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Topic: Trochlear nerve

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	eMedicine - Trochlear Nerve Palsy : Article by Zafar A Sheik, MD
		Trochlear nerve palsy is mentioned in ophthalmology texts dating to the mid nineteenth century.
		Trochlear nerve palsy was less common than abducens or oculomotor palsies.
		Whether congenital fourth nerve palsy is secondary to dysgenesis of fourth nerve nucleus or abnormalities of peripheral nerve is unclear.
	www.emedicine.com /OPH/topic697.htm (3583 words)

	Nerve - LoveToKnow 1911
		The optic nerve passes through the optic foramen in the skull into the orbit, where it is penetrated by the central artery of the retina, and eventually pierces the scelerotic just internal to the posterior pole of the eyeball.
		Between the two ganglia the accessory part of the eleventh nerve joins the tenth, and it is from this communication that the motor twigs to the pharynx, larynx, alimentary and respiratory tracts are derived, as well as the inhibitory fibres of the heart.
		The anterior tibial nerve is chiefly muscular, innervating the muscles in front of the tibia and fibula as well as the extensor brevis digitorum pedis on the dorsum of the foot, though it gives one small cutaneous branch to the cleft between the first and second toes.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NE/NERVE.htm (5117 words)

	CHAPTER 45: THE ORBIT
		The nasociliary nerve is the sensory nerve to the eyeball and is accompanied by the ophthalmic artery.
		The optic nerve is surrounded by its dural sheath (and by the subarachnoid space, as shown in figure 46-4).
		The nerves to the extraocular muscles are shown in green, the sensory nerves in yellow, and the ciliary ganglion in mauve.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_45.html (4888 words)

	Cranial Nerve I - Olfactory Nerve
		771) or nerves of smell are distributed to the mucous membrane of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
		The crossed fibers of the optic nerve tend to occupy the medial side of the nerve and the uncrossed fibers the lateral side.
		777– Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion.
	www.angelfire.com /me4/bashar/Docs/CranialNerves.html (2418 words)

	BNI Quarterly Comments
		In contrast, the oculomotor and trochlear nerves as well as the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve pass between the superficial and deep layers of the lateral cavernous sinus wall.
		This triangle is bounded by the greater superficial petrosal nerve medially, the posterior aspect of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve anteriorly, and by a line between the foramen spinosum and the arcuate eminence of the petrous bone posteriorly.
		The landmarks for this area in the middle fossa are the posterior border of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve anteriorly, the arcuate eminence posteriorly, the greater superficial petrosal nerve laterally, and the petrous ridge with the superior petrosal sinus medially.
	www.emergemd.com /bniq/article.asp?article_ref_id=12-2-1 (4601 words)

	Cranial nerve injury
		Injury of the optic nerve usually occurs in the optic canal where the nerve is held by the bone.
		The trochlear nerve (2 on the diagram) pierces the dura to enter the cavernous sinus.
		Sudden caudal displacement of the brainstem causes avulsion of the nerve.
	www.med.mun.ca /anatomyts/head/cn.htm (1400 words)

	Lacrimal nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion.
		The lacrimal nerve is the smallest of the three branches of the ophthalmic.
		It sometimes receives a filament from the trochlear nerve, but this is possibly derived from the branch which goes from the ophthalmic to the trochlear nerve.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lacrimal_nerve (507 words)

	Trochlear Nerve
		The trochlear nerve is purely a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally.
		The cell bodies that originate the fourth cranial nerve are located in ventral part of the brainstem in the trochlear nucleus.
		The trochlear nerve fibers curve forward and enter the dura mater at the angle between the free and attached border of the tentorium cerebelli.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn4.htm (156 words)

	Motor Axon Guidance of the Mammalian Trochlear and Phrenic Nerves: Dependence on the Netrin Receptor Unc5c and Modifier ...
		The decussation of the nerve is clearly seen in dorsal views (B), and the anatomy is schematized in a coronal cross section (D), where the trochlear nerve is in red, the trochlear nucleus (IV) is in blue, and the aqueduct is noted.
		Interestingly, the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve is diminished or absent bilaterally in the Neo1
		of the trochlear and phrenic nerve is unclear.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/26/21/5756 (7126 words)

