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Topic: Triploid

	Floating Transgenic Fish in a Leaky Triploid Craft
		Triploids are frequently produced by suppressing the second meiotic division - cell division involved in producing germ cells - using shock treatments, such as heat, cold or pressure.
		Sterile triploids have been suggested as a means to contain transgenes in transgenic stocks released to the natural environment, as if the method were "fool proof".
		Ocean migration and recoveries of triploid Atlantic salmon were between 12% and 24% of diploid siblings.
	www.i-sis.org.uk /transfish.php (744 words)

	Triploid Watermelon Seed from D. Palmer Seed
		Promise Triploid Watermelon seed is a hybrid, triploid watermelon that is a Sweet Eat'n type melon with larger size.
		WT-04-51 Triploid Watermelon seed is a hybrid, triploid watermelon with early maturity and features a tiger striped rind pattern.
		This triploid watermelon is oblong or oval shaped weighing in at 20-25 pounds with a faded Cal Sweet stripe and light green field with dark green, wide stripes.
	www.dpalmerseed.com /code/watermelon_seed_triploid_red.htm (728 words)

	Triploid Watermelon Production
		Triploid watermelons are produced on highly sterile triploid (3N) plants, which result from crossing a normal diploid (2N) plant with a tetraploid (4N).
		The tetraploid is used as the female or seed parent and the diploid is the male or pollen parent (Fig.1).
		This inhibition does not occur in triploids; therefore, plants continue to produce fruit as long as viral infection does not occur, insects and foliar diseases are controlled and environmental conditions are favorable.
	watermelons.ifas.ufl.edu /Triploid_Production_Guide/triploid_watermelon_production.htm (1374 words)

	Triploid Garden Roses
		It is obvious that triploids must arise from their coming together in gardens and glasshouses and sharing pollen indiscriminately.
		Triploids, while often desirable plants in themselves, have the reputation for being difficult breeding material.
		The absence of aneuploidy among the progeny of triploids is noteworthy considering its occurrence in hybrids of Caninae and higher polyploids (Rowley, in the press).
	www.bulbnrose.com /Roses/breeding/Rowley/Rowley_Triploids.html (1180 words)

	Induced Masu Salmon Spawning of Diploid Females by Triploid Males
		A triploid or diploid male was placed in an aquarium with an ovulated diploid female, and the behavior of male fish was observed.
		Prior to actual use of triploid fish for fish farming, their reproductive potentialities should be fully investigated, and the risk of their escape into a natural environment should be assessed.
		A triploid or diploid male was placed in the tank with a diploid-ovulated female (2 years old, body length 22.8-28.8 cm), and then male behavior was observed and recorded using a video camera recorder for a constant time.
	www.lib.noaa.gov /japan/aquaculture/report22/kitamura.html (1617 words)

	Molluscan Aquaculture and the Triploid Oyster
		Triploids are genetically altered to have three sets of chromosomes in each cell instead of the normal two.
		Triploid oysters grow normally overall but have poorly developed gonads, and therefore do not divert much of their energy into reproduction.
		Research on triploid oysters was originally carried out at the University of Maine on a different type of oyster, the American oyster, but it failed to catch on in the Northeast where hatcheries were small, and the characteristics of the American oyster made the effects of triploidy less dramatic.
	www.washington.edu /research/pathbreakers/1983d.html (822 words)

	Oysters - Triploid Sydney rock oyster farming - NSW DPI - Fisheries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Triploid oysters have 3 sets of chromosomes as compared to ‘normal’ diploid oysters, which have 2 sets of chromosomes.
		Triploid oysters are functionally sterile and don't spawn allowing them to keep their condition for longer than normal (diploid) oysters.
		Triploid Sydney rock oysters reach market size (40 – 60 g) 6 months earlier than the usual 3½ years for diploids, hold their meat condition longer in autumn and winter and death from winter mortality is reduced by more than half.
	www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au /aquaculture/oysters/oysters_-_triploid_sydney_rock_oyster_farming (389 words)

