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Topic: Trichothecene

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	CDC \| Case Definition: Trichothecene Mycotoxin Poisoning
		Trichothecene mycotoxins might be weaponized and dispersed through the air or mixed in food or beverages.
		Studies have not been done to determine the background level of trichothecenes in non-moldy homes and office buildings or nonagricultural outdoor environments.
		Clinical confirmation of trichothecene mycotoxicosis in patient urine.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/trichothecene/casedef.asp (469 words)

	TAB E - Trichothecene Mycotoxin (T-2)
		Some victims developed a protracted lethal illness characterized by initial symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and exhaustion followed within days by fever, chills, muscular pain, and an imbalance of the red and white blood cells accompanied by pus-forming or other disease-causing organisms or their toxins in the blood or tissues.
		The trichothecene mycotoxins are nonvolatile compounds produced by molds.
		From the 1970s and 1980s trichothecene mycotoxins surfaced in the press as a biological warfare agent in incidents labeled "yellow rain" attacks in Southeast Asia.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /bw_ii/bw_tabe.htm (455 words)

	Trichothecene Mycotoxins
		Trichothecene mycotoxins are produced by fungi (e.g., Fusaria, Trichoderma, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys); 60 are known.
		Trichothecenes do not degrade to nontoxicity when exposed in the natural environment (for weeks at least) and are stable when stored.
		Had trichothecenes been used, it is possible that their toxicity might have been increased by interactions with nerve agents or PB, although this has not been studied explicitly.
	www.iaqm.com /trichothecene.html (4473 words)

	Trichothecene
		Trichothecenes are produced by several common molds including species in the genera Acremonium (Cephalosporium), Cylindrocarpon, Dendrodochium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, and most numerously in Fusarium.
		Trichothecenes are composed of a tetracyclic sesquiterpene skeleton containing a six-membered oxane ring, a stable epoxide group in positions 12 and 13 and a 9,10 olefinic bond.
		Trichothecenes are strong inhibitors of protein synthesis in mammalian cells.
	www.nbcec.org /plants/toxicagents/trichothecene.html (437 words)

	Trichothecene Mycotoxins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Trichothecene mycotoxins are produced by fungi (e.g., Fusaria, Trichoderma, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys); 60 are known.
		Trichothecenes do not degrade to nontoxicity when exposed in the natural environment (for weeks at least) and are stable when stored.
		Had trichothecenes been used, it is possible that their toxicity might have been increased by interactions with nerve agents or PB, although this has not been studied explicitly.
	medallionoftexas.com /tm.htm (4417 words)

	Trichothecene Mycotoxins in Some
		Bulk samples of moldy interior finishes, settled dust, contact inoculated microbiological samples (mixed cultures), as well as pure cultures isolated from indoor environments, were subjected to the qualitative and semi-quantitative simultaneous analysis of 12 trichothecenes.
		The analysis method was developed as a result of the present study and it includes extraction, sample pre-treatment and reverse-phase HPLC-separation with following tandem mass spectrometric identification and quantitation using electrospray ionization on a quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer.
		Similarly to previous studies on fodder or foods, contaminated with trichothecene producing moulds, diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin were the most prevalent trichothecenes.
	www.lamold.com /white_papers/trichothecene_mycotoxins_in_some.htm (202 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Trichothecenes bind to subcellular structures, disrupting and altering the morphology of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, myofibers and membranes.
		Furthermore, trichothecenes readily cross the placenta and have been shown to cause increased cell death (apoptosis) in mouse fetuses.
		Finally, it is of interest to note that chronic exposure to 6-12 ppm of trichothecenes in the diet of causes an increase in drug metabolizing enzymes, while acute low doses produces a decrease in these microsomal enzymes.
	www.drthrasher.org /Introduction%20to%20Trichothecenes.html (2341 words)

