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Topic: Tribes in Chinese history

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Ethnic groups in Chinese history

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26th century BC

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25th century BC

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	Wu Hu
		These non-Chinese tribes which the Han had fought to a standstill along the border, seized the opportunity afforded by the weakness of the government to extend their search for pastoral lands into the fertile North China Plain.
		Wu Hu were composed of five nomadic tribes: Xiongnu (匈奴; xiong1 nu2, sometimes identified with the Huns), Xianbei (鮮卑; xian1 bei1), Di (氐; di1), Qiang (羌; qiang1), and Jie (羯 jie2) although different groups of historians and historiographers have their own definitions.
		Xianbei tribes each led by a chieftain were grouped under the confederacy into three smaller federations, the Western, the Central and the Eastern, according to their residing areas.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/wu/Wu_Hu.html (3059 words)

	China - History of the Horse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Chinese quest to maintain adequate equestrian forces to combat the nomadic raiders became a common thread throughout the imperial period.
		Chinese genius produced three of the most significant inventions in equestrian history: an effective harnessing system based on the breast-strap, the stirrup, and the horse collar.
		One of the great paradoxes of Chinese history is that despite the horse's significance to the survival of the empire, domestic horse breeding programs were rarely successful.
	www.imh.org /imh/china/ed/History.html (1110 words)

	Chinese sovereign - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is based on the concept of "Mandate of Heaven." The theory behind this was that the Chinese emperor acted as the "Son of Heaven." As the only legitimate ruler, his authority extended to "All under heaven" and had neighbors only in a geographical sense.
		Such cases were common in Chinese history, i.e., the first emperor of a new dynasty often accorded posthumous imperial titles to his father or sometimes even further paternal ancestors.
		Chinese History -- Dynasties in Chinese history -- Timeline of Chinese history -- Chinese Historiography
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_sovereign (1378 words)

	Chinese History
		Whilein many ways, the Yuan was a disaster, the reluctance of the Mongols tohire educated Chinese for governmental posts resulted in a remarkable culturalflowering; for example, Beijing Opera was invented during the Yuan.
		As in other periods of alien dynastic ruleof China, a rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty.The major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the noveland the increased use of the written vernacular.
		Chinese and Mongol travelers to the West were ableto provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering, while bringingback to the Middle Kingdom new scientific discoveries and architecturalinnovations.
	www.china-inc.com /education/history/yuan.html (823 words)

	Electronic Passport to Chinese History
		The ancient Chinese believed their ancestors in heaven had chosen their leaders.
		During the Han Dynasty, the Chinese invented paper, writers recorded the history of their land, and the Chinese first learned of Buddhism.
		Chinese defenses were strengthened by creating the Great Wall.
	www.mrdowling.com /613chinesehistory.html (869 words)

	History of French Polynesia - Tahiti 1
		The Chinese, who had fled the grinding poverty of southern China, arrived for the first time in Tahiti in 1856, a small group who were employed in the cotton plantations of the Marquesas.
		The authorities then began to worry about the disorder that could arise if the unemployed Chinese spread throughout the country.In actual fact, not many coolies settled in Tahiti, as the majority preferred to go back to China, or around the Pacific coast.Immigration from mainland China was not to begin again until after 1907.
		The Chinese who came from this second wave of migration, and later in the twenties, were the ones to make their name in business.
	www.tahiti1.com /en/indentity/history.htm (4607 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: History :: Pre- Modern Chinese History :: Summary
		Although the Manchus were not Han Chinese and were strongly resisted, especially in the south, they had assimilated a great deal of Chinese culture before conquering China Proper.
		Although Chinese were barred from the highest offices, Chinese officials predominated over Manchu officeholders outside the capital, except in military positions.
		Unprepared for war and grossly underestimating the capabilities of the enemy, the Chinese were disastrously defeated, and their image of their own imperial power was tarnished beyond repair.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/01his/c02s01.html (1473 words)

	Nabataean Travel: Chinese History
		Ancient Chinese history was written mostly by members of the wealthy ruling class who provided their head of state with information to guide or justify his policies.
		Another recurrent theme in Chinese history is that of the Chinese struggle against the threat posed to their safety and way of life by non-Chinese peoples on the margins of their territory.
		Chinese civilization, as described in mythology, begins with Pangu, the creator of the universe, and a succession of legendary sage-emperors and culture heroes who taught the ancient Chinese to communicate and to find sustenance, clothing, and shelter.
	www.nabataea.net /china2.html (3957 words)

	Chinese Cultural Studies: Concise Political History of China
		The title of emperor was used for the first time in Chinese history to set the Ch'in ruler apart--as the ruler of the unified land--from the kings, the heads of the earlier, smaller states.
		The Chinese are proudest of the tradition of historical writing that began in the Han period.
		The Chinese philosophy of nature explained the workings of the universe by the alternating forces of yin and yang--dark and light--and the five elements: earth, wood, metal, fire, and water.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~phalsall/texts/chinhist.html (16949 words)