	Development of the Triploid Grass Carp
		Triploid fish, how ever, have three sets of chromosomes and are incapable of normal sexual reproduction and the production of viable offspring.
		The use of triploid grass carp would severely limit the likelihood and magnitude of any negative im pacts, but still allow benefits of its use, that is, long-term, low-cost plant control and the production of harvestable fish (Sutton 1965, Sutton and Vandiver 1986).
		Later, triploid grass carp were produced in-transpecifically, by physically shock ing fertilized eggs with heat, cold, or hydrostatic pressure; this stimu lated the retention of a set of chro mosomes that would normally be expelled during cell division (Clugston and Shireman 1987, Cassani and Caton 1986, and Allen and Wattendorf 1967).
	el.erdc.usace.army.mil /aqua/apis/carp/html/developm.html (541 words)

	Polyploidy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polyploid types are termed corresponding to the number of chromosome sets in the nucleus: triploid (three sets; 3n), tetraploid (four sets; 4n), pentaploid (five sets; 5n), hexaploid (six sets; 6n) and so on.
		Thus, the vast majority of triploid conceptions are spontaneously aborted, and those that survive to term typically die shortly after birth.
		Apples, tulips and lilies for example are commonly found as both diploid and triploid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polyploidy (1248 words)

	BGN 7: A mutant of barley: Triploid inducer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The triploids must arise from a fertilized cell, since the plants from the thin seeds are hybrids, as revealed by crosses with pollen parents carrying dominant markers (BGS 0019 cv Nepal; AHOR 2607 cv.
		This explanation is supported by the fact that triploids are born from a hybrid cell, and have a poor endosperm, which could be diploid.
		The induction of a variable percentage of triploids and aneuploids was attributed to BSMV infection (Sandfaer 1973, 1975).
	wheat.pw.usda.gov /ggpages/bgn/7/7p4.html (526 words)

	Seedless Watermelon
		Triploid plants have three sets of chromosomes, and three sets cannot be divided evenly when they go into two daughter cells during meiosis (the cell division process that produces the gametes).
		The resulting hybrids are tested in yield trials with two rows of triploid plots alternating with one row of diploid plots to assure adequate pollen for fruit set in the triploid hybrids.
		Triploids are not inherently superior to diploids, so triploid hybrids can be better or worse than their diploid parental lines.
	cuke.hort.ncsu.edu /cucurbit/wmelon/seedless.html (1685 words)

	Triploid Grass Carp as a Biological Control of Aquatic Vegetation
		Triploid and diploid grass carp are morphologically identical and, reproduction notwithstanding, are assumed ecologically similar.
		Later, triploid grass carp were produced in-transpecifically, by physically shocking fertilized eggs with heat, cold, or hydrostatic pressure; this stimulated the retention of a set of chromosomes that would normally be expelled during cell division (Clugston and Shireman 1987, Cassani and Caton 1986, and Allen and Wattendorf 1967).
		Although the triploid is a very close energetic match to the diploid in assimilation efficiency and metabolic rate, it exhibits a 10 percent lower rate of ingestion which is manifested as a 16 percent decrease in growth (Wiley and Wike 1986, Wiley and Garden 1984).
	www.wvu.edu /~agexten/aquaculture/triploid.htm (3043 words)

	Chesapeake Bay Journal: VIMS scientist urges expanded testing of âtriploidâ oysters - November 2003
		This fall, 800,000 âtriploidâ oystersâ”bred to have three sets of chromosomes instead of two, thereby rendering them sterileâ”were placed in the Bay as part of a tightly controlled experiment to see whether they can be profitably grown.
		But placing triploids on the ground, where some might not be recovered, would increase the risk of an accidental introduction over containerized aquaculture where all oysters can be removed from the water, Allen acknowledged.
		Triploids, after all, would be placed in the water with the intention of removing them all.
	www.bayjournal.com /article.cfm?article=769 (1613 words)

	dfgcode
		Triploid grass carp stocking permits may be issued to a person, organization, or agency, to control or eradicate nuisance submerged aquatic plants, only within those waters under their control.
		All waters proposed for triploid grass carp stocking shall be subject to inspection by the department, to verify stocking is consistent with the provisions and limitations of this section, and to determine the number of triploid grass carp to stock.
		Stocking of additional triploid grass carp may be necessary to offset mortalities due to low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, and predation by larger fish and birds.
	www.californiagcsa.org /dfgcode.html (3628 words)