	Trichothecene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Trichothecenes are produced by several common molds including species in the genera Acremonium (Cephalosporium), Cylindrocarpon, Dendrodochium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, and most numerously in Fusarium.
		Trichothecenes are composed of a tetracyclic sesquiterpene skeleton containing a six-membered oxane ring, a stable epoxide group in positions 12 and 13 and a 9,10 olefinic bond.
		Trichothecenes are strong inhibitors of protein synthesis in mammalian cells.
	www.abc.cornell.edu /plants/toxicagents/trichothecene.html (437 words)

	Trichothecene Nonproducer Gibberella Species Have Both Functional and Nonfunctional 3-O-Acetyltransferase Genes -- ...
		The type of trichothecenes produced by the fungal strains is indicated as type A or type B; the teleomorph genus (e.g., Gibberella) is shown on the right part of the tree.
		IFO 7772 was positioned as a nonproducer strain that belongs to the teleomorph genus Gibberella.
		of trichothecene was not as evident as we have observed in F.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/163/2/677 (3495 words)

	Environ Health Perspect 108, 2000: Mycotoxins: of Molds and Maladies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Although deoxynivalenol is the least toxic of the trichothecenes, its toxicity is still substantial in both animals and humans.
		Trichothecenes may also be at the root of an outbreak of idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage among infants in Cleveland, Ohio [EHP 107(suppl 3): 495-499 (1999)].
		The trichothecenes may be able to trigger or aggravate an allergy problem directly, he says, but not through a traditional immunoglobulin E (IgE) pathway.
	ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov /docs/2000/108-1/focus.html (3997 words)

	The TRI11 Gene of Fusarium sporotrichioides Encodes a Cytochrome P-450 Monooxygenase Required for C-15 Hydroxylation in ...
		Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid toxins that are produced by several genera of filamentous fungi, including Fusarium (22).
		that gene clustering is widespread for fungal trichothecene pathways.
		Characterization of the macrocyclic trichothecene gene cluster in Myrothecium roridum.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/64/1/221 (2937 words)

	Trichothecene Mycotoxins Trigger a Ribotoxic Stress Response That Activates c-Jun N-terminal Kinase and p38 ...
		Trichothecene Mycotoxins Trigger a Ribotoxic Stress Response That Activates c-Jun N-terminal Kinase and p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and Induces Apoptosis
		Trichothecenes and other protein synthesis and protease inhibitors were obtained from Sigma unless indicated otherwise.
		B, caspase activation by trichothecenes that strongly activate JNK1 as a function of IC for protein synthesis inhibition.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/20/13985 (5544 words)

	Lipopolysaccharide and the Trichothecene Vomitoxin (Deoxynivalenol) Synergistically Induce Apoptosis in Murine Lymphoid ...
		Lipopolysaccharide and the Trichothecene Vomitoxin (Deoxynivalenol) Synergistically Induce Apoptosis in Murine Lymphoid Organs -- Zhou et al.
		Lipopolysaccharide and the Trichothecene Vomitoxin (Deoxynivalenol) Synergistically Induce Apoptosis in Murine Lymphoid Organs
		Zhou, H. R., Harkema, J. R., Yan, D., and Pestka, J. Amplified proinflammatory cytokine expression and toxicity in mice coexposed to lipopolysaccharide and the trichothecene vomitoxin.
	toxsci.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/2/253 (5648 words)

	types of fungus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Reported to be allergenic and produces a trichothecene toxin which is toxic if ingested.
		T-2 Toxin and related trichothecenes are some of the deadliest known toxins.
		The species Trichothecium roseum can produce a trichothecene toxin which may be associated with disease in humans and other animals.
	www.aquarestoration.com /html/mold_types.htm (5213 words)

