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Topic: Trial of Socrates

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	JURIST - The Trial of Socrates
		Finding an answer to the mystery of the trial of Socrates is complicated by the fact that the two surviving accounts of the defense (or apology) of Socrates both come from disciples of his, Plato and Xenophon.
		This indictment and affidavit is sworn by Meletus, the son of Meletus of Pitthos, against Socrates, the son of Sophroniscus of Alopece: Socrates is guilty of refusing to recognize the gods recognized by the state, and of introducing new divinities.
		When the three-hour defense of Socrates came to an end, the court herald asked the jurors to render their decision by putting their ballot disks in one of two marked urns, one for guilty votes and one for votes for acquittal.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /trials30.htm (3537 words)

	Socrates apology - trial and death of Socrates
		Socrates regarded this behaviour as a service to God and decided that he should continue to make efforts to improve people by persuading and reminding them of their own ignorance.
		Socrates had also alienated many powerful men by acting as a relentlessly questioning Gadfly causing them to face their personal ignorance or own to shortfalls in office.
		In 399 B.C. Socrates was accused of "impiety" and of "neglect of the Gods whom the city worships and the practise of religious novelties" and of the "corruption of the young".
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /greek/philosopher/trial_death_socrates.html (457 words)

	Trial of Socrates
		The trial of Socrates in 399 BC gave rise to a great deal of debate and to a whole genre of literature, known as the Socratic logoi.
		Socrates' elenctic examination was resented by influential figures of his day, whose reputations for wisdom and virtue were debunked by his questions.
		A trial before a jury of 501 Athenian citizens was held in which Socrates called into question the whole basis for the trial instead of putting on a self-abasing, eloquent defense, which was expected.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/LX/TrialOfSocrates.html (1050 words)

	Socrates
		Plato was a pupil of Socrates, and Aristotle was a pupil of Plato.
		Socrates was a short, ugly man with a simmian nose and beefy lips—unprepossessing in every way, a lump of wrinkling flesh that passed for a human—but his tongue could wag with charm and wit.
		Socrates proposes a small fine and, in an act of defiance, suggests that he be allowed to dine at taxpayer expense at a public table reserved for esteemed citizens of Athens.
	www.cummingsstudyguides.net /Socrates.html (3870 words)

	The Trial of Socrates in Plato's Apology
		Most importantly, in his trial, Socrates makes a final attempt to reveal to the citizens of Athens that they are corrupting themselves by pursuing material objects and by having no concern for the state of their souls.
		Socrates attempts to reveal to the court that the soul is eternal and endures forever.
		Socrates' belief in the purity and goodness of the soul is truly revealed when he responds to his verdict, which is a sentence to death.
	www.reemcreations.com /literature/socrates.html (1661 words)

	Religion in The Trial of Socrates
		Socrates showed and told the court that he disagrees with the almighty Zeus by stating that the sun and moon are Gods.
		Socrates says he is influenced in his actions by what he calls his daimonion, a guardian spirit or voice which has been with him since childhood.
		Socrates knew that his judges were already prejudiced against him by the slanders of Aristophanes, and set out to correct these false impressions.
	utopia.poly.edu /~tvu01/ENpaper01.htm (1487 words)

	Socrates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the Athenian Empire to its decline after its defeat by Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian War.
		For this, Socrates is customarily regarded as the father of political philosophy and ethics or moral philosophy, and as a fountainhead of all the main themes in Western philosophy in general.
		As depicted in the dialogues of Plato, Socrates often seems to manifest a mystical side, discussing reincarnation and the mystery religions; however, this is generally attributed to Plato.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Socrates (3723 words)

	Class Assessment
		Socrates believed that the gods know everything–word, deed, and silent thought alike–and that they were present everywhere, and that they gave signs to men about all human affairs.
		Socrates, he said, also maid the youth think that other men were of no account in comparison with himself, for he persuaded them that he was the wisest man and the most competent in making others wise.
		This indictment and affidavit is sworn out by Meletus: Socrates the son of Sophroniscus of Alopece is guilty of refusing to acknowledge the gods recognized by the State and of introducing new and different gods.
	www.csun.edu /~hcfll004/Soc-trial.html (569 words)

