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Topic: Trinidadian English

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	Trinidad and Tobago - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Citizens are officially called Trinidadians or Tobagonians or Citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, but Trinidadians are informally referred to as Trinis and both Trinidadians and Tobagonians are called Trinbagonians.
		English is the country's only official language, but Bhojpuri, locally known as Hindi, is also spoken by a few Indo-Trinidadians and widely used in popular music such as chutney and chutney soca.
		The main spoken language, Trinidadian English is either classified as a dialect or variety of English or as an English Creole (Trinidadian Creole English).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago (2958 words)

	Voices of New York
		From Catholics to Muslims, Anglicans to Hindus, the average Trinidadian is well versed in many of the practices, customs and beliefs of the religions by which he or she is surrounded.
		"Trinidadians do not give up their religions," he said, "they just practice with other West Indians, or even join American churches." As for the Muslims and Hindus, they seem to do the same, as they join the mosques and temples of other Hindus who are East Indian or Guyanese.
		Their Trinidadian food shops coupled with their memberships in the American churches show that while the Trinidadian Creole community is small and is assimilating quite quickly, it is in no way near becoming extinct.
	www.nyu.edu /classes/blake.map2001/trinidad.html (2415 words)

	KryssTal : Borrowed Words in English: Trinidadian English
		A version of the English language spoken in the
		A precursor of the English language spoken in
		The most widely studied family of languages and the family with the largest number of speakers.
	www.krysstal.com /borrow_trinidadian.html (79 words)

	wk9classoutlines
		The Mystic Masseur, however, is widely seen as satirizing Ganesh and Trinidadian society by revealing the large gaps between modern and English realities and conceptions and their manifestations or adaptations in Trinidad.
		English culture sees the importance of books as their content or “information” whereas Ganesh, Leela, and most other characters in the novel see the import of books as residing in their form — their size, number, paper, smell, and typeface.
		Because Naipaul mocks Ganesh’s adaptation of English books, American advertising, Hindu religion, and afro-Trinidadian folk religion, one could argue that Naipaul is illustrating that Trinidadian society’s inability to be “adult” or “genuine” is caused by the fact that they can only imitate the different national cultures which have contributed to Trinidad’s population and culture.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/rosenber/lit4188fall2003/wk9classoutlines.html (3784 words)

	trinicenter.com \| Teaching English as a second language Pt III
		Five-year-old Jamaican and Trinidadian children who enter the primary classroom speaking Creole and not English must be stupid, lazy, or careless.
		It is a nonsense that prevents them from seeing that the Creole-speaking child comes to the classroom with genuine, rule-governed language in which she is constructing meaning in the universe of experience, as all children have done since we invented society.
		In learning the English rules, she wrongly hypothesizes a regular rule: she puts an '-s' in a structure where it does not belong and leaves it out from a structure where it does.
	www.trinicenter.com /winford/2003/Nov (858 words)

	The Englishes
		The English arrived on the island in 1620, and soon managed to populate it: by 1640, it seems there were between 30,000 and 40,000 people there, the majority whites but including about 6,000 fl slaves.
		This was the language of communication until the emancipation of the slaves, but it coexisted with English creole used by some of the groups of slaves, and with dialects of English spoken by colonists, and their entourage, who arrived on the island either from Britain or from other West Indian islands.
		Barbadian English, the local standard, is rhotic, pronouncing /r/ when it is present in the orthography of the word, unlike the rest of the English-speaking Caribbean islands.
	www.ffil.uam.es /englishes/centralamerica/caribbean (8858 words)

	INASP \| Publishing Support Initiatives \| CARINDEX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		An analysis of traditional practices and beliefs in a Trinidadian village to assess the implications for science education.
		English settlement and economic development in the Rio Minho Valley in the seventeenth century (1655-1700).
		A historical perspective on the lexicon of Trinidadian English.
	www.inasp.info /iah/carsah_mono.shtml (6692 words)

	Course of Study - English
		English 100 assents to Helen Vendler’s notion that “every good writer was a good reader first.” Accordingly, English 100 students work to develop their ability to read closely, actively and imaginatively.
		English 300 is deeply concerned with the imaginative elements that lift a work out of its immediate circumstances and place it within the human community of culture.
		English 310 employs the perceptual and writing skills learned in the prior two terms and presents new, more complex problems and perspectives.
	www.andover.edu /academics/studies/cos_english.htm (6832 words)

	CALYPSO AND DELTA BLUES IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY:
		English language calypso emerged at precisely this time, when a new "Anglo-Afro-French" Trinidadian creole culture was born.
		But the vote was not availabl e to any Trinidadian until the 1920s, and then only a few men qualified to vote for local matters; they could not vote on colonial issues nor, of course, on whether or not they wanted to live as colonial charges of the British.
		Trinidadian pianist, orchestra leader, and calypso promoter Lionel Belasco was the first person to copyright calypsos and thereby render the compositions into a fixed form.
	employees.oneonta.edu /hilldr/trinidad.htm (6272 words)

