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Topic: Trichinella spiralis

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Roundworm

	Trichinella Spiralis Infection, Trichinosis
		The Trichinella Spiralis roundworm is contracted by ingesting raw or undercooked infected pork.
		Trichinella Spiralis infection, Trichinosis, is more common in rural areas, especially pig and hog farming areas.
		Once in the striated muscles, the Trichinella Spiralis oncosphere encyst (enclose in a cyst) and wait there until eaten, then the digestive juices dissolve the capsulated oncosphere and continues its' lifecycle.
	www.vaxa.com /roundworms-trichinella-spiralis.cfm (260 words)

	Molting, Ecdysis, and Reproduction of Trichinella spiralis Are Supported In Vitro by Intestinal Epithelial Cells -- ...
		Rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis in suckling rats: mediation by monoclonal antibodies.
		Trichinella spiralis: migration of larvae in the rat.
		Trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem: transmission in the rat population.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/4/1853 (3638 words)

	World Literature Citations on Trichinella (1990 - 1999)
		3-Methylcholanthrene-induced immunosuppression in mice to Trichinella spiralis antigens
		Gerencer M;Marinculic A;Rapic D;Frankovic M;Valpotic I; Immunosuppression of in vivo and in vitro lymphocyte responses in swine induced by Trichinella spiralis or excretory-secretory antigens of the parasite
		Ultrastructural colocalization of phosphorylcholine and a phosphorylcholine-associated epitope in first-stage larvae of Trichinella spiralis
	www.trichinella.org /cit_year_1990-1999.htm (7366 words)

	Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Trichinella spiralis Infection -- United States, 1990
		Trichinella larvae in pork are killed by freezing at 5 F (-15 C) for 21 days (or longer if meat is greater than 15 cm thick); however, Trichinella larvae present in wild game are often relatively resistant to freezing (8).
		Cooking is one of the most common methods of assuring that Trichinella are destroyed; a temperature of 170 F (77 C) substantially exceeds the thermal death point and is usually achieved if the meat is cooked until it is no longer pink (9).
		Physicians need to be aware of the continued presence of T. spiralis in commercial pork in the United States and should consider the diagnosis in any patient with an illness compatible with trichinosis and whose dietary preferences put them at risk for infection.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001884.htm (1296 words)

	UV-B Exposure Impairs Resistance to Infection by Trichinella spiralis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		spiralis antigen and the plates were incubated with the serum of the rats.
		spiralis caused by UV-B exposure was less severe compared to decreased resistance due to the congenital absence of a (cellular) immune response: In the carcasses of nude athymic rats (rnu/rnu), the yield of muscle larvae at day 49 after infection was 10 times higher than in normal (+/rnu) rats (26).
		spiralis, and a significantly increased number of larvae was found in the pups whose mothers were exposed to acyclovir (32).
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1994/102-3/goettsch-full.html (3440 words)

	Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Unlike many parasites that demonstrate a high degree of host specificity, Trichinella spiralis, the trichina worm, can be found in many species of carnivores and omnivores.
		spiralis when they ingest infective larvae (juveniles) in raw or undercooked meat.
		The larvae mature into adults in the host's small intestine in a few weeks, and the female worms give birth to larvae.
	www.biosci.ohio-state.edu /~parasite/trichinella.html (282 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience 2, d317-330, July 1, 1997]
		C. Khamboonruang: Output of larvae and lifespan of Trichinella spiralis in relation to worm burden and superinfection in the mouse.
		Despommier and N. Davis: Infectivity of the newborn larva of Trichinella spiralis in the rat.
		M. Ismail and C. Tanner: Trichinella spiralis: Peripheral blood, intestinal and bone marrow eosinophilia in rats and its relationship to the inoculating dose of larvae, antibody response and parasitism.
	www.bioscience.org /1997/v2/d/wang2/317-329.htm (9254 words)

	Health and Consumer Protection - Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health - Outcome of ...
		Trichinella spiralis is a nematode parasite of omnivora and carnivora with a world-wide distribution.
		The lifecycle of the parasite is well documented: the major site of the parasite in its host is striated musculature where the curled ("spiralis") nematode larvae survives for a prolonged period of time encapsulated in a parasite transformed muscle cell.
		The double separatory funnel procedure for the detection of Trichinella larvae in pork, as described by the Centre of Animal Parasitology in Canada, is based on the EU-accepted 100 gram pooled sample digestion method as described in detail in Directive 77/96/EEC.
	europa.eu.int /comm/food/fs/sc/scv/out07_en.html (2150 words)

	Trichinae Fact Sheet
		Trichinella has a direct life cycle, which means it completes all stages of development in one host (Figure 1).
		An animal that is infected with Trichinella is at least partially resistant to a subsequent infection due to a strong and persistent immunity.
		The hazard, of course, is the exposure of pigs to the parasite, Trichinella spiralis.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /vs/trichinae/docs/fact_sheet.htm (3422 words)

