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	Troika (triumvirate) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Troika (Russian: тройка, meaning threesome) is a committee consisting of three members.
		The word became notorious in the Soviet Union during the Stalinist era: troikas replaced the normal legal system for quick persecution of dissidents or anybody accused of political crimes.
		In the early 1960s, Nikita Khrushchev proposed that the UN's Secretary-General be replaced with a troika, with one member selected the West, one from the Communist bloc, and one from the Non-Aligned states.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Troika_(triumvirate) (250 words)

	Triumvirate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term triumvirate is commonly used to describe an alliance between three equally powerful political or military leaders.
		Triumvirate of the Robotech Masters in fictional Robotech series.
		In the television series The Pretender, a shadowy council, called the Triumvirate, headquartered in Africa, were apparently the powers that be of the mysterious Centre and were concerned about a prophecy involving Jarod.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Triumvirate (552 words)

	Troika (triumvirate) - TheBestLinks.com - Council of the European Union, Communist, European Union, Russian language, ...
		Troika (triumvirate), Council of the European Union, Communist, European Union...
		The chairman of a troika was the chief of the corresponding territorial subdivision of NKVD (People's Commissar of a republican NKVD, etc.).
		Protocols of a troika session were passed to the corresponding operative group for executions of sentences.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Troika___28__triumvirate__29__.html (458 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/NKVD troika
		The Russian word troika ("threesome", "triumvirate") was used during the Great Purge period in the Soviet Union to denote commissions of three persons as an additional instrument of extrajudicial punishment (внесудебная расправа, внесудебное преследование) introduced to supplement the legal system with a means for quick punishment of anti-Soviet elements.
		Gradually troika were introduced in other places of the Soviet Union, for various purposes, of different kinds: in addition to operational troikas there were "court troikas" (судебная тройка) and "extraordinary troikas" (чрезвычайная тройка), "special troikas" (специальная тройка).
		The institution of troikas was abolished in 1938 by the Decree about Arrests, Prosecutor Supervision and Course of Investigation, issued jointly by the Sovnarkom and VKP(b) Central Committee.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/NKVD_troika (429 words)

	Encyclopedia: Troika (triumvirate)
		Category: Politics The term triumvirate is commonly used to describe an alliance between three equally powerful political or military leaders.
		Usually a troika included the prosecutor of the republic/krai/oblast in question; if not, he was allowed to be present at the session of a troika.
		A historical oddity of the Triumvirate is that it was an effectual three-man dictatorate which included Antony, who in 44 BC had passed a lex Antonia which had abolished the dictatorate and expunged it from the Republic's constitutions.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Troika-(triumvirate) (1037 words)

	Troika: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A triumvirate (triumvirate: A group of three men responsible for public administration or civil authority) of judges or political leaders.
		Troika, a town in Sweden (Sweden: A Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula).
		The Troika, a science fiction (science fiction: Literary fantasy involving the imagined impact of science on society) novel by Stepan Chapman.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/troika (172 words)

	biology - Troika (triumvirate)
		This article is about the usage of the term troika in the sense of a three-member council.
		The word became notorious during the Stalinist era in the Soviet Union.
		Troikas replaced the normal legal system for quick persecution of dissidents or anybody accused of political crimes.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Troika_(triumvirate) (174 words)

	:::► Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		:''Main article: NKVD troika.'' The word became notorious in the Soviet Union during the Stalinism Stalinist era: troikas replaced the normal legal system for quick persecution of dissidents or anybody accused of political crimes.
		In the early 1960s, Nikita Khrushchev proposed that the UN's Secretary-General be replaced with a troika, with one member selected the West, one from the Communist bloc, and one from the Non-Aligned Movement Non-Aligned states.
		It is used in the European Union when referring to a group composed of the previous, present and next presidents of the Council of the European Union Council of Ministers, who sometimes work together on foreign policy initiatives.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Troika_(triumvirate).html (286 words)

	BSJ - Georgian (Peres)Troika
		A triumvirate of young leaders, who matured as politicians in ex- president Eduard Shevardnadze’s parliament, became the heart of the new government and was labeled as a "troika."
		Unlike the Holy Trinity, the Georgian political triumvirate lacks monotheism - a commonly shared political agenda -- largely due to individual power ambitions and differences in the ways and means to achieve their goals.
		In spite of a strong awareness of the necessity to at least appear be unified, the first crack was sharply defined during the pre-election parliamentary campaign in early March.
	www.bsj.ge /newspaper/2004/04/13/EplElVZyAlKTkjZtEl (396 words)

