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Topic: Trichoplax adhaerens

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	A weird wee beastie: Trichoplax adhaerens
		It was identified as Trichoplax adhaerens and the drawing also looked like a large amoeba, but the description reported that Trichoplax is the most primitive multi-cellular animal known and has the smallest amount of DNA of any animal ever sequenced.
		Trichoplax is an interesting organism to study, because it is one of those "missing links" that provides some hints about the evolution of some of the metazoa.
		Trichoplax reproduces in three ways: 1) by binary fission (and this probably takes place when the organisms are "strung out", 2) by budding, i.e., a spherical body forms on the dorsal surface and eventually separates off, and 3) Grell reports the existence of ova, although no sperm cells have been identified.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artoct98/tricho.html (1863 words)

	Trichoplax - Phylum Placozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Trichoplax are round in shape and covered in cilia.
		Trichoplax reproduce asexually through either binary fission (the division of the cells into two equal parts) or by budding (the division of the cells into two unequal parts).
		Trichoplax adhaerens, discovered in 1880, has since been found throughout the tropical and subtropical world in various aquariums in Hawaii, Japan, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and other such countries.
	www.angelfire.com /mo2/animals1/phylum/trichoplax.html (183 words)

	Yale Peabody Museum: Invertebrate Zoology: The Trichoplax Genome Project
		Trichoplax looks superficially like a giant multicellular amoeba, but is in fact a proper multicellular animal with a multinucleate syncytium sandwiched between differentiated dorsal and ventral epithelia.
		Trichoplax was discovered growing on the walls of an aquarium in 1883 by F.E. Schulze, a German scientist who provided a thorough morphological description.
		While Trichoplax was recognized as distinctive when first described, its status as an outlier became increasingly clear as the bounds of metazoan morphological diversity came to be well known.
	www.peabody.yale.edu /collections/iz/iz_genome.html (614 words)

	[No title]
		Trichoplax adhaerens F. Schulze, 1883 fue identificado en una poza de agua marina en la zona litoral de la Estación "Puerto Morelos" del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM, en Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México.
		Trichoplax adhaerens F. Shulze, 1883 was found in a small underground seawater deposit on the littoral zone adjacent to the Marine Station "Puerto Morelos" of the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM, in Puerto Morelos, México.
		Trichoplax adhaerens and the origin of Metazoa.Accademia Nazionales dei Lincei, Atti M Convegni Lincei.Roma1981.7-9 maggio 1979.
	biblioweb.dgsca.unam.mx /cienciasdelmar/instituto/1987-2/articulo278.html (909 words)

	Trichoplax - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trichoplax adhaerens is a simple balloon-like marine animal with a body cavity filled with pressurized fluid.
		The epithelia of Trichoplax lack a basal membrane and the cells are connected by belt desmosomes.
		Trichoplax were discovered on the walls of a marine aquarium in the 1880s, and have rarely been observed in their natural habitat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trichoplax (523 words)

	Placozoa \| THG Lexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Trichoplax adhaerens wurde 1883 durch den deutschen Zoologen Franz Eilhard Schulze in einem Meerwasser-Aquarium des Zoologischen Instituts in Graz entdeckt.
		Trichoplax adhaerens ernährt sich von kleinen Algen, insbesondere Grünalgen (Chlorophyta) der Gattung Chlorella, Kryptomonaden (Cryptophyta) der Gattungen Cryptomonas oder Rhodomonas, Cyanobakterien (Cyanobacteria) wie Phormidium inundatum, aber auch von abgestorbenen Teilen anderer Organismen.
		Schließlich wird Trichoplax adhaerens auch als Tiermodell zum Testen von Arzneimitteln in Betracht gezogen.
	www.tomshardware.de /lexikon/Placozoa (3831 words)

	ZooBank: The World Register of Animal Names
		Distinct expression patterns of the two T-box homologues Brachyury and Tbx2/3 in the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens.
		Occurrence in the field of a long-term, year-round, stable population of placozoans.
		On the genetic uniformity of the genus Trichoplax (Placozoa).
	www.zoobank.org /namedetails.htm?nameid=104743 (46 words)