	History of Chinese Religion - ReligionFacts
		Though these three kingdoms were reunited temporarily in 280 by the (Western) Jin dynasty, the contemporary non-Han Chinese (Wu Hu) ethnic groups ravaged the country in the early 4th century and provoked large-scale Han Chinese migrations to south of the Chang Jiang.
		The Ch'ing Dynasty was founded not by the Han Chinese people who form the overwhelming majority of the population of China proper, but by the Manchus, a semi-nomadic people not even known by that name when they first rose to prominence in what is now northeastern China.
		For much of its early history, the People's Republic of China maintained a hostile attitude toward religion which was seen as emblematic of feudalism and foreign colonialism.
	www.religionfacts.com /chinese_religion/history.htm (3967 words)

	INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF MONGOLIA
		At this time of the Kidans (Liao), the Chinese tribal states for the first time submitted to foreign supremacy, and the Chinese Khan officially recognized the Kidan Khan as "his father", and thus himself as "a son".
		The wars waged by the Mongols resulted in the dispersal of the Mongolian tribes, a considerable reduction in the size of the Mongolian population, and the destruction of a lot of cities and villages in the conquered countries.
		In 1919 the Chinese government grossly violated the Russian, Chinese and Mongolian tripartite treaty of 1915, and with the aid of armed forces conquered the Mongolian State.
	www.indiana.edu /~mongsoc/mong/history.htm (1144 words)

	East Asian Studies 210: Chinese History
		Chinese, like Russian history, is characterized by repeated conflict between a sedentary farming society and the nomads of the Inner Asian steppes.
		Chinese sources list various dynasties, heroes and rulers as having existed during the predynastic period, but none have been fully substantianted as historical personages.
		The Shang witnessed the development of syllabic Chinese writing on the basis of ancient pictographs; the Zhou saw the first flowering of Confucian and Taoist thought, along with other native Chinese philosophical traditions, which would form the foundations of Chinese education and political thought until the 20th century.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ea210/chinesehistory.htm (1370 words)

	Chinese life/society
		In ancient written Chinese, the character for socks has the same radical, "??," as that for shoes, which means tanned animal hide.
		This would indicate that, at the time written Chinese was being formulated, socks and shoes were both related to leather.
		The changes in Chinese shoe culture reflect its close connection with the natural and geographical conditions of China, and also manifest social, economic and cultural changes, as well as the likes and dislikes of rulers and the common people of different periods.
	www.chinavoc.com /life/focus/shoeshistory.asp (1657 words)

	The Classical Free-Reed, Inc. History of Asian Free-Reed Instruments: The Sheng
		The naw, which is played today by some of the "Hill Tribes" of minority peoples found in Southern China and in the mountains of Northern Southeast Asia, is in all probability the oldest member of the free-reed family.
		The modern Chinese orchestra uses the cello and double bass to strengthen the bass composition of the orchestra.
		The content of Chinese music always holds important the idea that the piece is taken from the Buddhist doctrine of karma which teaches that one's afterlife is determined by one's previous existence.
	www.ksanti.net /free-reed/history/sheng.html (2402 words)

	History
		Their primitive junks were caught in the eastern drift of the Japanese current and thrown upon the rocky shores of the California coast.
		"Indian legends tell of yellow-skinned men thus cast ashore and adopted by the tribes, perhaps hundreds of years before the coming of the first white men's ships." During the 1800s, it is known that many Chinese and Japanese craft wrecked along the Pacific coast, adding credibility to this legend.
		Seldom has the history of any section of the globe been stranger." Despite 200 years of ships passing the northwest coast of California, Humboldt Bay, the best port for hundreds of miles, and the surrounding region were never discovered.
	www.lostcoast4x4.org /history.htm (2267 words)

	Eastern Jin Dynasty 217-420 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The northern tribes constantly invaded China throughout the third and fourth centuries A.D. In 304 Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu noble, established the Kingdom of Han in the southwestern part of present day Shanxi Province.
		Encouraged by the successful revolt of the Xiongnu, four other tribes, namely the Di, Jie, Xianbei, and the Qiang, also set up their own states.
		In Chinese history, their occupation of North China was referred to as the Wuhu Luanhua (meaning Five Nomadic Tribes Throwing China Into Disorder).
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Dynasty/dynasty-Eastern-Jin.html (169 words)

	Windows on Asia
		Several tribes opposed this effort, but attempted revolts in 1635-36 were violently suppressed by Dutch soldiers; thousands of aborigines were killed in an effort to force the tribes into submission.
		While several tribes attempted to adapt to the expectations of their colonial masters, some retreated into the island's formidable mountains, out of the grasp of Dutch control.
		The Chinese mainlanders who accompanied Chiang in his flight to Taiwan comprised only 15% of the island's population, but they were able to maintain themselves in a position of power over the native Taiwanese population through tight control of the political system, police, military, educational system and media.
	www.asia.msu.edu /eastasia/Taiwan/history.html (3478 words)

