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Topic: Triple DES

	Triple DES Encryption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Triple DES is a minor variation of this standard.
		Triple DES was the answer to many of the shortcomings of DES.
		Triple DES has been endorsed by NIST as a temporary standard to be used until the AES is finished sometime in 2001.
	www.tropsoft.com /strongenc/des3.htm (904 words)

	Cryptographic Algorithms : Triple DES
		DES (the Data Encryption Standard) is a symmetric block cipher developed by IBM.
		DES is the most widely used symmetric algorithm in the world, despite claims that the key length is too short.
		Assuming that the only feasible attack on DES is to try each key in turn until the right one is found, then 1,000,000 machines each capable of testing 1,000,000 keys per second would find (on average) one key every 12 hours.
	www.cryptographyworld.com /des.htm (373 words)

	Triple DES
		Triple DES (also 3DES) is the encrypt-decrypt-encrypt EDE mode[?] of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher algorithm.
		Because DES is not a group, using it in EDE mode will increase its key size by a factor 3 (or 2 in the case of k
		The use of three steps is essential to prevent meet in the middle[?] attacks.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tr/Triple_DES.html (105 words)

	Triple DES, DES, and Skipjack - FIPS 46-3, 81, and 185 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Triple DES, DES, and Skipjack - FIPS 46-3, 81, and 185
		Details on the security of DES and the migration from DES to Triple-DES are discussed in FIPS 46-3.
		FIPS 81, DES Modes of Operation, specifies several modes of operation for the DES and Skipjack algorithms.
	csrc.nist.gov /cryptval/des.htm (476 words)

	Triple Data Encryption Standard (Triple-DES)
		Triple DES is based on the DES algorithm, it is very easy to modify existing software to use Triple DES.
		Triple DES has been endorsed by NIST as a temporary standard to be used until AES was finished.
		Triple DES is another mode of DES operation.
	www.vocal.com /tdes.html (650 words)

	RFC 1851 (rfc1851) - The ESP Triple DES Transform
		The DES function is replaced by three rounds of that function, an encryption followed by a decryption followed by an encryption, each with independant keys, k1, k2 and k3.
		Since DES is not a group, composition of multiple rounds of DES is not equivalent to simply using DES with a different key.
		Triple DES with independent keys is not, as naively might be expected, as difficult to break by brute force as a cryptosystem with three times the keylength.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc1851.html (2115 words)

	Triple DES cryptography software
		Triple DES (3DES) or the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA) is a refinement of DES recognised as a FIPS-approved algorithm.
		Triple DES is described in NIST Special Publication 800-67.
		Two-key triple DES is option 2 where we encrypt with K1, then decrypt with K2 and finally encrypt again with K1.
	www.cryptosys.net /3des.html (482 words)

	Enveloc® Triple DES White Paper
		The DES Algorithm was based on work by IBM and published as a federal standard in 1977.
		The DES standard requires 16 rounds of operations to mix the data and key together to produce the ciphertext, and the same number of rounds to change the ciphertext back to plaintext.
		Triple DES (i.e., TDEA), as specified in ANSI X9.52 will be recognized as a FIPS approved algorithm.
	www.enveloc.com /triple_DES_white_paper.htm (1072 words)

	The DES Algorithm Illustrated
		DES is a block cipher--meaning it operates on plaintext blocks of a given size (64-bits) and returns ciphertext blocks of the same size.
		Thus DES results in a permutation among the 2^64 (read this as: "2 to the 64th power") possible arrangements of 64 bits, each of which may be either 0 or 1.
		Before DES was adopted as a national standard, during the period NBS was soliciting comments on the proposed algorithm, the creators of public key cryptography, Martin Hellman and Whitfield Diffie, registered some objections to the use of DES as an encryption algorithm.
	www.aci.net /kalliste/des.htm (3738 words)