	Evaluation of Trichinella spiralis Larva Group 1 Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Human Trichinellosis -- Escalante et al. ...
		Trichinella spiralis: recognition of muscle larva antigens during experimental infection of swine and its potential use in diagnosis.
		Heterogeneity and immunogenicity of the Trichinella TSL-1 antigen gp53.
		Trichinella spiralis-specific monoclonal antibodies and affinity-purified antigen-based diagnosis.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/42/9/4060 (5057 words)

	U of M - 22.346 Lab: Trichinella spiralis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Trichinella spiralis adults and their larvae are found within one host.
		Therefore a single host individual serves as both definitive and intermediate host and the larvae are transmitted between hosts by predators and carrion feeders.
		The L1 of Trichinella spiralis is the only first-stage larva of all nematodes, including animal parasites, in which the sexes can be differentiated.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/science/zoology/faculty/dick/z346/trichhome.html (323 words)

	Cornell Veterinary Medicine - Judith A. Appleton
		The aim is to define the molecular basis for establishment of T. spiralis, and to elucidate mechanism(s) of interference by protective antibodies.
		Dominance of IgG2c in the anti-phosphorylcholine response of rats infected with Trichinella spiralis.
		Larvae-induced plasma membrane wounds and glycoprotein deposition are insufficient for Trichinella spiralis invasion of epithelial cells.
	web.vet.cornell.edu /public/Research/GradEd/appleton.html (421 words)

	HP004 TRICHINELLA IgG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Trichinella IgG test is an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of specific IgG antibodies against Trichinella spiralis in human serum.
		Trichinosis is an infection caused by the nematode Trichinella spiralis.
		On the surface of the microtiter wells, inactivated ES antigens of Trichinella spiralis are bound.
	www.diagnostics.be /products/clinical/parasitic/HP004.htm (1663 words)

	Trichinella spiralis-Infected Muscle Cells: Abundant RNA Polymerase II in Nuclear Speckle Domains Colocalizes with ...
		Trichinella spiralis is an intracellular parasite of mammalian skeletal muscle cells during early larval development.
		Trichinella spiralis: vascular endothelial growth factor is up-regulated within the nurse cell during the early phase of its formation.
		Trichinella spiralis: secreted antigen of the infective L1 larva localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of infected host cells.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/6/4065 (4275 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Trichinella spiralis - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Trichinella spiralis: Another name for Trichinosis (or close medical condition association).
		Trichinella spiralis: Trichinella spiralis is listed as a type of (or associated with) the following medical conditions in our database: Worm conditions, roundworm, Zoonotic Diseases, Diseases contagious from food, Diseases contagious from pigs, Diseases contagious from rodents, Diseases contagious from animals Trichinella spiralis (medical condition): Worm infection usually caught from pigs
		Trichinella spiralis: Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis (TRICK-a-NELL-o-sis), is caused by eating raw or undercooked pork and wild game products infected with the larvae of a species of worm called Trichinella.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/trichinella_spiralis.htm (211 words)

	New aspects of human trichinellosis: the impact of new Trichinella species -- Bruschi and Murrell 78 (915): 15 -- ...
		Delayed expulsion of the nematode Trichinella spiralis in mice lacking the mucosal mast cell-specific granule chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1.
		Antibody-dependent "in vitro" cytotoxicity of newborn Trichinella spiralis larvae.
		The sequential appearence of IgG subclasses and IgE during the course of Trichinella spiralis infection.
	pmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/78/915/15 (5314 words)

	Trichinella spiralis
		It was demonstrated that Trichinella caused serious disease in man in 1865.
		This nematode was first discovered by a medical student in London who noted during dissection of a cadaver that muscle tissue contained gritty particles which tended to dull a scalpel.
		In the United States Trichinella occurred in 0.4 to 2.5% of the prepared pork products examined in some areas (1961); however some areas had as much as 10% infection.
	ucdnema.ucdavis.edu /imagemap/nemmap/ENT156HTML/nemas/trichinellaspiralis (646 words)

	Baker Institute : Research : Former Faculty : Robin Bell : Curriculum Vitae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ahmad, A., Wang, C.H. and Bell, R.G. A role for IgE in intestinal immunity: Expression of rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis in rats transfused with IgE and thoracic duct lymphocytes.
		Korenaga, M., Wang, C.H., Bell, R.G., Zhu, D. and Ahmad, A. Intestinal immunity to Trichinella spiralis is a property of OX-8- OX22- T helper cells that are generated in the intestine.
		Wang, C.H. and Bell, R.G. Trichinella spiralis: Vascular recirculation and organ retention of newborn larvae in rats.
	bakerinstitute.vet.cornell.edu /research/bell/bell_cv.html (1878 words)