	Geeking with Greg: Innovation and the GYM triumvirate
		In 2004, Google is the leader of GYM -- the triumvirate of Google/Yahoo/Microsoft, which in turn leads a dozen other related companies in the web-related innovations that improve peoples' lives.
		Often then others follow the troika -- even if, as in X1's and Lycos's cases they actually had desktop search before Google did, once Google plants a flag it's like a shot hearing round the world, and everyone seems like a follower.
		Together GYM and their followers offer a suite of tools that give me hope that I can manage my personal Web -- and accelerate my ability to search and research simply, to discover and find again easily, to filter and incorporate suggestions collaboratively.
	glinden.blogspot.com /2004/12/innovation-and-gym-triumvirate.html (237 words)

	yourDictionary.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Sometimes the Russian word for a team of three horses, "troika," is used in the same sense.
		The term is also applied to any three leaders perceived as a set, such as the poetical triumvirate of Byron, Keats, and Shelley who dominated English literature at the beginning of the 19th century.
		Suggested usage: The last world-class political triumvirate was in the attempt of Malenkov, Bulganin, and Khrushchev to share control of the Soviet Union immediately after the death of Stalin.
	register.yourdictionary.com /cgi-bin/wotd.cgi?word=triumvirate (257 words)

	Troika triumvirate - Definition up Erdmond.Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Troikas replaced the normal legal system for quick persecution of dissidents.
		Quickly they turned into witchhunts and filled the country with dread.Also,the word has been used to describe the government of Communist states by the party leader,head of government,and head of state during periods where the positions were held by three different people and the party leader not viewed as sole dictator.
		It is used in the European_Union to mean a group based on the previous, present and next presidents of the Council of Ministers who sometimes work together on foreign_policy initiatives.
	www.erdmond.com /Troika_(triumvirate).html (172 words)

	troika
		Grep of noun troika perestroika troika Overview of noun troika The noun troika has 3 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1.
		three 3, III, trio, threesome, tierce, leash, troika, triad, trine, trinity, ternary, ternion, triplet, tercet, terzetto, trey, deuce-ace -- (the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one) 3.
		troika -- (a modern Russian triumvirate) Overview of noun troika The noun troika has 3 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1.
	www.beetfoundation.com /words/t/alt.troika.html (203 words)

	UK Auctioneers - Online catalogue of antique auction houses in the UK
		Troika pottery has nothing to do with Russia, although clearly the trio who founded the company in 1963 chose the name for its Russian meaning of the triumvirate of three equal partners.
		Confounding the cynics, Troika pottery was turning a handsome profit within a year and was soon a leading light among producers of contemporary ceramics in an industry made famous by such potters as Bernard Leach, W. Staite Murray and Lucie Rie.
		Among the former is a Troika large white cube pot made for the Heal's and Liberty exhibition of 1968.
	www.ukauctioneers.com /News.aspx?key=40 (874 words)

	Stalin-ch8
		The triumvirate took fright at the implicit support given to the Opposition of the Left, and, interpreting it as a threat to themselves, resolved to seize the opportunity to discredit the principal adversary.
		Without agreeing with the Opposition, she expressed disapproval of the disloyal attacks of the triumvirate, fearing the consequences for the revolution of a war to the knife between communists.
		The troika, determined to deprive Trotsky of all outside support, might have chosen to sacrifice an organisation which was parasitic and had no future; in fact they abandoned the principle, while maintaining the instrument.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/writers/souvar/works/stalin/ch08.htm (19134 words)

	[No title]
		In 1995 Chavez-Thompson was one-third of a troika elected to head the AFL-CIO.
		The third member of what remains today’s ruling triumvirate of the AFL-CIO is Trumka, head of a blue collar union with a long history of violence and corruption, the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA).
		The triumvirs conducted a purge “to dismantle the Federation’s thoroughly reactionary International Affairs Department and put the old cold warriors out to pasture.
	www.discoverthenetwork.org /printindividualProfile.asp?indid=1631 (1872 words)

	05oct18-Troika to help GMA?
		TRIUMVIRATE: With that, there is one idea that I wish President Arroyo would consider: Her creating after due consultations a Presidential Advisory Council composed of all living former presidents -- Cory C. Aquino, Fidel V. Ramos and Joseph E. Estrada.
		But its real political powers will be defined both by the executive order creating it and the willingness of President Arroyo to defer to it and heed its counsel.
		That would be fine since it would lessen the physical problems of his meeting with the troika, assuming he joins it.
	www.manilamail.com /archive/oct2005/05oct18.htm (1540 words)