	CAST 3DES Triple DES Cryptoprocessor Core
		The triple DES algorithm was proposed by IBM when it became clear that the security of the DES had been compromised by advances in computer technology.
		Each triple DES encryption/decryption operation (as specified in ANSI X9.52) is a com-pound operation of the DES encryption and decryption operations.
		Each triple DES encryption/decryption operation (as specified in ANSI X9.52) is a compound operation of the DES encryption and decryption operations.
	www.cast-inc.com /cores/3des/index.shtml (667 words)

	What is DES?
		DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a symmetric cipher defined in Federal Information Processing (FIPS) Standard Number 46 in 1977 as the federal government approved encryption algorithm for sensitive but non-classified information.
		Triple DES is also written as 3-DES or 3DES.
		DES is being replaced by AES, the Advanced Encryption Standard.
	www.tech-faq.com /des-data-encryption-standard.shtml (166 words)

	Bokler Software's TDEScipher Page
		Popularity of the DES continues today as evidenced by the fact that it is still being specified in a variety of applications requiring secure communications, electronic commerce, and data privacy.
		DES utilizes a 56-bit key, and was developed by the US Government to provide strong security for sensitive data.
		DES is the most widely used cryptographic algorithm today, employed in a variety of applications including communications, banking, and Internet commerce.
	www.bokler.com /tdescipher.html (1152 words)

	Triple DES Encryption for IPSec
		IPSec supports the Triple DES encryption algorithm (168-bit) in addition to 56-bit encryption.
		Triple DES (3DES) is a strong form of encryption that allows sensitive information to be transmitted over untrusted networks.
		Configure a transform-set that identifies the IPSec triple DES transform to use for encapsulating network traffic.
	www.cisco.com /univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios120/120newft/120t/120t2/3desips.htm (740 words)

	RSA Security - 3.2.2 Has DES been broken?
		The first attack on DES that is better than exhaustive search in terms of computational requirements was announced by Biham and Shamir [BS93a] using a new technique known as differential cryptanalysis (see Question 2.4.5).
		Most recently, a DES cracking machine was used to recover a DES key in 22 hours; see Question 2.4.4.
		In fact, DES is no longer allowed for U.S. government use; triple-DES (see Question 3.2.6) is the encryption standard until AES (see Section 3.3) is ready for general use.
	www.rsasecurity.com /rsalabs/node.asp?id=2227 (397 words)

	DES Encryption Package
		Triple DES is slower than regular DES, but it gives added security.
		For reasons that are beyond the scope of this document, Triple DES is actually only as secure as a block encryption method using a key twice as long as that used by regular DES.
		If Triple DES is desired (in addition to regular DES), the label TRIPLEDES must be defined, usually by a -D option on the compiler command line.
	efgh.com /software/des.htm (663 words)

	Triple DES and Blowfish Encryption Algorithms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm, adopted by the U.S. government in 1977, is a block cipher that transforms 64-bit data blocks under a 56-bit secret key, by means of permutation and substitution.
		The DES algorithm is widely used and is still considered reasonably secure.
		This is a tutorial designed to be clear and compact, and to provide a newcomer to the DES with all the necessary information to implement it himself, without having to track down printed works or wade through C source code.
	www.abisoft.net /des.html (1462 words)

	Triple DES - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, Triple DES is a block cipher formed from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher by using it three times.
		When it was found that a 56-bit key of DES is not enough to guard against brute force attacks, TDES was chosen as a simple way to enlarge the key space without a need to switch to a new algorithm.
		Note that DES is not a group; if it were one, the TDES construction would be equivalent to a single DES operation and no more secure.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Triple_DES (714 words)

	Expert advice: Encryption 101 -- Triple DES explained (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Triple DES was created back when DES was getting a bit weaker than people were comfortable with.
		It seems safe to guess that Triple DES is stronger than 112 bits, and not as strong as the full 168.
		Because DES is definitely not a group, but has weakness in that property, we don't exactly know how strong it is, but no one thinks it's all that much weaker than 128.
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /tip/1,289483,sid14_gci968714,00.html?track=NL-102&ad=486202 (1158 words)

