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Topic: Trochophore

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	..::treeBASE::.. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Trochophore is used in a strict sense for larvae having an opposed-band method of feeding, involving a prototroch and metatroch.
		The trochophore is re-defined as a larval form minimally with a prototroch.
		The presence of a prototroch (and hence trochophore larvae) is used to identify an apomorphy-based taxon, Trochozoa, that includes the first ancestor to have evolved a prototroch and all its descendants.
	www.phylo.org /treebase/view/view_study.php?studyID=S361 (299 words)

	Trochophore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A trochophore (or trocophore) is a type of larva with several bands of cilia.
		They are found in certain mollusks, annelids, and a few other phyla.
		Together, these make up part of the Lophotrochozoa; it appears trochophore larvae were present in the life cycle of the group's common ancestor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trochophore (75 words)

	Explanation of intolerance, recoverability and sensitivity assessments for larvae/juveniles Helcion pellucidum ...
		The trochophore and veliger larvae are pelagic and unlikely to be affected by substratum loss themselves but would be lost from the population if no suitable substratum, i.e.
		The trochophore and veliger larvae are pelagic and unlikely to be affected by smothering.
		The trochophore and veliger larvae are pelagic and increased sediment loading may interfere with feeding.
	www.marlin.ac.uk /species/larval_senexp_Helcionpellucidum.htm (423 words)

	University of Saskatchewan Archives - Marine Invertebrate Biology: Tutorial
		Trochophores are named for the wheel-like appearance of the main ciliary band (the prototroch), which girdles the body around its middle.
		It has the basic topology of a trochophore, but with an expanded ventral foot region with an operculum, a shell secreted to enclose the visceral mass, and an expanded pair of velar lobes with a food groove running along its edge.
		The expanded velar lobes greatly lengthen the surface available for food collection, but the arrangement is otherwise essentially the same as in trochophores with a metatroch, and the molluscan velum is presumably derived from this.
	scaa.usask.ca /gallery/lacalli/tutorial/spiralians.php (653 words)

	Advanced Aquarist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The general characteristics of the trochophore larvae are illustrated in this diagram.
		The trochophore is the first larval stage of chitons, scaphopods, gastropods, and bivalves.
		The trochophore develops directly into the juvenile stage of chitons and scaphopods, but gastropods and bivalves develop through a veliger stage before metamorphosis into the juvenile.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /spanish/sept2003/breeder4.htm (51 words)

	SICB Division of Invertebrate Zoology (DIZ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		All trochozoan phyla, except nemerteans, have been shown to possess a trochophore larva characterized by the prototroch, a pre-oral belt of specialized ciliated cells derived from the specific founder cells called the trochoblasts.
		In collaboration with Mark Martindale (University of Hawaii) and Jon Norenburg (Smithsonian Institution) we used intracellular labeling markers, cLSM and SEM to demonstrate that uniformly ciliated larva of a palaeonemertean Carinoma tremaphoros possesses a hidden prototroch which is derived from the same cell lineage as prototrochs of other Trochozoans.
		Additionally, the inferred ancestral presence of a trochophore in nemerteans fills the gap in the distribution of trochophore larvae among the Trochozoa and allows a meaningful comparison between larval development of nemerteans and other trochozoans.
	www.sicb.org /divisions/DIZ/singleresearcher.php3?resid=59 (321 words)

	Lophotrochozoa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the first four phyla there are groups that produce trochophore larvae, which have two bands of cilia around their middle.
		Previously these were treated together as the Trochozoa, together with the arthropods, which do not produce trochophore larvae but were considered close relatives of the annelids because they are both segmented.
		However, they show a number of important differences, and the arthropods are now placed separately among the Ecdysozoa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lophotrochozoa (252 words)

	Trochophores & Understanding the new PhyloCode
		Some consider the trochophore larva to be a feeding larva with a particular anatomy that represents the ancestral larval form for several metazoan phyla such as annelids and molluscs (=protostomes).
		However, the term “trochophore” is often more broadly applied to larvae that do not feed.
		The first part of this talk will be an analysis of whether the trochophore (in a strict sense) is a primitive form for protostomes as a whole, or for smaller groups such as polychaetes.
	www.mbari.org /seminars/2003/summer2003/august4_rouse.html (448 words)

	Breeder's Net
		Fig 6 -Brine shrimp, rotifer, and oyster trochophore larvae.
		Cultured oysters produce a trochophore that at 50 mM is about one fourth the size of a rotifer and one tenth the size of brine shrimp nauplii.
		Also the nutritional profile of the trochophore larvae can be influenced by the food fed to the adults as well as the algae fed to the early trochophore.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/sept2003/breeder.htm (3275 words)