	Trichinosis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, is a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork and wild game products infected with the larvae of a species of roundworm Trichinella spiralis, commonly called the trichina worm.
		Infection occurs worldwide, but is most common in areas where raw or undercooked pork, such as ham or sausage, is eaten.
		When an animal eats meat that contains infective Trichinella cysts, the acid in the stomach dissolves the hard covering of the cyst and releases the worms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trichinosis (764 words)

	eMedicine - Trichinosis : Article by L Kristian Arnold, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Trichinella britovi is seen frequently in wild boar, horses, and free-ranging swine.
		Trichinella pseudospiralis has been documented in birds and does not form a capsule in the muscle, thus leading to less muscle inflammation and pain.
		Pozio E, Sacchini D, Sacchi L, et al: Failure of mebendazole in the treatment of humans with Trichinella spiralis infection at the stage of encapsulating larvae.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic612.htm (4109 words)

	eMedicine - Trichinosis : Article by Clinton Murray, MD
		Factors that may impact morbidity are the quantity of larvae ingested, the species of Trichinella (most notably T spiralis), and the immune status of the host.
		With certain Trichinella species and in certain population groups and geographic regions, the disease may not progress beyond the intestinal stage.
		Trichinella species develop in a single host and are spread from that host to the next without an arthropod intermediate.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2306.htm (3790 words)

	University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - Trichinella spiralis
		Trichinella spiralis larvae can infest pigs and wild game, hibernating in muscle tissue within a protective cyst.
		Trichinosis can be correspondingly defined as a disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game infested with the larvae of the worm Trichinella spiralis.
		When a human or an animal eats meat that contains infective Trichinella cysts, the acid in the stomach dissolves the hard covering of the cyst and releases the worms.
	www.med.miami.edu /glossary/art.asp?articlekey=8176 (147 words)

	Trichinosis
		Trichinosis is a roundworm (Trichinella spiralis) infection, usually contracted by eating raw or undercooked meat.
		Trichinosis is a common infection worldwide, but it is seldom seen in the United States because of regulations regarding the feeding of domestic animals and meat-processing inspections.
		When a person eats meat from an infected animal, trichinella cysts hatch in the intestines and grow into adult roundworms, which measure 2-4 mm long.
	www.healthscout.com /ency/1/000631.html (316 words)

	Nitric oxide mediates intestinal pathology but not immune expulsion during Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Nitric oxide mediates intestinal pathology but not immune expulsion during Trichinella spiralis infection in mice.
		Although immune expulsion of GI helminth parasites is usually associated with Th2 responses, the effector mechanisms directly responsible for parasite loss have not been identified.
		We have previously shown that while the intestinal pathology accompanying the expulsion of the GI parasite Trichinella spiralis may be dependent on IL-4 and mediated by TNF, parasite loss is independent of TNF.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/2000/jul/A0071189.html (519 words)

	REVIEW QUESTIONS - TRICHINELLA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Trichinella spiralis was discovered by a medical student
		The natural hosts of Trichinella spiralis are flesh eating animals.
		The mode of infection with Trichinella spiralis is typically
	ucdnema.ucdavis.edu /imagemap/nemmap/ent156html/MULT/98MTRICH (158 words)

	Nitric Oxide Mediates Intestinal Pathology But Not Immune Expulsion During Trichinella spiralis Infection in Mice -- ...
		spiralis is mediated by a Th2 response (4).
		Villous atrophy and expulsion of intestinal Trichinella spiralis are mediated by T cells.
		Thymus dependence and independence of intestinal pathology in a Trichinella spiralis infection: a study in congenitally athymic (nude) mice.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/164/8/4229 (4125 words)

	Trichinellosis (Trichinosis), (Trichinella spiralis) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A disease caused by ingestion of raw or insufficiently cooked meat (usually pork) containing Trichinella larvae.
		GI symptoms may appear within a few days, whereas the systemic symptoms usually appear about 8 to 15 days after ingestion of infected meat.
		Demonstration of Trichinella larvae in tissue obtained by muscle biopsy, OR
	www.state.nj.us /health/cd/cd_trich.htm (139 words)

	Trichinella nativa and T. spiralis Induce Distinguishable Histopathologic and Humoral Responses in the Raccoon Dog ...
		This increased prevalence of trichinellosis in wildlife and
		Capo VA, Despommier DD, Polvere RI: Trichinella spiralis: vascular endothelial growth factor is up-regulated within the nurse cell during the early phase of its formation.
		Wu Z, Nagano I, Takahashi Y: The detection of Trichinella with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers constructed using sequences of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) or sequences of complementary DNA encoding excretory-secretory (E-S) glycoproteins.
	www.vetpathology.org /cgi/content/full/39/2/257 (3665 words)

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