	Expression pattern of the homeobox gene Not in the basal metazoan Trichoplax adhaerens.
		Expression pattern of the homeobox gene Not in the basal metazoan Trichoplax adhaerens.
		The high sequence conservation of Not from Trichoplax to lower vertebrates, but not to mammals, represents a rare example of an apparent gene decay in the lineage leading to humans.
		A search for homeobox genes in the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens, one of the simplest organisms available today, revealed only two homeobox genes: a Not homologue and the previously described gene Trox-2, which is most similar to the Gsx subfamily of the Hox/ParaHox cluster genes.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/10469325.html (202 words)

	Placozoa - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
		Trichoplax adhaerens es un animal marino de forma globosa con una cavidad corporal llena de líquido a presión.
		Trichoplax carece de órganos y de la mayoría de los tejidos, aunque se cree que provendría de animales con tejidos y órganos.
		Birstein: On the Karyotype of "Trichoplax sp." (Placozoa).
	es.wikipedia.org /wiki/Placozoa (449 words)

	Placozoa - MavicaNET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Trichoplax looks like a very large amoeba; it is barely visible to the naked eye.
		This phylum is represented by a single described species known as Trichoplax adhaerens.
		Trichoplax is a very small marine animal, 2 - 3 mm in length.
	www.mavicanet.com /directory/slk/7124.html (376 words)

	Placozoa
		Eggs and sperm are produced but there are no sexual organs.
		The only confirmed species is Trichoplax adhaerens[?], with no fossil record.
		Another species, Treptoplax reptans, was described in 1896 and has not been seen since, leading to doubts about its existence.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pl/Placozoa.html (143 words)

	The American Street » Blog Archive » Trichoplax adhaerans
		One other strange thing: in culture, Trichoplax is consistently asexual and reproduces by fission, but older cultures at high density begin to produce small motile presumptive sperm cells, and as individual animals desintegrate, they spew out ova.
		The sole representative species of the phylum Placozoa, Trichoplax adhaerens represents the simplest known animal, with the smallest known animal genome.
		A Trichoplax genome will make it possible to determine the gene and proteome content of the simplest known animals and provide the first genomics platform in a simple multicellular system.
	www.reachm.com /amstreet/archives/2005/06/26/trichoplax-adhaerans (1015 words)

	Occurrence in the Field of a Long-Term, Year-Round, Stable Population of Placozoans -- Maruyama 206 (1): 55 -- The ...
		Pearse, V. Growth and behavior of Trichoplax adhaerens: first record of the phylum Placozoa in Hawaii.
		Schwartz, V. The radial polar pattern of differentiation in Trichoplax adhaerens F. Schulze (Placozoa).
		Birefringent particles observed in Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa), the simplest metazoan.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/206/1/55?view=long&pmid=14977730 (2663 words)

	ITZ - From Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa) to DNA barcoding of dragonflies
		ITZ - From Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa) to DNA barcoding of dragonflies
		From Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa) to DNA Barcoding of dragonflies The Division of Ecology and Evolution (Institute of Animal Ecology and Cell Biology at Tierandauml;rtzliche Hochschule, Hannover) has a staff that includes four Research Scientists-Lecturers and two post-docs who work with and train roughly 15 graduate students.
		In a collaborative atmosphere, this research group is carrying out numerous multidisciplinary studies that rely on molecular data sets to address diverse questions about animal biology, from conservation genetics, to speciation processes, to large-scale phylogenetics.
	www.ecolevol.de (247 words)

	Taxa of Model Systems for the Basal Metazoans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Polyps (bright objects with tentacles) are roughly 1-3 mm tall; (2) placozoans—two individuals of Trichoplax adhaerens feed on microbes encrusting the glass of an aquarium.
		Morphologically, a living Trichoplax resembles a small, often irregular "plate" of cells, 2-3 mm in diameter, moving by means of flagella and constantly changing in outline (Fig.
		Trichoplax has the smallest genome yet found in a metazoan (Grell and Ruthman, 1991; Ender and Schierwater, 2003).
	www.bios.niu.edu /metazoans/taxa.html (808 words)