	The Cranial Nerves
		Cranial nerves can be thought of as modified spinal nerves, since the “general” functional fiber types found in spinal nerves also are found in cranial nerves but are supplemented by “special” afferent or efferent fibers.
		The oculomotor nerve exits the ventral midbrain, pierces the dura, courses through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, and exits the cranial cavity via the superior orbital fissure.
		After exiting at the dorsal side of the midbrain, the trochlear nerve loops around the midbrain, pierces the dura, and passes through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.
	www.becomehealthynow.com /article/bodynervousadvanced/812/2 (674 words)

	Ophthalmic Hyperguide. Neuro-ophthalmology: Isolated Fourth Nerve Palsy
		The fourth nerve nucleus resides in the dorsal midbrain.
		Fourth nerve palsy, homonymous hemianopia, and hemisensory deficit caused by a proximal posterior cerebral artery aneurysm.
		Paralysis of cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6.
	ophthalmic.hyperguides.com /tutorials/neuro/fourth_nerve/tutorial.asp (1423 words)

	Trochlear nerve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle of the contralateral eye, which is responsible for lateral and downward eye movements.
		The trochlear nucleus is located dorsal to the MLF and ventral to the
		The trochlear nerve is visible externally on the dorsal side of the brainstem at the level of the pons.
	homepages.nyu.edu /~obernt01/sciencepage/neuroanat/trochlearnerve.html (108 words)

	Trochlear nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The trochlear nerve (the fourth cranial nerve, also called the fourth nerve or simply IV) is a motor nerve (a “somatic efferent” nerve) that innervates a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye.
		The unique features of the trochlear nerve, including its dorsal exit from the brainstem and its contralateral innervation, are seen in the primitive brains of sharks.
		The nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the caudal mesencephalon beneath the cerebral aqueduct.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trochlear_nerve (1895 words)

	Fourth Nerve (Trochlear) Palsy
		The fourth cranial nerve is the only cranial nerve which arises from the opposite side of the brain.
		The function of the fourth nerve is to turn the eye down and in towards the nose as well as intorts the eye.
		The fourth nerve passes between the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar artery with the third nerve.
	telemedicine.orbis.org /bins/volume_page.asp?cid=1-13-161-1007 (668 words)

	ICP monitors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The nerves exit at dorsal junction of mesencephalon and pons lateral to anterior medullary velum.
		Clinging to the undersurface of the free edge of the tentorium, it is directed to the roof of the cavernous sinus.
		Running forwards in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus below the IIIrd nerve, it is then crossed medially by the IIIrd and becomes the uppermost nerve in the anterior end of the sinus.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/02.2-Anatomy-CranialNerves/CN04-trochlear.html (310 words)

	Nerve, trochlear definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms
		Nerve, trochlear: The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle of the eye, one of the extraocular muscles, the muscles that move the eye.
		Paralysis of the trochlear nerve results in rotation of the eyeball upward and outward (and, therefore, double vision).
		The trochlear nerve is the fourth cranial nerve.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7604 (174 words)

	IX. Neurology. 5d. The Trochlear Nerve (N. Trochlearis; Fourth Nerve). Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		It crosses the oculomotor nerve, and enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure.
		In the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus the trochlear nerve forms communications with the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal and with the cavernous plexus
		It gives off a recurrent branch which passes backward between the layers of the tentorium cerebelli and divides into two or three filaments which may be traced as far as the wall of the transverse sinus.
	www.bartleby.com /107/199.html (276 words)

	Yale- Cranial Nerve 4, pg. 1
		The trochlear nerve has only a somatic motor component:
		The superior oblique muscle is one of the six extraocular muscles responsible for the precise movement of the eye for visual tracking or fixation on an object.
		See the occulomotor nerve (CN III) chapter for a discussion of eye movements and the interaction between the three nuclei and nerves that innervate the extraocular muscles.
	info.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn4/cn4_1.html (74 words)

	Cranial Nerves
		The olfactory nerve is composed of axons from the olfactory receptors in the nasal sensory epithelium.
		The optic nerve is composed of axons of the ganglion cells in the eye.
		This cranial nerve originates at the trochlear nucleus located in the tegmentum of the midbrain at the inferior colliculus level and exits the posterior side of the brainstem.
	www.pitt.edu /~anat/Neuro/CranialNerves/CN.htm (962 words)

	Definitions
		nerves, that serve to conduct sensory stimuli from the olfactory organ to the
		Tingling is an indication of damage or irritation to the nerves in that area.
		by the nerve, because impulses to the area are blocked.
	www.dickibus.co.uk /teamwork/definitions.htm (1784 words)

