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Topic: Trophozoite

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	Medmicro Chapter 80
		Trichomonas vaginalis is a pear-shaped trophozoite (7 to 23 µm long) with four anterior flagella and a fifth forming the outer edge of a short undulating membrane.
		The trophozoite, or actively metabolizing, motile form, lives in the upper two-thirds of the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) and multiplies by binary fission.
		Trophozoites that are swept into the fecal stream lose their motility, round up, and are excreted as dormant, resistant cysts (Fig.
	www.gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch080.htm (4605 words)

	eMedicine - Amebiasis : Article by Maria A Horga, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Adherence of the trophozoite is mediated by a galactose-inhibitable adherence lectin.
		The trophozoites of E histolytica lyse the target cells by using lectin to bind to the target cells' membranes and using the parasite's ionophorelike protein to induce a leak of ions (ie, Na, Ca) from the target cell cytoplasm.
		The pathogenic strains evade the complement-mediated lysis in the bloodstream.
	www.emedicine.com /PED/topic80.htm (4489 words)

	Intestinal Protozoa Review Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica is the active, motile feeding stage that causes pathology in colon.
		The trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica ingests RBCs (pathognomonic).
		The trophozoites of Cryptosporidium are the forms of the organism that colonizes the intestinal tract, mainly in the jejunum and ileum and causes the pathology.
	www.ratsteachmicro.com /Intestinal_Protozoa_notes/HCOE_CAI_Review_Notes_Intestinal_Protozoa.htm (1496 words)

	Intestinal and Luminal Protozoa
		The trophozoites multiply by binary fission and produce cysts (4), which are passed in the feces.
		(Trophozoites can also be passed in diarrheal stools, but are rapidly destroyed once outside the body, and if ingested would not survive exposure to the gastric environment.) In many cases, the trophozoites remain confined to the intestinal lumen (A: non-invasive infection) of individuals who are thus asymptomatic carriers and cysts passers.
		Iodamoeba bütschlii: Trophozoites stained in trichrome (A) and in hematoxylin-eosin (B), and cyst stained in trichrome (C).
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /parasitology/intest-protozoa.htm (3670 words)

	Morphology
		Trophozoites live in the large intestines of the host animals.
		Other distinguishing traits of the trophozoite include the opening, known as the peristome, at the pointed anterior end, which leads to the cytostome, or cell mouth.
		Excystation produces a trophozoite from the cyst stage, and it takes place in the large intestine of the host after the cyst has been ingested.
	www.stanford.edu /class/humbio103/ParaSites2003/Balantidium/Morphology.htm (337 words)

	Untitled Document
		This image is of a Balantidium coli trophozoite, an infection that is commonly seen in hogs, particularly in warm and temperate climates.
		The trophozoite is quite large, oval, and covered with short cilia; it measures approximately 50 - 100 (occasionally over 100 microns) by 40 - 70 microns.
		The cyst is formed as the trophozoite moves down the intestine.
	www.med-chem.com /Para/Prob%20of%20Month/Prob%20of%20Month%2018%20June%2002.htm (734 words)

	Intestinal Protozoa
		Optimal induction of encystment is obtained by depriving the trophozoites of bile at pH 7 followed by an exposure to high concentrations of bile at pH 7.8.
		Trophozoites are most numerous at the boundary between the healthy tissue and the necrotic tissue.
		The trophozoites from all of these flagellates are somewhat teardrop shaped and contain a single nucleus and the cyst tend to be slightly elongated or oval.
	www.tulane.edu /~wiser/protozoology/notes/intes.html (8899 words)

	[No title]
		The typical life cycle involves infection of the host with the trophozoite multiplying by binary fission and in some cases, producing cysts.
		histolytica, 8 in E coli) in the cysts and nuclear morphology in the trophozoites.
		Transmission to humans appears to occur when the nasopharyngeal mucosa is invaded by the flagellated trophozoite form of the organism.
	www.cvm.okstate.edu /instruction/kocan/vpar5333/5333iib.htm (663 words)

	atlas
		The living trophozoite is rounded anteriorly, pointed posteriorly, and convexed dorsally because of vetral sided sucking disc.
		The size of the trophozoite varies within wide limits (9 to 21 um in length by 5 to 15 um in breadth and 2 to 4 um in thickness).
		Trophozoite of Giardia lamblia showing 2 nuclei, axoneme and flagella (Giemsa stain, 1000x).
	www.atlas.or.kr /atlas/alphabet_view.php?my_codeName=Giardia%20lamblia (158 words)

	Lab 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Slide #55 trophozoites can be seen in the lumen of a hamster or horse large intestine, in the epithelium.
		Note the large macronucleus, visible in some of the trophozoites, and the cilia on all the organisms (use your 40 X objective and low light to see the cilia).
		To examine stools for the trophozoite you must make a thin direct smear and add a little saline to keep it moist (water may lyse the trophozoites and iodine would kill them making it impossible to see their characteristic motion).
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /paraav/labs/lab_10.htm (1296 words)

	eMedicine - Giardiasis : Article Excerpt by: Brooks D Cash, MD, FACP
		The life cycle is composed of 2 stages, (1) the trophozoite (see Image 2), which exists freely in the human small intestine and (2) the cyst, which is passed into the environment.
		As trophozoites pass into the large bowel, encystation occurs in the presence of neutral pH and secondary bile salts.
		The trophozoite form of G lamblia is teardrop-shaped and measures 9-21 micrometers long by 5-15 micrometers wide.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/giardiasis.htm (644 words)