	Trinidadian Creole English - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trinidadian Creole English is a dialect of Creole English which is the general spoken language in Trinidad.
		It is distinct from Tobagonian Creole English and from other Lesser Antillean English creoles.
		James, Winford, 2002, A Different, not an Incorrect, Way of Speaking, Pt 5: Creole 'does' vs. English 'does'
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trinidadian_Creole_English (237 words)

	Misfunctional FAA phraseology
		All the words and phrases used in Air Traffic Control are synonymously spoken in the 38 dialects of English and innumerable foreign accents, such as Spanglish.
		The FAA has ambitions that, by the year 2008, English will be upgraded by memb er states of the ICAO from today" mere Recommendation to a compulsory Standard for world aviation.
		Passing an examination in English would become a precondtion for employment as a pilot or air traffic controller everywhere.
	www.esperanto-sat.info /article351.html (1423 words)

	Voices of New York
		The Indo-Guyanese Americans use their dialect of English as a LOTE in everyday activities in Richmond Hills, which is a community in Queens, New York that has a high concentrated Indo-Guyanese American population.
		Although she was used to speaking American English with her school friends, after joining this club, speaking Guyanese English became more of the norm for her when in the presence of her schoolmates.
		Although it is English that is being spoken, there is something about the accent and phrasing that makes is difficult for a non-speaker, or someone who is not familiar with the accent to comprehend.
	www.nyu.edu /classes/blake.map2001/indo.html (1842 words)

	The Creole Origins of AAVE: Evidence from copula absence
		The second source of diaspora data was Liberian Settler English, the variety spoken by the descendants of African Americans who were transported to Liberia by the American Colonization Society between 1822 and 1910 (Singler 1991a:249-50).
		The third and most recent source of diaspora data is African Nova Scoatian English, the English spoken by the descendants of African Americans who migrated to Nova Scotia, Canada in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries (Poplack and Tagliamonte 1991).
		English in language shiftr: Thehistory, structure and sociolinguistics of Sou; African Indian English.
	www.stanford.edu /~rickford/papers/CreoleOriginsOfAAVE.html (12684 words)

	The University Of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
		Satisfactory score on placement test and successful completion of a General English course at Elementary level.
		By the end of the course, students will be able to: demonstrate usage and comprehension of basic grammar, e.g.
		Satisfactory score on placement test and successful completion of a General English course at Intermediate level.
	www.uwi.tt /fhe/efl/general_English.htm (146 words)

	Rita Golden Gelman - Female Nomad
		Even though the actors were speaking English, I understood about one eighth of the words and none of the punch lines.
		It was a British colony at the end and the language is English.
		The words, sung in the lilting, melodic speech of the Trinidadian dialect and the slang of the island, were a major effort for me to understand and again, I missed the punch lines.
	www.ritagoldengelman.com /ongoing112202.html (2260 words)

	Trinidad & Tobago - Communicating with Trinidadians & Tobagonians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		At times English words are used with a French grammatical construction.
		Hindi words related to food, clothing, family and religion are often used and sometimes replace English words.
		Whether people from T and T are speaking English or some form of Creole, they do so with intonations that make it distinct from all other Caribbean accents.
	www.cp-pc.ca /english/trinidad/commun.html (221 words)

	Shani Mootoo
		Trinidadian Indians are far removed in time from India, and as the narrator notes, their culture retains little that is "authentically" Indian.
		They are Indian words, but many have clearly lost their original meaning over time; the Indians smirk at her language, and mock her, offering her service with a deliberate slowness, and "correcting" her in condescending tones.
		In contrast, they fawn over her girlfriend, whom she notes, in the dialect of Trinidadian English, is "pretty fuh so" because she "so femme dat she redundant".
	www.english.emory.edu /Bahri/Motoo.html (1304 words)

	WTAworld.com - Borrowed words in the English language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Here is a list of words borrowed by the English language and their sources.
		A version of the English language spoken in the United States of America (North America): blizzard, hangover, OK, teenager...
		A version of the English language spoken in Australia: aborigine, nugget, walkabout...
	www.wtaworld.com /showthread.php?t=99558 (2152 words)

	TacaribeTour Operators
		Culture: Trinidadians have made their way into almost every country and culture in the world, making contributions in sport, science, arts and literature, music and theatre.
		The Tobago House of Assembly is responsible for the internal government of Tobago.
		Language: The official language is English; but the style of Trinidadian English is much influenced by French, Spanish, Hindi, African and Amerindian words place -names and expressions.
	www.tacaribe.addr.com /trinidad.htm (498 words)