	The Phylum Placozoa
		adhaerens is a small flat grayish animal growing to a maximum of 3mm in diametre, its body is made up of a few thousand cells at most.
		adhaerens is a marine animal, but it is very seldomly recognisedor identified and its known distribution reflects the distribution of marine biology research stations rather than its true geographic distribution.
		It feeds on protozoans which it covers with its body and then secretes digestive enzymes onto, the resulting nutrients are aborbed by the same cells that secrete the enzymes.
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/placozoa.html (469 words)

	EVOLUTION: ON PLACOZOA -- THE SIMPLEST KNOWN ANIMAL
		The history of Trichoplax and its relatives has the elements of a scientific mystery story [1].
		Cryptic molecular diversity thus underlies the apparently uniform morphology of placozoans and, as the majority of the cell biological studies to date have been based on a single isolate from the Red Sea, this study highlights the need for further research on this enigmatic group of animals.
		Trichoplax sometimes elevate their center from the substrate to form one or more digestive bags, and on glass substrates they frequently leave behind an area that is cleared of everything edible.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sw050401-1.htm (1693 words)

	Pharyngula::Trichoplax adhaerans
		However, it is difficult to relate this apparent similarity to the overall structure of Trichoplax.
		Trichoplax may be presumed of being possessed by sex no less than the rest of animalia, so they must be doing their thing when no one watches them.
		Trichoplax is the simplest organism that we can call an animal --...
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/trichoplax_adhaerans (1795 words)

	Placozoa
		The mesenchyme-like layer of the fiber cells of Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa), a syncytium.
		Mitochondrial genome of Trichoplax adhaerens supports placozoa as the basal lower metazoan phylum.
		Dynamic patterns in the locomotion and feeding behaviors by the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerence.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Placozoa&contgroup=Animals (327 words)

	Colonial Theory-
		Trichoplax adhaerens, the sole member of the phylum Placozoa was discovered in 1883 on the side of an aquarium.
		Some researchers consider Trichoplax to be a true diploid animal with the bottom representing endoderm and the top representing ectoderm.
		Trichoplax, the sole member of the Placozoa, appears to be the most agreeable among taxonomists and evolutionary biologists-no small task.
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/322/IZLecture6.htm (4287 words)

	Introduction to Placozoa
		Buchholz, K. and Ruthmann, A., 1995, The mesenchyme-like layer of the fiber cells of Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa), a syncytium, Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung Section C Biosciences, 50, 282-285.
		Grell, K. and Lopez-Ochoterena, E., 1987, A new record of Trichoplax adhaerens F. Schulze (Phylum Placozoa) in the Mexican Caribbean Sea, Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 14, 255-256.
		Pearse, V. B., 1989, Growth and behavior of Trichoplax adhaerens: First record of the phylum Placozoa in Hawaii [USA], Pacific Science, 43, 117-121.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /phyla/placozoa/placozoa.html (1027 words)

	Placozoa
		Birstein, V. On the Karyotype of Trichoplax sp.
		Trichoplax adhaerens Schulze, F. (Placozoa) - The formation of swarmers.
		Microfilaments and microtubules in isolated fiber cells of Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa).
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Placozoa&contgroup=Animals (327 words)

	Placozoa Are Not Derived Cnidarians: Evidence from Molecular Morphology -- Ender and Schierwater 20 (1): 130 -- ...
		Trichoplax adhaerens, a tiny marine organism that represents
		Trichoplax adhaerens, has always been a key issue.
		Trichoplax adhaerens F. Schulze 1883: discovered as a missing link, forgotten as a hydrozoan, rediscovered as a key to metazoan evolution.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/1/130 (2678 words)