	Triploid Grass Carp in New York Ponds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Triploid grass carp are created through shocking grass carp eggs immediately after fertilization with either hot or cold water.
		Due to various factors that impact triploid grass carp feeding, it is impossible to precisely predict the exact number of fish to stock to achieve the 20-30% plant coverage target.
		Triploid grass carp may only be purchased from approved suppliers possessing a valid permit to import and sell triploid grass carp in New York State.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dfwmr/fish/triploidcarp.html (1323 words)

	Committee on Resources-Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Reproductive potential of triploid Crassostrea gigas has been studied extensively for a number of reasons, ranging from documentation of their sterility for commercial purposes (Allen and Downing, 1990) to estimation of their reproductive capacity for population control (Guo and Allen, 1994a).
		This is because the state of the art for making triploids involved an induction procedure in which the newly fertilized egg is poisoned with an antibiotic, usually cytochalasin B (CB), to cause the failure of cytokinesis during the elimination of the second polar body (PB2) (Allen et al., 1989).
		New year classes of triploids could be “recruited” to the reef by subsequent hatchery spawns and deployment, all the while obviating colonization, or at least decreasing its risk to diminutive levels for the sake of gaining the information.
	resourcescommittee.house.gov /archives/108/testimony/standishallen.htm (3275 words)

	Bishop Aquatic Technologies, Inc.,Triploid Oysters
		Another undesirable trait of chemical or induced triploids is early mortality caused by the triploid treatment, which often results in losses of up to 50-70% of the larvae in the first four days of life.
		Triploids from tetraploids, of course, do not occur in nature but they are derived naturally, without any induction (chemical, heat or pressure).
		With the advent of 100% 4Cs Natural Triploids from tetraploids, it is reasonable to consider using Natural Triploids as a means to prevent reproduction in a non-native population of oysters.
	www.fukuina.com /articles/mar_apr01.htm (1441 words)

	TRIPLOIDS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT: THE RISK OF HETEROPLOID MOSAICS
		Using the triploid progeny groups created by induction and mating allows us to discriminate between reversion that occurs as a result of the effects of CB treatment versus reversion that is a consequence of triploidy per se.
		Another expectation of this hypothesis is that the frequency of mosaics is randomly distributed with respect to different triploid populations, that is, the occurrence of mosaics is a stochastic event and has no relationship to, for example, environmental variables or age of the oyster.
		We have observed mosaic constitutions in diploid and triploid gonads, and this condition is normal in and in accordance to meiotic events in the gonad (pre-meiotic doubling followed by two maturation divisions in the male; only pre-meiotic doublings in the female).
	www.nbiap.vt.edu /brarg/brasym96/allen96.htm (6217 words)

	HortResearch Publication - Developing New Seedless Citrus Triploid Cultivars
		Triploid citrus cultivars contain three sets of chromosomes and have great commercial potential because of their high degree of seedlessness.
		It is possible, however, to produce triploid citrus plants either by regeneration in tissue culture of triploid plantlets derived from triploid endosperm tissue, or by backcrossing a tetraploid (4n) with a diploid (2n) to generate triploid offspring (Figure 2).
		It is a triploid tissue which results from the fusion of a sperm nucleus from the pollen grain with two nuclei positioned within the embryo sac (Frost and Soost, 1968).
	www.hortnet.co.nz /publications/science/m/mooney/seedless.htm (1545 words)

	Triploid Trout Nuclei Determine DNA Content
		Triploid nuclei are isolated from fresh rainbow (3N) trout blood and fixed in ethanol-PBS.
		Triploid Nuclei are stable at 2 - 8 degrees C until the expiration date denoted on each vial label.
		Gently mix the Triploid Nuclei stock for 5 - 10 seconds to suspend the nuclei, and add one or two drops to a test tube (13 X 75 mm).
	www.biosure.com /rpages/triploidB.html (353 words)