	Zoologie Uni Giessen
		In the trochophore larva the mesodermal germ band therefore appear as a Y-shaped configuration.
		The trochophore larva hatches from the egg jelly approximately 20-24h p.f., but never hatches from the vitelline envelope which has been transformed into the larval cuticle.
		Free-swimming trochophores show a positive phototactic reaction which can easily be used to collect them from bowls of sea water in the laboratory.
	www.uni-giessen.de /~gf1307/development.htm (3214 words)

	Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa
		The larva has two bands of cilia around the middle that are used for swimming and for gathering food, and at the "top" is a cluster of longer flagellae.
		Until very recently, the Arthropoda (insects & crustaceans) were considered possible close relatives of the Annelida, based on the fact that both groups are segmented, but no arthropod has a trochophore larva and no molecular studies support a close relationship.
		We have placed the Lophophorata in the Lophotrochozoa as the most popular of the current choices in the literature, but there are studies that suggest they may belong with the deuterostomes, or may even be paraphyletic.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /phyla/lophotrochozoa.html (725 words)

	IAP Trocho Feed FAQ
		Because TrochoFeed is frozen at the peak of their food value, prior to shell formation, each trochophore is also low in ash.
		Answer: No, trochophores are totally self contained and do not require food at this early stage of their development.
		Water temperature will affect the growth and development of trochophore larvae - they cannot develop and metamorphose at temperatures below 10 degrees C. If there is concern, and your water temperature is above 10ºC, simply do not discharge into the ocean; or filter all effluent water through a 20µ filter bag.
	www.innovativeaqua.com /Products/TrochoFeedQA.htm (670 words)

	trochophore -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Trochophores are spherical or pear-shaped and are girdled by a ring of cilia (minute hairlike structures), the prototroch, that enables them to swim.
		The veliger develops from trochophore (q.v.) larva and has large, ciliated lobes (velum) that form from the ciliary ring (prototroch) characteristic of the trochophore stage.
		Their development, like that of spoonworms (echiurids), resembles that of annelids in that spiral cleavage and a trochophore larva occur.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9073461?tocId=9073461 (408 words)

	Trochoblast Differentiation
		After the seventh cleavage, the secondary trochoblast cells, which are derived from two other cell lineages, also leave the cell cycle and begin to form cilia (Damen et al., 1994).
		The molluscs and the annelids are thought to be "sister-phyla," derived from a common ancestor.
		The cleavage patterns of their respective embryos are similar, and the same cell lineages have the same fates in their respective trochophore larvae.
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /cyto2.html (1366 words)

	Explanations.html
		Though entoprocts are morphologically similar to bryoans, development is strongly protostome (whereas the lophophore phyla display deuterstomic charartistics) and some species develop into protostome-like trochophore larvae.
		Trochophore lava have two bands of cilia around the middle; at the "top" is a cluster of longer flagellae.
		However, the is controversy on the trochophore definition (Rouse, G.
	science.kennesaw.edu /~jdirnber/InvertZoo/Tree/Explanations.html (2206 words)

	BG - Adult Barnacle
		The larva that develops is called a 'trochophore' larva: it swims around propelled by circular bands of cilia.
		Types of trochophore larvae are found in the life history of several phyla of animals including annelids, molluscs, and sipunculids, sugggesting these groups may share common ancestors.
		Eventually, the chiton trochophore develops a kind of segmentation revealing the 8 portions of the body that will each secrete one of the bony plates.
	ebiomedia.com /gall/larvae/larva4A.html (326 words)

	Coffin, H. G. --- The Spirorbis Problem
		The larva of this worm, called a trochophore, looks like a miniature pear-shaped speck with bands of cilia around it.
		Several other kinds of sea animals also have trochophore larvae, but no fresh-water animal has ever been known to produce larvae of this kind.
		Because it lives only in the ocean today, its trochophore larva is characteristic only of ocean-living animals, and it is found in the fossil record attached to marine animals, we can conclude that Spirorbis is and always has been a sea-dwelling creature.
	www.grisda.org /origins/02051.htm (697 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Sperm and eggs are released and fertilization occurs in the water column.
		Fertilized eggs develop rapidly into a microscopic swimming trochophore.
		At this stage the larvae have a thin shell and feed primarily on tiny algae.
	aquanic.org /images/slides/oysters_files/v3_slide0003_notes_pane.htm (112 words)

	Fertilization and Trochophore Stage
		Exposure to ripe eggs and sperm in the water may also trigger the release of gametes by other zebra mus
		The trochophore stage is relatively brief and rarely seen outside of laboratory cultures.
		Nourishment is supplied by the yolk from the egg in this shell-less, non-filter-feeding larval sta
	el.erdc.usace.army.mil /zebra/zmis/zmishelp4/fertilization_and_trochophore_stage.htm (142 words)