	LIST OF DIALECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE : Encyclopedia Entry
		Dialects are varieties differing in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar not to be confused with the regional accents of English speakers, which mark speakers as members of groups by their various pronunciations of the standard language.
		Although similarly named, they are actually quite different in nature, with some being genuine mixed languages, some being instances of heavy code-switching between English and another language, some being genuine local dialects of English used by first-language English speakers, and some being non-native pronunciations of English.
		A few portmanteaus (such as Greeklish and Pinglish) are transliteration methods rather than any kind of spoken variant of English.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language (239 words)

	English Based Pidgins and Creoles : UK category on LimeySearch.co.uk
		English in the West Indies - An essay on the history (present linguistic situation, creole characteristics, lexis), phonology and grammar.
		English Loanwords in Korean: Patterns of Borrowing and Semantic Change - The abstract and references to a paper on Korean Bamboo English.
		Attitudes, Local Varieties and English Language Teaching - This article discusses the issues surrounding the phenomenon of local varieties of English, those developments which take place where forms of the ex-colonial language have evolved and developed in their own right independently of their metropolitan sourc
	www.limeysearch.co.uk /Society_and_Culture/Language/English_Based_Pidgins_and_Creoles (407 words)

	The Greatest Literature of All Time - Criteria
		Sometimes this is a translation into English (The Three Musketeers) and sometimes the title remains in another language (Le Morte Darthur).
		Hemingway wrote in and about France, Spain, Africa and the Caribbean, and very little in or concerning the United States—yet, there is no question he is considered an American writer.
		The term "novel" was accepted into English only in modern (that is, post-Renaissance) times, adapted from an Italian word for fictional prose narratives with a cohesiveness of theme and story.
	www.editoreric.com /greatlit/info/headings.html (722 words)

	The X-Bar: Real Life... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		I am sitting in on a wonderful seminar on English Dialect Syntax, which focuses on Appalachian English.
		I may have an excuse to get back to "what all," particularly given the contrasts we'll be examining with Belfast English.
		I've also been thinking a lot about West Indian Standard English and Trinidadian English, party because I've got friends in Trinidad, and partly because there may be some interesting syntactic phenomena to consider with respect to agreement and movement.
	www.thex-bar.net /archives/000056.html (181 words)

	In the Key of Freedom: A Profile of Imre Kertész - Lee Congdon
		In part, if only in part, because he writes in English, the Trinidadian-born master had already established an international reputation.
		The same cannot be said of Imre Kertész, the 2002 laureate.
		But only two of Kertész's novels have thus far appeared in English, and those in limited editions at a small academic press.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/2003/March/Sa22953.htm (264 words)

	Dictionaries table of contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Robert Keating O'Neill, English -Language Dictionaries, 1604-1900: The Catalog of the Warren N. and Suzanne B. Cordell Collection; and H. Rocke Robertson and J. Wesley Robertson, A Collection of Dictionaries and Related Works Illustrating the Development of the English Dictionary.
		Coping with English Borrowings in the Dictionnaire du Français Québécois.
		Insular English Lexicography: Holm, John A., with Alison Watt Shilling, The Dictionary of Bahamian English; Story, G.M., W.J. Kirwin, and J.D.A. Widdowson, Dictionary of Newfoundland English.
	polyglot.lss.wisc.edu /dsna/dicstoc79to03.htm (3155 words)

	The X-Bar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		CNN had an article on a class given to native speakers of Appalachian English in secondary school to teach them Standard American English.
		The syntax seminar on English dialects was delightful and I wish I could have found the time and energy to complete it.
		One is an item for which standard English speakers would use the perfect, with a universal perfect reading.
	www.thex-bar.net (1829 words)

	The playwright's the thing / Flawed, stodgy biography can't quite ruin the fascinating story of Tom Stoppard's life
		An English professor at the University of British Columbia, and a biographer of Leonard Cohen as well, Nadel combines laudable thoroughness with a laughable lack of wit.
		Stoppard's boyhood is a hell of a story, and it doesn't flag a bit when the surviving Strasslers fetch up not in Australia but, thanks to some evasive maneuvers at sea, in India.
		Probably the worst sentence in the book is this: "The final moments [of Stoppard's play "Arcadia"] embody an orderly chaos, as the visualization of period doubling, plus co-existence of two different periods, preceded by internal references to fractal patterns through the interplay of character and props, occurs."
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2002/09/01/RV137411.DTL (1195 words)

	Sociolinguistics Symposium 15 - Papers & Posters
		This can mostly be due to the fact that they do not have the opportunities to communicate with native speakers of English naturally, be it in academic or non-academic settings, and more so because of the cultural gap existing between the two cultures.
		The theory of conversational implicature, as put forward by Grice (1975), is used as the theoretical framework upon which to test the hypotheses and investigate its universality with respect to the groups under study.
		It was revealed that Persian speakers with various cultural/linguistic backgrounds, even those with considerable proficiency in English, cannot always derive the same meanings as native speakers of English and this may cause misunderstanding and cross-cultural communication problems in day to day talk and even reading translations of such implicature.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /ss15/papers/paper_details.php?id=241 (2405 words)

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