	THREE EXCERPTS FROM SOCRATES
		Socrates says that he is fulfilling the wishes of the gods when he goes about and argues with people.
		Socrates would happily question and argue with anybody, cobbler or king, and for him this was all that philosophy was.
		Socrates, after all, had said that nothing could harm a good man. Antisthenes drew the conclusion that so long as one was good, nothing else in life mattered at all.
	www.btinternet.com /~socratic/excerpt.htm (5067 words)

	The Trial of Socrates Film Screenplay
		The actual trial of Socrates took place in 399 B. in Athens in a HUGE hall lined by the towering colonnades of graceful marble pillars so characteristic of the Greek city-states of the time.
		Socrates' basic principle of government was laid out in the Memorabilia "that it is the business of the ruler to give orders and of the ruled to obey".
		Socrates, especially as viewed by his admiring students Plato, Aristophanes, and later, by Plato's pupil, Aristotle) has historically been presented as the quick witted, always brilliant philosopher who championed freedom of speech and was sentenced to death because of it.
	www.francesfarmersrevenge.com /stuff/socratesfilm.htm (2090 words)

	Review Essay on I. F. Stone's The Trial of Socrates
		Stone answers this in the negative: these "fell short as a case for criminal prosecution." Socrates wasn't [264/265] tried just because he was "different;" we must look deeper to find the reasons for his trial.
		Chapter 10 points out that Socrates was seventy years old at the time of the trial, and ponders why his accusers waited until then.
		A half century after the trial, Aeschines the Rhetorician could take for granted a widespread understanding among Athenians that they had condemned Socrates to death because he was the teacher of Critias, a leader of The Thirty who sought to destroy the democracy in 404 (Against Timarchus, 173).
	www.wright.edu /~gordon.welty/Socrates_89.htm (2098 words)

	The Last Days of Socrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Socrates was a stone cutter by trade, even though there is little evidence that he did much to make a living.
		Although Socrates went to great lengths to distinguish himself from the sophists, it is unlikely that his fellow Athenians made such a distinction in their minds.
		Socrates is admired by many philosophers for his willingness to explore an argument wherever it would lead as well as having the moral courage to follow its conclusion.
	socrates.clarke.edu /aplg0260.htm (208 words)

	Plato's dialogues - 3rd tetralogy : Socrates' Trial
		Thus, Socrates is right at the beginning of the Protagoras when he claims that virtue cannot be taught, and he tricks Protagoras by forcing him to admit that, for his claim to the contrary to be true, he should, based on his (Protagoras') own assumptions, acknowledge that virtue is a science (of measurement).
		Socrates does that at the beginning of the second part of the dialogue with the commentary of Simonides' poem (Protagoras, 339a-347a).
		Socrates, in the Apology, presents him as the spokesman for "craftsmen and politicians (tôn dèmiourgôn kai tôn politikôn)" (Apology, 23e), which, for him, is akin to saying "demiurge turned politician", that is, sorcerer's apprentice or craftsman of witchcraft.
	plato-dialogues.org /tetra_3/tetra_3.htm (2481 words)

	Trial of Socrates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The annoying nature of elenchos earned Socrates the epithet "gadfly of Athens." Elenctic method was often imitated by the young men of Athens, which greatly upset the established moral values and order.
		As told in Plato's Apology — one of the best-known works of Greek philosophy and literature — the Trial of Socrates was a dramatic court case that led to the death of Socrates, the ancient Greek philosopher.
		A trial before a jury of 501 Athenian citizens, chosen by lot, was held (Athenian trials had juries but no judges) in which Socrates called into question the whole basis for the trial instead of putting on a self-abasing, eloquent defense, which was expected.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trial_of_Socrates (701 words)

	JURIST – Socrates
		According to Xenophon, Socrates urged Anytus's son not to "continue in the servile occupation [tanning hides] that his father has provided for him." Without a "worthy adviser," Socrates predicted, he would "fall into some disgraceful propensity and will surely go far in the career of vice."
		Hannah Arendt notes that Critias apparently concluded, from the message of Socrates that piety cannot be defined, that it is permissible to be impious--"pretty much the opposite of what Socrates had hoped to achieve by talking about piety."
		Famous Trials is JURIST's guide to celebrated historic trials, written by Douglas Linder of the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /famoustrials/socrates.php (3528 words)