	Triploid grass carp: are they a safe biological control agent for nuisance aquatic vegetation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Triploid, sterile grass carp were first produced in the 1980s, and most states now prohibit the use of fertile fish.
		Triploid, sterile grass carp were first produced in the 1980s by treating fertilized eggs with heat, cold or hydrostatic pressure, which resulted in "...retention of a set of chromosomes that that would normally be expelled during cell division" (Sanders et al.
		Triploid carp should only be introduced into contained, isolated water bodies where their escape is impossible; fish barriers should be adequate and rigorously maintained.
	tncweeds.ucdavis.edu /moredocs/cteide02.html (1432 words)

	Triploid White Amur For Ohio, HYG-7001-88
		Pond owners throughout Ohio are now eligible to purchase triploid white amur fish for their inland water impoundments(effective 9-15-87) according to the newly revised Ohio Codes: Sections 1533.31 and 1501:31-19-01.
		The triploid white amur is genetically altered and is sterile.
		It is illegal to stock the triploid or diploid white amur in non-impounded waters (streams) or in impounded waters where the fish would have access to streams or public waters.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/7000/7001.html (932 words)

	The White Amur - Triploid Grass Carp - An Aquatic Plant Management Method
		A heavy stocking rate of triploid grass carp in Chambers Lake, Thurston County resulted in the loss of most submersed species, whereas the fragrant water lilies, bog bean, and spatterdock remained at pre-stocking levels.
		Sterile fish, called triploids because they have an extra chromosome, are created when the fish eggs are subjected to a temperature or pressure shock.
		Triploid fish have slightly larger blood cells and can be differentiated from diploid (fertile) fish by this characteristic.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/wq/plants/management/aqua024.html (1573 words)

	Congressional testimony – “Non-native Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Triploid aquaculture is enabled by the development of tetraploid oysters (Guo and Allen 1994b).
		Our analysis of reproductive potential of triploid Pacific oyster revealed that although gametes from triploids were fully capable of fertilization, aneuploid progeny resulted (Guo and Allen, 1994a).
		The surprising result was that the frequency of mosaics in several triploid populations increased over time, suggesting that some triploids have a tendency to lose chromosome sets.
	resourcescommittee.house.gov /108cong/fish/2003oct14/allen.htm (3328 words)

	Triploid Grass Carp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		You must first contact the district fisheries biologist responsible for the county where the pond is located.
		If you decide to stock triploid grass carp, you must obtain them from one of the vendors on the WVDNR approved vendors list.
		When you have made arrangements to purchase certified triploid grass carp from an approved vendor, you must then fill out an application to import triploid grass carp.
	www.wvdnr.gov /fishing/TriploidCarp.shtm (166 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Abnormal X : autosome ratio, but normal X chromosome inactivation in human triploid ...
		In triploids, which occur in approximately 1% of human conceptions [4], this ratio of one active X (Xa) per diploid autosomal set cannot be achieved.
		The majority of human triploids are diandric in origin and usually result in spontaneous abortions, whereas the majority of late surviving triploids, of which there are few, appear to be largely of digynic origin [4].
		Methylation patterns from a culture of GM04376 XXX triploid fibroblasts that has a preponderance of cells with one Xi; the methylation patterns we observed are consistent with this deficit in Xi's relative to Xa's.
	www.biomedcentral.com /fulltext/pubmed/16817970 (4901 words)

	4Cs Breeding Technologies, Inc.
		The resulting triploid oysters, if they survive the treatment, grow faster and larger than diploids, primarily because triploid oysters are reproductively sterile.
		Sterile triploid oysters are marketable year around, even in the warm months when diploid oysters become "spawny".
		To induce triploidy, millions of newly fertilized eggs are treated to inhibit the formation of the 2nd polar body, trapping the genetic material in the eggs.
	www.4cshellfish.com /4CsTriploids2.html (214 words)

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