had not been seen in the United States until several cases were discovered among the homeless in Seattle five years ago.
	www.aegis.com /news/ap/1997/AP971220.html (445 words)

	BBC News \| HEALTH \| Homeless plagued by trench fever
		Trench fever, which is associated with recurrent fever, headaches and leg pains, had lain almost dormant since 1918 but has re-emerged and been dubbed "urban trench fever".
		Foot problems are one of the greatest sources of infection among the homeless, who are almost constantly on their feet and often wear inappropriate footwear and rarely wash their feet or cut their toe nails.
		Trench fever spread rapidly in the cramped trenches of WW1
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/1517551.stm (590 words)

	Spears & MacLeod: Medical Links: Fever: Pharmasave :Yarmouth, Nova Scotia : GrassRoutes
		Fever can be a sign of illness and may help the body fight some infections by stimulating the is for educational purposes only.
		An acute infectious disease caused by COXIELLA BURNETTI.
		Scarlet fever is a rash that is caused by strep infections.
	www.spearsmacleod.com /links/f/fever (1710 words)

	Trench Fever \| AHealthyMe.com
		Trench fever is a bacterial infection that causes repeated cycles of high fever.
		Relman, David A. "Has Trench Fever Returned?" The New England Journal of Medicine 332, no. 7 (16 Feb. 1995): 463+.
		Tompkins, Lucy S. "Bartonella Species Infections, Including Cat-Scratch Disease, Trench Fever, and Bacillary Angiomatosis: What Molecular Techniques Have Revealed." The Western Journal of Medicine 164, no. 1 (Jan. 1996): 39+.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100587600 (597 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Trench fever - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Trench fever: marked by pain in muscles and joints and transmitted by lice
		Trench fever: A species of gram-negative bacteria in which man is the primary host and the human body louse, Pediculus humanus, the principal vector.
		It is the etiological agent of TRENCH FEVER.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/trench_fever.htm (273 words)

	First World War Disease Has Come Back To Threaten Homeless AIDS Patients (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		quintana is the cause of trench fever, which sickened troops confined to trenches in Europe during the first World War.
		At that time trench fever was found to be associated with body lice infestation.
		Trench fever was not discovered in the United States until 1992, when 10 cases were identified among the homeless population in Seattle, Koehler said.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/4f696.htm (771 words)

	eMedicine - Trench Fever : Article by Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD, PhD
		Mortality/Morbidity: Trench fever may cause significant morbidity and prolonged disability, but no fatalities are attributed.
		Controlled studies are lacking for antimicrobial treatment of trench fever.
		Myers WF, Grossman DM, Wisseman CL Jr: Antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Rochalimaea quintana, the agent of trench fever.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2303.htm (2250 words)

	Human pathogens in body and head lice - Dispatches Emerging Infectious Diseases - Find Articles
		The body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis, is the vector of three human pathogens: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever; and Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis, chronic bacteremia, and chronic lymphadenopathy (1).
		Epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever have been the subject of many studies, most of which were conducted between World War I and the 1960s.
		We identified R. prowazekii and B. recurrentis in body lice and epidemic typhus and trench fever in refugees (7,10).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_12_8/ai_95909394 (991 words)

	trench fever - General Practice Notebook
		The manifestations of trench fever ranged from a mild influenza-like illness to a debilitating protracted or recurrent disease.
		Recognised manifestations include fevers, headache, myalgia, conjunctivitis, bone pain (especially in the shins), splenomegaly, and a transient maculopapular rash.
		A rickettsia-like organism Bartonella quintana is believed to be the organism responsible for trench fever.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /medwebpage.cfm?ID=429522990 (880 words)

	Fever trench - definition from Biology-Online.org
		a louse-borne disease first recognised in the trenches of world war i, again a major problem in the military in world war II, seen endemically in Mexico, N. Africa, E, Europe, and elsewhere.
		The cause, rochalimaea quintana, is an unusual rickettsia that multiplies in the gut of the body louse.
		Onset of symptoms is sudden, with high fever, headache, back and leg pain and a fleeting rash.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/Fever_trench (186 words)

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