	IBSS NASU. Black Sea. Annelides. Polychaeta. Vigtorniella zaikai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The smaller sphaerical trochophore larvae are 220 micron in diameter, and the bigger 5-segmented nectochaete is 770 micron in length.
		The larvae are able to stay for a long time in cyclonic gyres using their yolk reserves and the limited uptake of detritus.
		High percentage of early developmental stages (trochophores and metatrochophores) in near-coastal waters over continental slope permits us to presume that adult specimens, which habitat is still undetermined, live on the bottom in aerobic zone close to hydrogen sulfide zone.
	www.ibss.iuf.net /blacksea/species/freelife/annelida/polych/zaikai.html (566 words)

	Embryogenesis and Development of Epimenia babai (Mollusca Neomeniomorpha) -- Okusu 203 (1): 87 -- The Biological ...
		neomenioid larvae is an enlarged pre-oral sphere of a trochophore.
		aplacophorans (Nielsen, 2001) have trochophore larvae with a
		Rouse, G. Trochophore concepts: ciliary bands and the evolution of larvae in spiralian Metazoa.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/203/1/87 (5335 words)

	Veliger Stages
		The trochophore metamorphoses into a veliger with the development of the velum - a ciliated feeding and swimming organelle.
		Although the term “veliger” is often used popularly to refer to all planktonic (i.e., floating in water column) stages in the life cycle, strictly speaking this term does not include the trochophore stage, but rather refers only to the stages that possess a velum, i.e., the straight-hinged stage (
		The pediveliger is considered by some to be the final larval form, with the plantigrade as a stage between larval and juvenile stages (Ackerman et al.
	el.erdc.usace.army.mil /zebra/zmis/zmishelp4/veliger_stages.htm (413 words)

	trochophore -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Below the prototroch are the mouth, stomach, anus, and other structures including the solenocyte, the function of which seems to be to maintain proper internal salt-water balance, and, in some species, additional ciliary rings.
		In some mollusks, the trochophore enters a second stage, the veliger (q.v.
		Rotifers and the larvae (sometimes considered trochophores) of such invertebrates as phoronids and bryozoans are trochophore-like in appearance.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9073461 (140 words)

	Mollusks1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The larval stage of the mollusk is called the trochophore.
		In the free-swimming larvae, the cilia propel the mollusk through the water and bring food in their mouth.
		Because of this similarity, mollusks and annelids are thought to be related.
	www.mschmidtssciencepage.homestead.com /Mollusks1.html (202 words)

	Journal of Systematic Biology--Volume 8, Issue 1
		Some of the characters that are shared among the polychaete annelids and the gastropod mollusks are cephalization, trochophore larval development, external fertilization and dioecious sexual reproduction (Holt, 2000; Wilbur and Yonge, 1964).
		The tree shows that trochophore larvae is a shared character of the Polychaetes, the left most clade, and the mollusks, the middle clade.
		The similarity of trochophore larvae is an important piece of evidence that suggests an evolutionary relationship between Polychaetes and mollusks (Aguinaldo and Lake, 1998; Holt, 2000; Raven and Johnson, 1996; Lytle and Wodsedalek, 1998; Margulis and Schwartz, 1998).
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/202/Journal/Vol8/number1/1dragonflies.htm (1980 words)

	Chapter 27 Textbook
		Trochophore larvae swim in open water and feed on tiny floating plants.
		Trochophore larvae are also seen in segmented worms, which belong to the phylum Annelida.
		Biologists believe that this indicates that mollusks and annelids evolved from a common ancestor that existed during the Precambrian Period (more than 580 million years ago) and had a trochophore larva.
	ohs-bio.www1.50megs.com /ch27/Ch_27_Textbook.htm (5256 words)

	Evo-Devo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Its expression is high early in development, decreases at the 32 cell stage and is again high in the trochophore larva.
		In the 12 hr trochophore larva the mRNA is present in the whole embryo except for the trochoblasts.
		Later in development (>24hrs old) the expression is high in the foot anlage, the supporting cells of the prototroch, and the head anlage.
	www.bio.uu.nl /~embryo/Research/EvoDevo.htm (1165 words)

	SpruceRoots Magazine
		The first stage is a very small larvae called a Trochophore, which does not need to eat because it is equipped with its own yolk sac for energy.
		The trochophore larva moves upwards in the water column, attracted to light, thus increasing its travel opportunities on ocean currents this is really the abalone's only chance to visit wider parts of the neighbourhood.
		In a couple more days, a larval shell starts to form and the trochopore transforms into the second stage of larval life as a Veliger that is no longer attracted to the light.
	www.spruceroots.org /Feb.2001/AbSex.html (871 words)

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