	Arch Ophthalmol -- Abstract: Delayed trochlear nerve palsy in a case of zoster oticus, May 1975, Keane 93 (5): 382
		Delayed trochlear nerve palsy in a case of zoster oticus
		nerve palsy followed by transient intermittent sixth nerve weakness.
		Trochlear nerve lesions occur rarely with zoster, particularly in the
	archopht.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/abstract/93/5/382 (78 words)

	UpToDate Fourth cranial nerve palsy in children
		Dysfunction of the fourth cranial nerve (trochlear nerve) can result from lesions anywhere along its path between the fourth nerve nucleus in the midbrain and the superior oblique muscle within the orbit.
		The nerve passes between the superior cerebellar artery and the posterior cerebral artery and runs in the subarachnoid space.
		The long course of the fourth cranial nerve renders it particularly prone to injury from blunt head trauma or compression from changes in intracranial pressure, brain tumors, or swelling anywhere along its course.
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=ped_opth/7167 (537 words)

	Comparative Ophthalmology Notes: Chapter 14 - Neuro-ophthalmology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Because the iris also is innervated by the oculomotor nerve, pupillary abnormalities also may occur.
		Although hemifacial spasm may be confused with facial paralysis, the lesions occur on opposite sides of the face and the nasal deviation is the only common sign (and this is towards the normal side in facial paralysis).
		Alcohol block of the auriculopalpebral branch of the facial nerve may control the eyelid spasm; if entropion occurs, corrective surgery may be necessary.
	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu /courses/vet_eyes/conotes/con_chapter_14.html (1036 words)

	The Orbit and Ear
		The rest of the orbital cavity is filled with orbital fat, muscles of the eyeball, the eyeball, the lacrimal gland, ophthalmic artery and its branches, and the ophthalmic vein and its tributaries.
		The infraorbital nerve is a branch of the maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve.
		Consider that the lower division of the oculomotor nerve (III) carries parasympathetic nerve fibers to the ciliary ganglion where they synapse on second neurons that travel as the short ciliary nerves to constrictor muscles of the pupil.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wnor/lesson3.htm (1172 words)

	Primary Position and Listing's Law in Acquired and Congenital Trochlear Nerve Palsy -- Straumann et al. 44 (10): 4282 ...
		Normal, healthy subjects; palsy, patients with acquired or congenital trochlear nerve palsy; acquired, patients with acquired trochlear nerve palsy; congenital, patients with congenital trochlear nerve palsy.
		palsy, and patients with congenital trochlear nerve palsy.
		trochlear nerve palsy, the horizontal displacement of the primary
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/44/10/4282 (7311 words)

	Lecture 10: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Trochlear nerve comes from behind the dorsum of the brainstem and goes down to enter the superior orbital fissure.
		Spinal nerve divides into dorsal and ventral primary rami, both supply muscle and become cutaneous.
		nerve of the pterygoid canal, which supplies the mucus secretions of the mucosa, salivary glands in the mouth, and secretory glands in the nose and palate.
	www.georgetown.edu /users/rgk8/neuronr10.htm (2524 words)

	Isolated trochlear nerve palsy in patients with multiple sclerosis -- Jacobson et al. 53 (4): 877 -- Neurology
		Isolated trochlear nerve palsy in patients with multiple sclerosis -- Jacobson et al.
		Isolated trochlear nerve palsy in patients with multiple sclerosis
		trochlear nerve palsy was the initial clinical manifestation
	www.neurology.org /cgi/content/abstract/53/4/877 (201 words)

	Maharishi Organic Honey @ Maharishi Ayurveda Products, benefits of honey, honey nutrition
		• optic nerve and the sense of sight
		• vagus nerve, speech, lungs and the digestive tract
		• hypoglossal nerve, sense of taste, movement of the tongue and speech
	www.mapi.com /en/1-800-255-8332/organic-maharishi-honey.html (706 words)

	WorkCompCentral.com
		Cranial Nerve - Spinal Accessory affecting shoulder motion
		Cranial Nerve - Spinal Accessory affecting swalling and speech
		Peripheral Nerve System - Lower Extremity - Sensory
	workcompcentral.com /wcc/pd_rating.htm? (418 words)

	Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Palsies of Cranial Nerves That Control Eye Movement
		Diagnosis of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders
	www.merck.com /mmhe/au/sec06.html (26 words)

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