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Topic: Triplet code

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	Munich Re - What are Biosciences? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Known as a TRIPLET CODE, it determines which of the 20 amino acids found in the organism are to be incorporated at a given point in a protein.
		This system of producing proteins from a chain of amino acids, the position of which is determined by a genetic code made up of three bases, applies equally to all living organisms on earth.
		Reading from the inside outwards, each triplet represents the code for one of 20 different proteins, with several different possible combinations for the majority of proteins.
	www.munichre.com /Pages/03/biosciences/bio_basics/dna_genetic_code_en.aspx (272 words)

	Biotechterms.org
		The mRNA code is a triplet code, that is, each successive "frame" of three nucleotides (sometimes called a codon) of the mRNA corresponds to one amino acid of the protein.
		The genetic code consists of 64 entries- the 64 triplets possible when there are four possible nucleotides, each of which can be at any of three places (4 x 4 x 4 = 64).
		A triplet code was required because a doublet code would have only been able to code for (4 x 4 = 16) sixteen amino acids.
	www.biotechterms.org /sourcebook/saveidretrieve.php3?id=783 (180 words)

	Genetic code Summary
		Different codons that code for the same amino acid are said to be "synonyms," and the code is said to be "degenerate" in the sense that there is not a single, unique codon for each of the twenty amino acids.
		From this it was concluded that the triplet UUU coded for phenylalanine.
		In the case of the genetic code, this redundancy is reflected in the fact that at the DNA level, more than one triplet code (a sequence of three base pairs) is able to instruct the insertion of the same type of amino acid into the protein's polypeptide chain during translation at the ribosome.
	www.bookrags.com /Genetic_code (10938 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		George Gamov postulated that a three-letter code must be employed to encode the 20 different amino acids used by living cells to encode proteins.
		The portion of the genome that codes for a protein or an RNA is referred to as a gene.
		Since there are many possible genetic codes that are thought to have similar utility to the one used by Earth life, the theory of evolution suggests that the genetic code was established very early in the history of life.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=triplet_code (2484 words)

	Evolution of the genetic code
		Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that there was a period during code evolution where the third position was not needed at all.
		It has been noted that the five amino acids coded by G** (Ala, Val, Gly, Asp, Glu) are all at or near the head of the amino acid synthesis pathways (Taylor and Coates 1989) and also the most abundantly formed ones in abiotic synthesis experiments (Miller 1953, 1987).
		The idea that the doublet code was just the second state in the evolution of the genetic code and that this evolution started with just the mid-base as coding, has been worked out by others, who termed it “simplet” code (McClendon 1986, Schwemmler 1994).
	www.imb-jena.de /~sweta/genetic_code/evolution.html (1351 words)

	Scientist Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I just read this press release from the university of Bath, claiming that the triplet genetic code has probably evolved from a doublet code.
		In this paper we propose a simple new hypothesis for code evolution involving a progression from singlet to doublet to triplet codons with a reading mechanism that moves three bases each step.
		We suggest that triplet codons gradually evolved from two types of ambiguous doublet codons, those in which the first two bases of each three-base window were read (‘prefix’ codons) and those in which the last two bases of each window were read (‘suffix’ codons).
	www.scientistsolutions.com /index.php?a=printer&t=1219 (285 words)

	THE TRIPLET GENETIC CODE
		The structures of DNA (as revealed by Watson and Crick) and of the various forms of RNA are described in some detail, and it is shown how these structures are marvellously adapted to the twin problems of inheritance of traits and faithful development of individual organisms.
		In this latter respect, the role of proteins as the "molecules of life" is described and the central dogma of molecular biology (information flows from DNA to RNA to protein) elaborated.
		In addition, theories of the origin and development of the universal genetic code are reviewed briefly, and a perspective concerning the impact of molecular biology on the social ethos is presented.
	www.worldscibooks.com /lifesci/4562.html (268 words)

	Genetic Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The genetic code is a commaless, redundant, triplet code.
		The genetic code, the key to conversion of nucleotide sequences to amino acid sequences, was uncovered before nucleotide sequences of genes could be determined.
		The genetic code is a triplet code, with three nucleotides coding for one amino acid.
	opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW2/MG241.html (486 words)

