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Topic: Troidini

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	..::treeBASE::.. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Molecular phylogeny of birdwing butterflies based on the representatives in most genera of the tribe Troidini (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).
		The phylogenetic relationship among birdwing butterflies, including some species in most genera of the tribe Troidini, was investigated using nucleotide sequences of the ND5 gene obtained from mitochondrial DNA.
		Species of the genera Ornithoptera and Troides in the study were shown to be closely related.
	www.phylo.org /treebase/view/view_study.php?studyID=S469 (204 words)

	taxonomy
		From a classification point of view, membership in the swallowtail family is actually dependent on common characteristics of the eggs, larvae, pupae, and wing vein structure that are beyond the scope of this site.
		It is widely held that the adults are then toxic to birds and other predators, much the way a monarch is distasteful because its larva eats the milkweed plant.
		Many of the Troidini are involved in complex mimicry rings making them an often confusing group.
	home.att.net /~bret69/taxonomy.htm (1151 words)

	AMNH Scientific Publications: Item 2246/911
		Four tribes are recognized: The Troidini and Papilionini are considered to be sister-groups; the genus Teinopalpus is given tribal status as the sister-group to the Troidini/Papilionini; the Graphiini is the sister-group of the other three tribes.
		Meandrusa is placed in the Papilionini with Papilio, the latter being retained as a single genus.
		Two subtribes are recognized in the Troidini, the Battiti, containing only Battus, and the Troiditi, containing six genera.
	hdl.handle.net /2246/911 (215 words)

	Papilionidae
		Within the Papilionidae, many families of larval hostplants are utilized, although five families generally dominate the host records: Aristolochiaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Apiaceae, and Rutaceae.
		Notably, the swallowtail tribes Zerynthiini and Troidini are limited almost exclusively to feeding on Aristolochiaceae.
		Because the likelihood of this intra-Papilioninae rooting was not found to be significantly higher than the traditional rooting, and because the traditional rooting is favored using maximum parsimony, we present the traditional rooting in our phylogeny.
	tolweb.org /tree/tree?group=Papilionidae (1410 words)

	Introduction to the Aristolochiales
		This butterfly will only lay its eggs on Aristolochia vines, and its caterpillars make defensive use of the toxic chemicals they ingest.
		In fact most swallowtail caterpillars in the tribe Troidini feed on Aristolochiales foliage (Thorne 1996).
		Fossil Aristolochiales have been found in North America beginning in the Cretaceous, and macrofossil leaves are known through the Miocene.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /anthophyta/paleoherbs/aristolochiales.html (559 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Invertebrate Systematics
		The extreme paucity of fossils and lack of modern, higher-level phylogenies of extant monophyletic groups have been major impediments towards determining reliable estimates of either their age or geographic origin.
		Here we present a phylogenetic and historical biogeographic analysis of a higher butterfly taxon, the swallowtail tribe Troidini.
		Analysis of the combined dataset (4326 bp; 1012 parsimony informative characters) recovered the Troidini as a well supported monophyletic group and the monophyly of its two subtribes, Battina and Troidina.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/120/paper/IS04020.htm (412 words)

	Battus SCOPOLI, 1777
		Battus is generally regarded as the most primitive genus within the entire tribe Troidini, and is therefore placed as the only member in a separate subtribe Battina.
		It phylogenetic terms, the genus Battus is seen to represent the sister-group of all remaining Troidini.
		The genus has in the past often been subdivided into two species groups, one centered around B. philenor and including a varying number of related species depending on the author(s).
	www.insects-online.de /infosystem/Battus/battus01.htm (280 words)

	Evgueni Zakharov's Research Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Polymorphism is generally thought to improve fitness and ability to face environmental changes and it is predicted that the reduction of population size and interdemic gene exchange will in time cause progressive impoverishment in a gene pool resulting in inbreeding (Kaidanov, 1995).
		Black musk swallowtail (Atrophaneura alcinous Klug.) - is a unique representative of Troidini at the Russian Far East (Korshunov and Gorbunov, 1994).
		The tribe includes the most large and attractive papilionid species and many of them are rare or endangered and are listed in Red Data Books and CITES.
	www.febras.ru /~ibss/zakharov/zakharov_res_2.html (998 words)

	Birdwing Butterflies of Palawan :
		is home to two species of Birdwing butterflies of the Troidini group;
		Both species remain common and widespread to this day.
		Click here to create your own FREE website at Freewebs.com!
	www.freewebs.com /palawanbirdwings/generalfacts.htm (145 words)

	Natural Selection: subject gateway to the natural world (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hyperlinks within the text lead to related information.
		This site has been compiled by birdwing butterfly (Papilionidae: Papilioninae: Troidini) enthusiast Tony Nagypal and targets a general audience.
		It offers a browseable list of butterfly species in the tribe Troidini.
	nature.ac.uk /browse/590.html (9561 words)

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