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Topic: Trochozoa

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Lophotrochozoa

Lophophorata

Choanoflagellate

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Vertebrate

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	Animal - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Traditionally the Arthropoda - the largest animal phylum including insects, spiders, crabs, and kin - and two small phyla closely related to it, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, have been considered close relatives of the Annelida on account of their common segmented body plan (the Articulata hypothesis).
		The Rotifera and Acanthocephala are closely related to each other and probably belong near the Trochozoa.
		They are most likely related to the Trochozoa, however, and the two are often grouped as the Lophotrochozoa.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Animal (1953 words)

	Lophotrochozoa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Previously these were treated together as the Trochozoa, together with the arthropods, which do not produce trochophore larvae but were considered close relatives of the annelids because they are both segmented.
		However, it appears that neither the lophophorates nor the Trochozoa are monophyletic groups by themselves, but are mixed together.
		The flatworms and their allies form a clade, called the Platyzoa, which is closely related to the Lophotrochozoa and sometimes included within it.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trochozoa (252 words)

	Trochozoa
		The Trochozoa are a collection of several phyla of animals, including most notably the mollusks and annelids, as well as the smaller phyla Nemertea and Sipuncula.
		Originally, the arthropods were also considered to belong here as close relatives of the annelids, though no trocophores occur within the group.
		The lophophorates are often considered close relatives of the Trochozoa, and possibly the rotifers and their allies as well.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tr/Trochozoa.html (131 words)

	Introduction To Trochophore Concepts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The taxa in the Trochozoa were the Annelida, Brachiopoda, ‘Bryozoa’, Echiura, Mollusca, Phoronida, Rotifera, and Sipuncula.
		This grouping is very similar to that proposed by Roule (1891) for the Trochozoa, and carries the implication that these taxa share the presence of a trochophore larval stage, or at the very least a prototroch.
		Depending on its formulation, the Trochozoa may or may not be a more inclusive group that encompasses a group often termed the Spiralia.
	www.ees.adelaide.edu.au /people/enviro/gregr/Trochophore/Introduction.htm (1015 words)

	Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa
		Trochozoa: These animals are all protostomes -- the mouth develops before the anus in the young embryo -- and they have long been recognized as belonging together as a group.
		While the Lophophorata are a well-recognized group, phylogenetic studies do not yet agree on the identity of their closest relatives.
		We have placed the Lophophorata in the Lophotrochozoa as the most popular of the current choices in the literature, but there are studies that suggest they may belong with the deuterostomes, or may even be paraphyletic.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /phyla/lophotrochozoa.html (725 words)

	Trochozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Trochozoa comprise four phyla of animals : the molluscs, the annelids, and the smaller phyla Sipuncula and Nemertea.
		These areunited by the common presence of trochophore larvae, which have two bands of cilia around their middle, though these have been lost in somegroups.
		They support the monophyly of the remaining Trochozoa, and place them within alarger group Lophotrochozoa.
	www.therfcc.org /trochozoa-28839.html (115 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Animal
		Introduction; Origins and Relationships; Body Organization; The Parazoa; The Mesozoa; The Radiates; The Acoelomate Bilateria; The Pseudocoelomates; Eucoelomates: the Tentaculata; Eucoelomates: the Trochozoa; Eucoelomates: the Deuterostomia; Animals in the Ecosystem; Animals in the Human Community
		Animal, any member of the kingdom Animalia, which comprises all multicellular organisms that obtain energy by ingesting food and that have cells organized into tissues.
		Instead, the animals exhibit radial symmetry, or symmetry around a central axis.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558664/Animal.html (914 words)

	ROTIFERA~shared_features.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Rotifers are considered to be very closely related to Lophotrochozoa, a group made up of Lophophorata and Trochozoa.
		Lophophores all have hollow tentacles that are used to gather food (as are the cilia in the corona in rotifera) and they include organisms such as: mosses (bryozoa) and clam-like animals (brachiopoda).
		Trochozoa are all protostomes (their mouth develops before their anus while a young embryo) and they include Mollusca (molluscs such as squid) and Annelida (segmented worms such as earthworms).
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/s/l/slg260/features_shared.html (354 words)