	The BEST and MOST COMPLETE toxic mold site on the web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In another case-control study, which concluded that exposure to stachybotrys and other toxigenic fungi was responsible for various pulmonary diseases (including asthma, interstitial lung disease, and "emphysematous-like" disease) among office workers in a water-damaged building, no reliable biomarkers of exposure to stachybotrys or radiographic findings correlating with the self-reported pulmonary symptoms were present.
		In several cases, trichothecene mycotoxicosis was caused by a single ingestion of bread containing toxic flour or rice.
		The satratoxins are generally produced in greater amounts than the other trichothecenes, but all compounds are produced in low quantities.
	www.mold-help.org /stachybotrys_chartarum.htm (6434 words)

	R-Biopharm AG : Residues - DON EXPRESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Deoxynivalenol belongs to the trichothecene group of mycotoxins and is formed by fungi of the genus Fusarium.
		Of the trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol are the toxins most frequently occuring in Europe and Northern America.
		The toxin concentrations found in wheat, corn or rice are often in the ppm range.
	www.r-biopharm.com /foodandfeed/ridascreenfast_don_express.php (120 words)

	CNS - Conflicting Evidence Revives "Yellow Rain" Controversy - August 5, 2002 - Research Story of the Week
		On September 13, 1981, then-U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig accused the Soviet Union of supplying trichothecene mycotoxins (poisonous compounds made by fungal molds that infect grain), popularly known as Yellow Rain, to the Communist regimes in Vietnam and Laos for use in counterinsurgency warfare.
		The skeptics argued that trichothecene mycotoxins occur naturally in Southeast Asia and that the alleged victims had confused chemical attacks with harmless showers of yellow feces released by swarms of giant Asian honeybees.
		Evidence exists, however, that the use of toxins as combat weapons is not a newly developed or experimental Warsaw Pact concept, but that the trichothecenes may have been part of the Soviet arsenal for decades.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/week/020805.htm (1562 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents : Article by Daniel J Dire, MD, FACEP, FAAP, FAAEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the 1970s, the USSR and its allies were suspected of having used "yellow rain" (trichothecene mycotoxins) during campaigns in Loas, Cambodia, and Afghanistan.
		The trichothecene mycotoxins are cytotoxic to most eukaryotic cells by way of inhibiting protein synthesis and electron transport.
		Diagnosis of an attack of trichothecene mycotoxin depends on clinical observations and identification of the toxin from biological and environmental samples.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic853.htm (15447 words)

	Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium ...
		Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium -- Ward et al.
		Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium
		evolution, a 19-kb region of the trichothecene gene cluster was
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/99/14/9278 (457 words)

	Mold Could Cost You Millions If You're Not Careful
		Overview The trichothecene mycotoxins are low molecular weight (250-500 daltons) nonvolatile compounds produced by filamentous fungi (molds) of the genera Fusarium, Myrotecium, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys and others.
		The trichothecenes are extremely stable to heat and ultraviolet light inactivation.
		In a successful BW attack with trichothecene toxin (T2), the toxin(s) will adhere to and penetrate skin, be inhaled, and swallowed.
	www.themoldsource.com /clinical/tri.html (2375 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - T-2 Mycotoxins : Article by Donald A Locasto, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The T-2 mycotoxin, which is classified as a trichothecene mycotoxin, is elaborated from the fusarial species of fungus.
		The trichothecene mycotoxins are low molecular weight compounds (250-500 d, averaging 466 d) that are nonvolatile, relatively insoluble in water, and highly soluble in ethanol, methanol, and propylene glycol.
		The trichothecene class of toxins is considered among the most potent naturally occurring toxic substances.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic890.htm (3326 words)

	TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTOXIN
		Trichothecene mycotoxin (T-2) is a naturally occurring poison produced by fungi.
		This poison can slow down the production of protein and nucleic acid in the body.
		Where can one get more information about T-2 mycotoxin?
	www.idph.state.il.us /Bioterrorism/factsheets/trichothecene.htm (743 words)