	Asiaweek.com
		So it is not surprising that the process has dragged on over two years, even though the need for new blood at the top, not to mention some fresh ideas, is manifest to everyone.
		The members of the existing troika of president, prime minister and party secretary are aging, and the president, Le Duc Anh, 76, is said to be ailing.
		But Khue's biggest obstacle was concern over another general, especially another political commissar, in the troika if, as is still widely anticipated, Phieu replaces Do Moui, 80, as party secretary general.
	www.pathfinder.com /Asiaweek/97/1010/nat7.html (712 words)

	Troika - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		TROIKA : A Communicative Approach to Russian Language, Life, and Culture
		Escape by troika: The World War II chronicle of a Bessarabian German
		The flying troika;: Extracts from a diary by K.P.S. Menon, India's ambassador to Russia, 1952-61
	unipedia.info /Troika.html (225 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Triumvirate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This is an extract from The Middle East Open Encyclopedia, made possible through the Wikimedia Foundation.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, Triumvirate; all previous versions may be viewed here.
		They link directly to authoring tools for you to start writing a particular article.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Triumvirate (664 words)

	Joseph Stalin killer file
		When Lenin suffers a stroke in May, a troika (triumvirate) composed of Stalin, Lev B. Kamenev, and Grigorii V. Zinoviev assumes leadership of the party.
		He criticises the troika and Stalin in particular, accusing him of using coercion to force non-Russian republics to join the Soviet Union and saying he is "crude" and is accumulating too much power through his office of general secretary.
		Among those put to death are Kamenev and Zinoviev, the former members of the troika that included Stalin.
	www.moreorless.au.com /killers/stalin.html (4396 words)

	SparkNotes: Joseph Stalin: The Struggle for Power
		Together the three formed what was referred to as the "troika," or "triumvirate"; as Lenin inched closer to death, they launched a series of attacks on Trotsky in party meetings, drawing on his writings and speeches from his years as a Menshevik to attack him for disloyalty to his own movement.
		By January 1925, Zinoviev and Kamenev were urging that he be expelled from the Politburo (though Stalin actually acted as a voice of moderation and prevented the measure from passing).
		By this point, Stalin was gravitating away from the "troika" and toward the other three members of the Politburo--Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/stalin/section6.rhtml (938 words)

	Russia - The Era of the New Economic Policy
		But when Lenin became temporarily incapacitated after a stroke in May 1922, the unity of the Politburo fractured, and a troika (triumvirate) formed by Stalin, Lev Kamenev, and Grigoriy Zinov'yev assumed leadership in opposition to Trotsky.
		Lenin recovered late in 1922 and found fault with the troika, and particularly with Stalin.
		The Kamenev-Zinov'yev-Stalin troika, although it supported the militant international program, successfully maneuvered against Trotsky and engineered his removal as commissar of war in 1925.
	countrystudies.us /russia/9.htm (1796 words)

	New Scientist Premium- Triumvirate steers course for Britain - This Week (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Britain's science policy will now be run by a 'troika' made up of the science minister, the chief scientific adviser and the new director-general of the research councils, William Waldegrave said last week.
		But the current science minister disappointed the House of Lords Select Committee on Science by making clear that the director-general would have less clout than the peers hoped.
		Facing his first detailed questioning since publishing his White Paper on science two months ago, Waldegrave said the triumvirate would give scientists greater direction than in the past.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg13918831.600.html (269 words)

	Troika - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		NKVD troika, a commission of three for express judgment in the Soviet Union during the time of Joseph Stalin
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
		Here you can find the list of authors of this article.
	en.freepedia.org /Troika.html (117 words)

	Triumvirate - Notfah.com, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The term triumvirate (Latin for "rule by three men") or troika in Russian, is commonly used to describe an alliance between three equally powerful political or military leaders.
		In the present Dominican Republic (eastern part of formerly Spanish Hispaniola island), twice (in a long list of styles, basically juntas, some also of three) :
		The word has been used as a term of convenience, though not an official title, for other groups of three in a similar position :
	www.notfah.com /wiki/Triumvirate (327 words)

	Webmaster Forum - View Single Post - Google Has "Other" Priorities
		The answer is on page 29 of the latest prospectus released on Aug. 18, 2004.
		As audacious as "triumvirate" sounds, the corporate-governance issues with Google only start there.
		The head Googlers have seen to it that the company obtains all the benefits of public ownership -- with hardly any of the responsibility.
	www.v7n.com /forums/showpost.php?p=193232&postcount=7 (242 words)

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