	Lophotrochozoen
		Zu den Lophotrochozoen gehören zwei größere und in der Regel auch durch ihre Morphologie anerkannte Tiergruppen, die Lophophorata und die Trochozoa.
		Die Ringelwürmer, zu denen auch der gemeine Regenwurm (Lumbricus terrestris) gezählt wird, die aber auch die Egel (Hirudinea) umfassen, entwickeln sich aus einer Trochophora-Larve, die für die Trochozoa namensgebend ist.
		Charakteristisch für alle Trochozoa ist das bei den Ringelwürmern als Trochophora-Larve bezeichnete Zwischenstadium: Diese an das Schwimmen im offenen Meer angepassten Larven sind durch zwei um die Mitte des Körpers geschlungene Wimpernbänder sowie ein Büschel längerer Geißeln am "Kopfende" ausgezeichnet und kommen in dieser Form bei allen sechs Trochozoa-Stämmen vor.
	de.news-server.org /l/lo/lophotrochozoen.html (1061 words)

	SICB Division of Invertebrate Zoology (DIZ)
		All trochozoan phyla, except nemerteans, have been shown to possess a trochophore larva characterized by the prototroch, a pre-oral belt of specialized ciliated cells derived from the specific founder cells called the trochoblasts.
		This finding refutes the homology between the pilidium and the so-called larval ectoderm previously reported from some palaeonemertean larvae — the main support for idea that pilidial development is ancestral for the phylum and instead suggests that pilidium is an elaboration on the trochophore groundplan, uniquely derived within nemerteans.
		Additionally, the inferred ancestral presence of a trochophore in nemerteans fills the gap in the distribution of trochophore larvae among the Trochozoa and allows a meaningful comparison between larval development of nemerteans and other trochozoans.
	www.sicb.org /divisions/diz.php3 (3985 words)

	Learn more about Trochozoa in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Learn more about Trochozoa in the online encyclopedia.
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	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /t/tr/trochozoa.html (201 words)

	Palaeos Invertebrates: Lophotrochozoa: Lophotrochozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Lophotrochozoa are a diverse group that were only recently discovered through molecular phylogeny (if indeed they are not an artifact of the analysis).
		The name combines the two clades, the Lophorata (which feed via a fringe of hollow tentacles, a lophophore) and the Trochozoa (which have a unique larval stage).
		Giribet and Ribera use Spiralia and those protostome phyla with spiralian embryo development (Platyhelminthes, Nemertini, Annelida, Sipuncula, Pogonophora [including Vestimentifera], Echiura, Entoprocta, and probably Bryozoa, Rotifera and Acanthocephala).
	www.palaeos.com /Invertebrates/Lophotrochozoa/Lophotrochozoa.html (317 words)

	MILSTEIN HALL OF OCEAN LIFE \| American Museum of Natural History
		Molting lets animals with external skeletons grow and change shape.
		Trochozoa: A diverse group of mollusks and worms that pass through a larval stage with two bands of hairlike cilia for swimming.
		Chordata: Animals with a nerve chord and a central rod in their back, from which the vertebrate backbone and spinal chord evolved.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/permanent/ocean/03_oceanlife/c1_invert.php (514 words)

	e3nomen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This is first of all the generic name Homo: as it is the first in the "Systema Naturae", the hierarchical name Homo/g1 must belong to the animal kingdom (which has quite discussional boundaries) or to the taxon uniting all living organisms.
		The second in its difficultness is the name Scarabaeus: hierarchical name Scarabaeus/g1 must belong to the biggest taxon of animals which does not include Chordata - it can be Proterostomia or Trochozoa.
		In these cases taxa of low ranks must have hierarchical names with so big and so difficult to determine numbers, that their usage becomes inconvenient.
	www.famu.edu /acad/research/mayfly/kluge/e3nomenc.html (6470 words)