	The Trial of Socrates
		While Socrates effected perhaps the most profound shift in philosophical thinking in Greece, it's obvious that it didn't go over too well because he was put to death.
		But Socrates completely changed classical education; by the time of the Roman Republic, in fact, Socrates's skepticism became the dominant aspect of classical education in Greece and Rome.
		In particular, Socratic skepticism led to the single most popular educational exercise in Roman and Greek schools, arguing in utremque partem, or arguing both sides of a question.
	www.wsu.edu:8000 /~dee/110/9.HTM (685 words)

	Trial of Socrates-Introduction to Philosophy-CCRI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		"Socrates is guilty of criminal meddling, in that he inquires into things below the earth and in the sky, and makes the weaker argument defeat the stronger, and teaches others to follow his example."
		"Socrates is guilty of corrupting the minds of the young, and of believing in deities of his own invention instead of the gods recognized by the state."
		Not much time will be gained, O Athenians, in return for the evil name which you will get from the detractors of the city, who will say that you killed Socrates, a wise man; for they will call me wise even although I am not wise when they want to reproach you.
	faculty.ccri.edu /paleclerc/intro/soc_trial.shtml (1135 words)

	The Greeks - The Trial of Socrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the year 399 BC, seventy years after he was born, Socrates was brought before the Athenian court on charges of impiety and corrupting the city's youth.
		His belief that the gods must be good or otherwise not be gods ran contrary to almost all Greek mythology, which is filled with jealous and self-serving deities, and the jury had little difficulty in finding him guilty.
		Over time the site of Olympia, in southern Greece, became famous for its temples and monuments, particularly the gold and ivory Statue of Zeus that sat upon his throne in the high temple, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
	www.pbs.org /empires/thegreeks/keyevents/399.html (340 words)

	Amazon.com: The Trial of Socrates: Books: I.F. Stone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He is especially fascinated by Socrates's trial because it represents a "fl mark" for the free and democratic Athens that he admires.
		In the process of doing so, Socrates -- as consistently reported by his students -- dismisses democracy, adjudges his fellow men unanimously ignorant and extolls principles that would in a later day be called what they were: fascism.
		And in the end we see a Socrates so penultimately nihilistic that he's willing to commit death by judicial suicide in a way that would become eerily prescient of the modern Kevorkian trials wherein a gadfly endeavered that his sacrifice would thereby sanctify a lost cause.
	www.amazon.com /Trial-Socrates-I-F-Stone/dp/0385260326 (2598 words)

	Socrates Apology Socrates' Defense Plato Dialogues
		These are the accusers whom I dread; for they are the circulators of this rumor, and their hearers are too apt to fancy that speculators of this sort do not believe in the gods.
		Something of this sort: - That Socrates is a doer of evil, and corrupter of the youth, and he does not believe in the gods of the state, and has other new divinities of his own.
		And these are the doctrines which the youth are said to learn of Socrates, when there are not unfrequently exhibitions of them at the theatre (price of admission one drachma at the most); and they might cheaply purchase them, and laugh at Socrates if he pretends to father such eccentricities.
	www.saliu.com /socrates.html (6643 words)

	Parker Ch. 10 Trial of Socrates. Leigh Fetner
		Was Socrates prosecuted because of a true perception that his teachings subverted the basis of traditional
		·The trials of 415 prove that the Athenians were suspecting the same individuals of impiety and disloyalty to the constitution since 5 of the people convicted were associated with Socrates
		·Socrates' trial was only the culmination of a series of trials and attacks on intellectuals
	www.uark.edu /campus-resources/dlevine/Parker10.html (521 words)

	Trial of Socrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		You have been assigned a role in the Trial of Socrates.
		If you are a juror, you might be thinking about what you might want to ask the accusers, the defenders and Socrates himself.
		Indiana World History and Civilization standards: WH.3.3 Identify and explain the significance of achievements of Greeks in mathematics, science, philosophy, architecture, and the arts and their impact on various peoples and places in subsequent periods of world history.
	www.ezwebsite.org /Page.asp?PID=2798 (312 words)

	THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF SOCRATES
		Jacques Louis David's painting, The Death of Socrates (1787).
		A Hellenistic (late fourth century BCE) statuette of Socrates which reflects a portrait of the philosopher constructed posthumously.
		ead these pages as background information about the trial and execution of Socrates.
	mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu /socrates/socrates.background.htm (102 words)

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