	Pharyngula::Mysterious Trichoplax
		A,B: Trichoplax whole mount in situ hybridization for the putative ProtoHox/ParaHox gene, Trox-2; note the strong and homogenous expression close to the body margin; arrows in B point to small undifferentiated—yet undescribed—cells between the lower and upper epithelium.
		C,D: Trichoplax whole mount in situ hybridization for the putative ProtoPax gene, TriPaxB; note the more spotted expression along the body margin; the arrow in D points to a small TriPaxB-expressing cell that is similar to cells expressing the Trox-2 gene.
		The gene seems to be active in a pool of undifferentiated cells, which are not localized to one end, but are instead found in a ring.
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/mysterious_trichoplax (2387 words)

	Yale Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
		We have devoted considerable attention in recent years in developing the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens as a model system.
		Recent work has established that placozoans are the basal animal phyla, that placozoans have sex and that placozoans are a diverse rather than monotypic phyla.
		We are a collaborator on the Trichoplax genome project and have a large Trichoplax EST program underway in collaboration with DOE JGI.
	www.yale.edu /eeb/buss/research.htm (325 words)

	IngentaConnect A low diversity of ANTP class homeobox genes in Placozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Homeobox genes of the ANTP and PRD classes play important roles in body patterning of metazoans, and a large diversity of these genes have been described in bilaterian animals and cnidarians.
		Trichoplax adhaerens (Phylum Placozoa) is a small multicellular marine animal with one of the simplest body organizations of all metazoans, showing no symmetry and a small number of distinct cell types.
		The low diversity of ANTP class genes isolated in Trichoplax can be reconciled with the low anatomical complexity of this animal, although the finding that these genes are assignable to recognized gene families is intriguing.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/ede/2006/00000008/00000002/art00007 (312 words)

	Mitochondrial genome of Trichoplax adhaerens supports Placozoa as the basal lower metazoan phylum -- Dellaporta et al. ...
		The data set (available upon request) consisted of a total of 3,001 aa positions concatenated from 12 mitochondrial protein sequences (atp6, cob, cox1-3, nad1-4, and 4L, 5, and 6) from Trichoplax adhaerens (this study); the chytrid fungi Allomyces macrogynus (NC_001715), Rhizophydium sp.
		Statistical test of all possible positions of Trichoplax within lower metazoans and bilaterians using the Approximately Unbiased (au), the weighted (wkh) and unweighted (kh) Kishino—Hasegawa, and the weighted (wsh) and unweighted (sh) Shimodaira—Hasegawa tests
		Twelve conserved mitochondrial proteins (atp6, cox1-3, cob, nad1-4, and 4L, 5, and 6) from Trichoplax and comparative species were individually aligned by using
	171.66.122.165 /cgi/content/full/0602076103/DC1 (369 words)

	Mitochondrial genome of Trichoplax adhaerens supports placozoa as the basal lower metazoan phylum.
		Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens, a metazoan with the simplest known body plan of any animal, possessing no organs, no basal membrane, and only four different somatic cell types.
		The mitochondrion's size is due to numerous intragenic spacers, several introns and ORFs of unknown function, and protein-coding regions that are generally larger than those found in other animals.
		Not only does the Trichoplax mtDNA have characteristics of the mitochondrial genomes of known metazoan outgroups, such as chytrid fungi and choanoflagellates, but, more importantly, it shares derived features unique to the Metazoa.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/16731622/au:Moreno+MA (336 words)

	BBS Faculty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Trichoplax is a simple diploblastic metazoan with the smallest known animal genome, only five times that of the bacterium E.
		In pursuing this goal, we will develop Trichoplax adhaerens as a new model system for primitive animal studies and obtain comparative genetic data from sponges and choanoflagellates.
		The Trox-2 Hox/ParaHox gene of Trichoplax (Placozoa) marks an epithelial boundary.
	info.med.yale.edu /bbs/faculty/del_st.html (256 words)

	Invertebrate Biology - Journal Information
		An ultrastructural and experimental study of locomotion in Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa).
		Growth and behavior of Trichoplax adhaerens: first record of the phylum Placozoa in Hawaii.
		Stalking the wild placozoan: biogeography and ecology of Trichoplax in the Pacific.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /submit.asp?ref=1077-8306 (843 words)

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