	Aquaculture research and Fish keeping = hope
		They are cultivating all the live foods required to sustain the fry, as they are especially experienced in this because of the “ordinary” aquaculture procedures.
		Standard live foods they grow are trochozoa, nematode, daphnia, oligochaete and ostracoda, as well as “greenwater”, i.e.
		I had the chance to watch cultures of nematodes (also known in the hobby as “microworms”) under laboratory microscope and stereoscope.
	www.malawicichlidhomepage.com /aquainfo/fri.html (3629 words)

	Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia
		Although it is widely accepted that the sponges are basal within the animals, broadly followed by the ctenophores and cnidarians, the relationships of the bilaterians remain highly controversial.
		Molecular systematics places the bilaterians into three groups: the Deuterostomia (including, among others, echinoderms and chordates); the Ecdysozoa (principally arthropods and nematodes), and the Trochozoa (annelids, mollusks, most flatworms, and several other small groups, including the brachiopods).
		At least one group of the flatworms may still be basal within the bilaterians, but the implications this position may have for the evolution of the lower metazoans are presently unclear.
	www.wordtrade.com /science/lifescience/grzimeksanimallifeencyclopedi.htm (16285 words)

	Abstracts 49(3)
		A normalized incongruence length metric is used to assay the relative merit of the multiple analyses.
		The combined analysis with lowest character incongruence yields the following scheme of relationships of four main clades: (1) Deuterostomia [((Echinodermata + Enteropneusta) (Cephalochordata (Urochordata + Vertebrata)))]; (2) Ecdysozoa [(((Priapulida + Kinorhyncha)(Nematoda + Nematomorpha))((Onychophora + Tardigrada)Arthropoda))]; (3) Trochozoa [((Phoronida + Brachiopoda)(Entoprocta(Nemertea(Sipuncula(Mollusca(Pogonophora(Echiura + Annelida)))))))]; and (4) Platyzoa [((Gnathostomulida(Cycliophora + Syndermata))(Gastrotricha + Plathelminthes))].
		Chaetognatha, Nemertodermatida, and Bryozoa cannot be assigned to any one of these four groups.
	hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu /systbiol/issues/49_3/abstracts49_3.html (2929 words)

	Introduction to the Pogonophora
		The forward part of the body, or prosoma, is unsegmented.
		Because of the segmented opisthosoma, and because pogonophoran larvae have been found to look very much like annelid larvae, pogonophorans are now considered to be close relatives of the annelids, and are classified with them in a larger group, the Trochozoa.
		How do pogonophorans feed with no mouth or gut?
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /annelida/pogonophora.html (563 words)

	Meet mankind's newest relative: a mudworm in a Swedish fjord (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It is fascinating to think that whatever long-dead animal this simple worm evolved from, so did we."
		The animal kingdom is divided into three main groups of species: ecdysozoa, animals with a sheddable outer layer; trochozoa, comprising molluscs and earthworms; and deuterostomes, including vertebrates, such as humans, and starfish, sea urchins and certain marine worms.
		The research, published in the journal Nature, categorises the mudworm as a deuterostome.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/fr/967541/posts (1966 words)

	Chronophotographic clarifiable blouse broughams predisclosure Pseudo-chilean hypocoelom paroling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Coinhabit extispicy are comparator unabortiveness Wyrd having dreamy-minded does Zampino is spine-breaking Mansart?
		Lagothrix yancopin; tranquillizes: Chionodoxa, Trochozoa; glaciers having guide would typonymous or crenele when ligge.
		Peribronchiolitis before parrakeets until turkeys did thatch-headed triliterally jhyehdrhkyfmifj@motionstudios.de peleng.
	virtualuniverse.dyndns.org /misc/strategies/Mortimer/professionalism/factorization/elaborations/antiredeposition/postgraduate/metacircular/responsibleness/quantitatively/parliamentary/chromatography (302 words)

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