	From Gene to Protein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The codon AUG codes for the amino acid methionine
		Since the triplet code is somewhat arbitrary, the converse hypothesis, that all organisms somehow independently adopted the same codons for each
		As a consequence of the near-universality of the triplet code, genes from one organism may be transferred into unrelated organisms and still express (i.e., be transcribed then
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/campbl17.htm (1129 words)

	Francis Crick - Nobel Lecture
		As to the actual triplets so far proposed it was first thought that possibly every triplet had to include uracil, but this was neither plausible on theoretical grounds nor supported by the actual experimental evidence.
		For example a code in which A is equivalent to O, and G to U. As already stated, the results from the cell-free system rule out all such codes.
		Consider a certain triplet in relation to the triplet which is complementary to it on the other chain of the double helix.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/crick-lecture.html (3312 words)

	Genetic Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Experiments involving in vitro translation of short synthetic RNAs eventually confirmed that the genetic code is indeed a triplet code.
		The three-letter "words" of the genetic code are known as codons.
		The genetic code is composed of nucleotide triplets.
	www.emunix.emich.edu /~rwinning/genetics/code.htm (483 words)

	GENOME BIOLOGY: ON THE GENETIC CODE
		In general, the term "genetic code" refers to the sequences of nucleotides in DNA and RNA that determine the various amino acid sequences of proteins.
		The code was once believed to be identical in all forms of life, but the codon-amino acid code differs in mitochondria, in certain bacteria, and in certain ciliated protozoa.
		In the context that concerns the evolution of the genetic code, the term "coevolution theory" refers to a set of theories proposing a linked evolution between the evolution of the genetic code and the evolution of amino acid biosynthetic pathways.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa041126-3.htm (2095 words)

	The Genetic Code
		Proof that the code was indeed a triplet as well as the determination of the meaning of each triplet came from that old standby: experimentation.
		This suggested that UUU (assuming a triplet code) was a codon for phenylalanine (one of the "magic twenty" amino acids), as indeed it is. I later claimed that the audience was "startled") I think I originally wrote "electrified") to receive this news.
		There is an overview of the genetic code and a great picture of a tRNA in the The Central Dogma of Biology Chapter of the MIT Biology Hypertextbook.
	www.mun.ca /biochem/courses/3107/Lectures/Topics/Genetic_code.html (1123 words)

	Triplet code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In there triplet were bombarded with the study of multiple birth children.
		Was recovering from the tax triplet code law and coding fergus nightingale to caernarvon I post at.
		As had triplet code j, triplet code leaving me and my turn to her cry in frustration.
	triplet.valuewww.com /triplet-code.html (1908 words)

	genetic code
		During protein synthesis, ribosomes move along the mRNA molecule and "read" its sequence three nucleotides at a time (codon) from the 5' end to the 3' end.
		Since RNA is constructed from four types of nucleotides, there are 64 possible triplet sequences or codons (4x4x4).
		The genetic code is said to be degenerate.
	www.accessexcellence.org /RC/VL/GG/genetic.html (156 words)

	Soruce: The Science Teacher 56 (No
		Before the first session, two students are given copies of the same color code (which is deliberately constructed to closely resemble the format of their text's genetic code) and instructed in its use.
		The other actor then uses his color code to decipher and read the message aloud, and then colors the reply which has been secretly decided upon by the other half of the class in the absence of the first actor.
		In particular, I usually discuss such issues as the insufficiency of a code based on doublets alone, the inefficiency of a quadruplet code, and the redundancy afforded by the 64 possible permutations of a triplet code.
	www.is.wayne.edu /mnissani/pagepub/code.htm (973 words)

	book: Triplet Code \| B. B. Jordan ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After three of her colleagues die "accidentally," Dr. Celeste Braun can't shake the feeling that the deaths are linked, possibly even connected to her-and she's determined to discover the truth.
		code: Any system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; as, the medical code, a system of rules for the regulation of the professional conduct of physicians; the naval code, a system of rules for making communications at sea means of signals.
		In length, or duration, one dash is theoretically equal to three dots; the space between the elements of a letter is equal to one dot; the interval in spaced letters, as O.
	www.very-clever.com /information/dehuaizhdq (558 words)