	Triple DES passed ANSI X9
		DES is widely trusted because it has been repeatedly tested and is considered by experts to be unbreakable except by brute force (trying every possible key combination).
		Cryptographers have recently demonstrated that DES codes can be cracked in as little as three hours with $1 million worth of currently available equipment.
		But the government is also committed to key escrow encryption, and we do not believe that the proposal for triple DES is consistent with this objective.
	www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca /ipsec/1995/02/msg00042.html (1723 words)

	ACI Worldwide - 3DES
		The most common form of triple DES encrypts data once using one key, decrypts the results using a second key, and then encrypts again using a third key.
		For example, PIN encryption using "two-key triple DES" would first encrypt the PIN block using the first key (or "left half"), decrypt the result using the second key ("right half"), and re-encrypt the output using the first key ("left half").
		When DES was first conceived, its 56 bit key length was thought to be immune from this type of attack, given the computing power available at that time.
	aciworldwide.com /3des (777 words)

	DES Encryption Example
		DES is a block cipher that transforms 64-bit data blocks under a 56-bit secret key, by means of permutation and substitution.
		DES is a "symmetrical" encryption algorithm: same key that is used for encryption is used to decrypt the message.
		There is no feasible way to break DES as is using a 64-bit (8 characters) block cipher.
	www.eventid.net /docs/desexample.htm (4274 words)

	JavaScript DES Example (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Data Encryption Standard (DES) was introduced in 19xx and is formally defined in FIPS 46-3 Using a 56-bit key (usually entered as a 64-bit value with odd parity bits), working on a 64-bit data block.
		There are several modes for using DES to encrypt blocks of data that may be more (or less) than 8 bytes in size.
		The 56-bit key used by DES is no longer sufficient for good security, but many applications use triple-DES (encrypt using key part A, decrypt using key part B, encrypt using key part A) to acheive a 112-bit key while maintaining compatibility with plain DES (using key part A = key part B).
	www.cs.eku.edu /faculty/styer/460/Encrypt/JS-DES.html (448 words)

	Data Encryption Standard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		DES consequently came under intense academic scrutiny, and motivated the modern understanding of block ciphers and their cryptanalysis.
		DES is reaffirmed for the fourth time as FIPS 46-3, which specifies the preferred use of Triple DES, with single DES permitted only in legacy systems.
		DES is the archetypal block cipher — an algorithm that takes a fixed-length string of plaintext bits and transforms it through a series of complicated operations into another ciphertext bitstring of the same length.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard (4258 words)

	Triple DES PIN Encryption for Automated Teller Machines -- Diebold
		DES was approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI X3.92) in 1981 as a private sector encryption standard and is the most widely deployed commercial cryptographic algorithm in the world.
		Despite the strength of the DES algorithm, advances in computer speed and processing power are approaching the point where brute-force searches of its 56-bit key space can be accomplished within a reasonable time period.
		The Triple DES algorithm answers this problem by specifying three rounds of DES operations, effectively increasing the key length to 168 bits.
	www.bankersonline.com /vendor_guru/diebold/diebold-pin.html (715 words)

	RFC 3217 (rfc3217) - Triple-DES and RC2 Key Wrapping
		Triple- DES and RC2 content-encryption keys are encrypted in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode [MODES].
		When a Two-key Triple-DES key is to be wrapped, a third DES key with the same value as the first DES key is created.
		Set odd parity for each of the DES key octets comprising the Three-Key Triple-DES key that is to be wrapped, call the result CEK.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc3217.html (1883 words)

	The PPP Triple-DES Encryption Protocol (3DESE)
		The purpose of encrypting packets exchanged between two PPP implementations is to attempt to insure the privacy of communication conducted via the two implementations.
		The DES encryption algorithm is a well studied, understood and widely implemented encryption algorithm.
		The keyed DES function is iterated three times, an encryption (E) followed by a decryption (D) followed by an encryption (E), and generates the ciphertext (C1) for the block.
	xml.resource.org /public/rfc/html/rfc2420.html (1682 words)

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