	History
		History of Migrations - The major migrations of Hakka Chinese in history
		The wars between the xiongnu "Han" kingdom and Jie, and the downfall of West Jin caused the southward migration of the Han tribe.
		Japanese culture retains many of the ancient Chinese custom including deep bowing, seating on tatami with low table (only after Song did high chairs become popular in China), the women's dress and headdress, the way pipa (a pluck string musical instrument, Japanese call it biwa) is held at an angle rather than upright.
	www.asiawind.com /hakka/history.htm (6103 words)

	Chinese History
		At that time, Yan, Zhao, and Qin states were often harassed by the powerful northern nomadic tribes, and they built walls and stationed troops on garrisons along their northern borders.
		To consolidate the territory and protect the country from the harassment of the northern nomadic tribes, he ordered the construction of the 5,000-kilometer Great Wall, starting from Liaodong Bay in the east and ending in Lintao of Gansu Province in the west.
		The Great Walls served as a monument to the political, economic, military, and cultural history of the feudal regimes as well as to the deeds of the bold, talented generals and the intelligent artisans.
	www.chinesesoftwareguide.com /chinese/heritage/001.htm (1179 words)

	Hill Tribes, Poppies and History...
		It is there that the wartime Chinese K.M.T. Generals founded their family opium dynasties a generation or so ago, and that is a story in itself.
		Ironically, when the pods are left to dry after they have been "milked’ and the opium is produced, the seeds that are left are similar to those we all know in poppy-seed cake and are in no way narcotic.
		In the Sixties, when the Communist Chinese were chasing remnants of the Nationalist Kuomintang (K.M.T.) forces out of China, a number of K.M.T. Generals fled with their armies into this area which was still virtually uninhabited.
	www.sallys-place.com /travel/asia/hill_tribes.htm (2182 words)

	Chinese history:Tang Dynasty-Women of the Tang Dynasty
		During the long, dark period of Chinese feudal history that lasted more than 2,000 years, however, there was a brief and sunny respite for ancient downtrodden Chinese women.
		Scholars from later ages agree that, compared to the majority of ancient Chinese women, those of the Tang Dynasty were blessed to have lived at this propitious time.
		Having worked as Emperor Taizong's secretary for 12 years, Wu Zetian was very familiar with the former emperor's main priorities in his management of state affairs, many of which she followed, for example, his stress on agriculture, reducing tax and corvee, practicing a peaceful foreign policy, and widely soliciting advice and suggestions.
	www.chinavoc.com /history/tang/women.htm (2600 words)

	Chinese Prehistory -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Ancient Chinese records are quite reliable, and some archaeologists traced the ancient records of comets and found they did coincide with the cycles of comets that frequent earth today still.
		History annals claim that Lord Shun was a Dong-yi and that Lord Yu was a Xi-yi.
		In Shang, we discussed the ancient Chinese record stating that Shang Prince Ji-zi was dispatched to southern Manchuria as a ruler of old Choson.
	www.republicanchina.org /Prehistory.html (11593 words)

	History of Ancient China: Prehistoric China
		History of the ancient prehistoric China, covering majoy cultures of the period.
		During the long development of history, as the population increased, some people inevitably broke away from their groups to form new clans.
		In the main, the Huaxia Group was comprised of both the Huangdi and Yandi Tribes.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/prehistoric/index.htm (1056 words)

	History \| CDC Malaria
		In the United States, this plant is known as the annual or sweet wormwood.) In 340 CE, the anti-fever properties of Qinghao were first described by Ge Hong of the East Yin Dynasty.
		The active ingredient of Qinghao was isolated by Chinese scientists in 1971.
		With this bark, the Countess of Chinchón, the wife of the Viceroy of Peru, was cured of her fever.
	www.cdc.gov /malaria/history/index.htm (1793 words)

	History
		These clowns played an important role in the social and religious life of the tribe, and in some cases were believed to be able to cure certain diseases.
		The Fantesca was a female servant, played by an actress, who was a feminine version of one of the Zany characters and would participate in the schemes and provide a romantic story among the servants.
		The history of clowning is a history of creativity, evolution, and change.
	www.coai.org /history.htm (2120 words)

	History of Kazakhstan:Turkestan
		At different stages of its history, various states emerged and developed in the land which became today’s Kazakhstan.
		Later, the Huns were replaced on the steppes by Turkic tribes.
		In the 17th and 18th Centuries the nomadic Jungar tribes directed by the Chinese Bogdykhans started a large scale war against the Kazakh khanate.
	www.kazakhembus.com /History.html (887 words)

	Hinduism, ancient history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Unlike the Greeks and the Egyptians, the ancient Indian scholars as well as kings had very little sense of history and therefore they left no true historical accounts of their times.
		The problem is compounded further by followers of different schools of religious thought, who modified and improved the original texts of their teachers and predecessors, without leaving a trace of their own names.
		But it was amply clear that there was an unprecedented synthesis of cultures and religious beliefs resulting in partial aryanization of south, amalgamation of thought and induction of many gods and goddesses into Hindu pantheon.
	www.hinduwebsite.com /history/hinduhistory1.htm (1036 words)

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