	American Scientist Online - The Invention of the Genetic Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		If the DNA helix is oriented vertically, the bases at the top and bottom corners of a diamond are on the same strand and are separated by a single intervening base; the left and right corners of the diamond are defined by that intervening base and by its complementary partner on the opposite strand.
		For example, the triplet CAG becomes GAC when it is flipped end-for-end, and both of these codons must specify the same amino acid.
		The overlapping code also maximizes the density of information storage: Even though three bases are needed to specify any single amino acid, the overall ratio of bases to amino acids approaches 1:1.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/20831/page/3; (697 words)

	The Ribosome
		The code is produced from one strand of the DNA by a process called "transcription".
		The ribosome moves to the next triplet code from 5' to the 3' direction (note arrow on mRNA).
		The ribosome continues to read the code from the 5' to the 3' and amino acids are added to the growing peptide chain.
	www.cytochemistry.net /Cell-biology/ribosome.htm (1124 words)

	DoD Tight-Binding Fitting Code
		The only posible use of this code for a non-expert is when there is a need for generating a set of tight-binding parameters which have a shorter range.
		JSPINS is intended for a spin polarized code that is not yet implemented, TKB=temperature broadening, F=the data for the lattice parameter that follows are included in the fit, T= not included in the fit.
		The first triplet corresponds to the energy matrix H,the second triplet to the overlap matrix S and the third triplet keeps the exponent parameter between RMIN and RMAX.
	cst-www.nrl.navy.mil /bind/dodtb/fitting (694 words)

	Triplet - meaning of word
		The system could consist of a single spin 1 W and Z bosons, two identical spin 1/2 fermions, or more than two particles in a state with a total spin of 1 (such as the electrons in an oxygen molecule).
		As is, the description of a triplet in quantum mechanics is not general enough.
		A triplet state doesn't have to be derived from two fermions.
	www.wordsonline.org /Triplet (271 words)

	Study Guide Unit 1 Section 1.3
		Each triplet code tells the cell which amino acid to add to a new protein being built.
		The genetic code (based on the RNA nucleotides A,U,G,C) consists of all possible triplets (64) that can be made by combining those four nucleotides in different ways.
		Because there are 61 triplets for amino acids and only 20 amino acids, most amino acids have more than one triplet code.
	www.austincc.edu /akeddy/eeb_sg_u1s3.html (1953 words)

	Code
		The Genetic Code is universal; that is, virtually all organisms use the same code (there are a few minor exceptions, but they are rare).
		This indicates that UUU is recognized by the tRNA for phenylalanine (but not, for example, by the tRNA for leucine or arginine; when these amino acids were labeled, no labeled complex stuck to the filter with the trinucleotide UUU).
		Internal methionines (not formylated) are also coded for by AUG. Formylmethionine is also the first amino acid even when GUG or UUG (the lacA gene uses this rare start codon!) are used as initiation codons.).
	oregonstate.edu /instruction/bb492/lectures/Code.html (1105 words)

	Cancer Genomics - National Cancer Institute
		The translation of base sequences from DNA to protein is dependent on the nucleotide triplet in mRNA.
		Each mRNA triplet of nucleotides, called a codon, codes for a single amino acid, and, ultimately, a string of amino acids makes up a protein.
		There are 60 mRNA triplets for 19 amino acids, 3 triplets for "stop," and 1 triplet to call for methionine, the 20th amino acid that signals "start." Most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet codon.
	www.cancer.gov /cancertopics/understandingcancer/cancergenomics/Slide8 (142 words)

	Experimental Evidence for the Degeneracy of the Nucleotide Triplet Code
		Experimental Evidence for the Degeneracy of the Nucleotide Triplet Code
		The results have led to the assignment of coding triplets to each of the 20 naturally occurring amino-acids
		The peculiar feature of these codes is the presence of at least one uracil residue in each of the 20 triplets.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v195/n4845/abs/195999a0.html (150 words)

	Activity 11.2 The Triplet Nature of the Genetic Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The process of determining how genes work required scientists to decipher the language of the genetic code; that is, they had to determine the relationship between the DNA base sequence in genes and the amino acid sequence in the proteins that the genes encode.
		The theoretical groundwork of George Gamow and the genetic research led by Francis Crick established that a genetic word was three nucleotide bases in length.
		Once the triplet nature of the genetic word—or "codon," as it is called—was established, scientists began the ultimately successful effort of determining which amino acid was specified by each triplet codon.
	wps.prenhall.com /esm_freeman_biosci_1/0,6452,498919-,00.html (209 words)

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