	The TRI11 Gene of Fusarium sporotrichioides Encodes a Cytochrome P-450 Monooxygenase Required for C-15 Hydroxylation in ...
		Several genes in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway of Fusarium sporotrichioides have been shown to reside in a gene cluster.
		characterized by the accumulation of isotrichodermin, a trichothecene
		Ward, T. J., Bielawski, J. P., Kistler, H. C., Sullivan, E., O'Donnell, K. Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/64/1/221 (520 words)

	Diverse traits for pathogen fitness in Gibberella zeae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Current research on mechanisms of pathogen fitness uses tools such as production of specific mutations by targeted gene disruption and analysis of genetic variation in natural populations.
		Gene disruption experiments indicate that production of the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) enhances virulence on wheat and maize, and that production of sexual spores enhances head blight on wheat under field conditions.
		Natural populations from the U.S.A. and from Nepal differ significantly in virulence on wheat, sexual fertility, and trichothecene chemotype.
	pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /tcjpp/k03-005.html (421 words)

	Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium ...
		One of four most parsimonious phylograms (differing only in the position of the Fg4 and Fg3 clades) inferred from a combined analysis of six noncluster genes, and one of three most parsimonious phylograms (differing only in the relationships within Fg2) inferred from a combined analysis of eight TRI-cluster genes.
		Colored blocks indicate the trichothecene chemotype of each strain, and colored branches reflect parsimony-based reconstructions of trichothecene chemotype evolution.
		trichothecene chemotypes, are segregating in at least four of
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/14/9278 (3739 words)

	BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
		Trichothecene mycotoxins (‘Yellow Rain’) are the only potential BW toxins with cutaneous activity and manifestations.
		More recently, and closer to home, trichothecene mycotoxins are thought to have caused fatal pulmonary hemorrhage in Cleveland area infants.
		Epidemiologic, intelligence, and trichothecene assay evidence suggest that trichothecene mycotoxins were used in Southeast Asia between 1974 and 1981.[8,91] Nearly 400 alleged attacks reportedly resulted in approximately 10,000 deaths.
	telemedicine.org /BioWar/biologic.htm (11075 words)

	TTUHSC Toxin Testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		One method, the QuantiTox Kit method, is more specific and sensitive than the other test which is a Yeast Toxicity Assay.
		These tests determine the presence trichothecene mycotoxins (primarily macrocyclic in nature) only.
		Note: Neither test distinguishes between mycotoxins accompanied or unaccompanied by spores.
	www.ttuhsc.edu /SOM/Microbiology/mainweb/aiaq/ToxinTesting.html (117 words)

	ICPP98 Paper Number 1.8.18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		One important aspect toward this goal is the identification of the genes specifically required for trichothecene production and the delineation of their structural organization within the genome, particularly as it pertains to the regulation of their expression.
		Such clusters have been identified for the trichothecene genes in Fusarium sporotrichioides and in Myrothecium roridum.
		The main focus of this report is the identification of the trichothecene gene cluster in Fusarium sambucinum and its comparison to the trichothecene gene cluster in F.
	www.bspp.org.uk /icpp98/1.8/18.html (353 words)

	Analysis of aberrant virulence of Gibberella zeae following transformation-mediated complementation of a ...
		Desjardins, A. E., Hohn, T. and McCormick, S. Trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium species: chemistry, genetics, and significance.
		Eudes, F., Collin, J., Rioux, S. and Comeau, A. The trichothecenes, a major component of wheat head scab pathogenesis.
		Proctor, R. H., Hohn, T. and McCormick, S. Reduced virulence of Gibberella zeae caused by disruption of a trichothecene toxin biosynthetic gene.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/146/8/2059 (4587 words)

	Biological Weapons
		The trichothecene mycotoxins are a diverse group of more than 40 compounds produced by fungi.
		Naturally occurring trichothecenes have been identified in agricultu ral products and have been implicated in a disease of animals known as moldy corn toxicosis or poisoning.
		There are no well-documented cases of clinical exposure of humans to trichothecenes.
	www.fas.org /nuke/intro/bw/agent.htm (7977 words)

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