	Teaching & Research Activities \| Teaching Resources \| Parasitology \| Protozoa
		Slide 10 is a photo of the cyst and trophozoite form of Spironucleus muris.
		Note the teardrop shape of the trophozoite and its flagella (there are six anterior and two posterior).
		Note its ovoid shape, the large eccentric nucleus, the indentation at one pole and numerous cilia covering the surface of the organism.
	www.radil.missouri.edu /info/para/protozoa (554 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| Expression profiling of the schizont and trophozoite stages of Plasmodium falciparum with ...
		In addition, trophozoites are characterized by massive hemoglobin ingestion, intake of nutrients from the surrounding medium, increasing concentration of cytoplasmic ribosomes and rapid formation of organelles.
		Overall, the emergent gene clusters suggest that the trophozoite stage, a central phase of plasmodial intraerythrocytic development, is characterized by the activation of general cellular growth functions such as transcription, translation and hemoglobin degradation and biosynthesis of basic metabolites.
		Taken together, these results suggest that the parasite cell in the trophozoite stage is dedicated to cell growth, and the predominant function of the mid-late schizont stage is maturation of the next generation of merozoites.
	genomebiology.com /2003/4/2/R9 (7234 words)

	eMedicine - Amebiasis : Article Excerpt by: Maria A Horga, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The parasite exists in 2 forms: a motile form, called the trophozoite, and a cyst form, responsible for the person-to-person transmission of infection.
		The trophozoite of E histolytica inhabits the large intestine to produce lesions of amebic colitis.
		Under unfavorable conditions, the trophozoite reverts to the cyst form, and the life cycle is repeated.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/amebiasis.htm (569 words)

	Balantidium coli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The trophozoite stage is about 70 microns in diameter.
		The trophozoite stage contains two contractile vacuoles (one posterior, one in the center) and a cytostome (anterior).
		Under the microscope, both stages usually appear to be slightly blurry because the organism cannot be resolved in a single plane of section.
	cvm.msu.edu /courses/mic569/docs/parasite/BCOLI.htm (252 words)

	Inter Research » DAO » v66 » n1 » p33-40
		ABSTRACT: Trophozoite, prezoosporangium and zoospore are the 3 main developmental stages that form the life cycle of protozoa of the genus Perkinsus.
		With the aim of determining the presence and distribution of antigenic determinants conserved during trophozoite to prezoosporangium differentiation, a polyclonal serum was raised against trophozoites of P.
		The most immunoreactive structure in trophozoites was the granular component of the nucleolus, whereas in prezoosporangia it was the lomasome.
	www.int-res.com /abstracts/dao/v66/n1/p33-40 (361 words)

	The Dr. Rath Health Foundation
		In an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of anaemia in Plasmodium falciparum infection, the status of erythrocyte glutathione and vitamin E content in relation to the susceptibility of infected red cells to peroxide haemolysis was examined.
		Synchronized cultures of the parasite with either ring-, trophozoite or schizont-infected red cells showed a gradual increase in the reduced glutathione content which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in schizont-infected cells.
		The membrane antioxidant vitamin E also showed an increased accumulation in trophozoite- and schizont-infected red cells (p < 0.05) but not in the uninfected or ring-infected erythrocytes.
	www4ger.dr-rath-foundation.org /NATUERLICHE_GESUNDHEIT/studien/aids/study22.htm (247 words)

	U of M - 22.346 Lab: Giardia lamblia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The feeding stage, called a trophozoite is teardrop shaped, binucleate, with 4 pairs of flagella and has pair of ventral sucking discs that allow it to adhere to the epithelial cells of the intestine.
		Only trophozoites are present in small intestine and in the diarrheic watery stool.
		As faeces enter the colon and begin to dehydrate, the trophozoite becomes encysted.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/science/zoology/faculty/dick/z346/giardiahome.html (217 words)

	[No title]
		Trophozoites are active forms which acquire nutrients, undergo replication and are generally motile.
		Acanthamoeba exibits a typical protozoan life cycle consisting of an ameboid trophozoite stage and a cyst stage (see figure legend of Naegleria life cycle for explanation of trophozoites and cysts).
		The trophozoites and cysts of Balamuthia are morphologically similar to Acanthamoeba and it also causes GAE (see GAE Box).
	www.tulane.edu /~wiser/protozoology/notes/free.html (2855 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Trophozoite: The feeding stage of this flagellate measures about 18 um long X 5 -10 um wide.
		The trophozoite attaches to the mucosa of the small intestine, where it absorbs nutrients across its surface.
		The trophozoites will either continue to divide and eventually some, but not all, of them will encyst.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /dxendopar/parasitepages/protozoa/g_lamblia.html (227 words)

	Characterization of Native and Recombinant Falcipain-2, a Principal Trophozoite Cysteine Protease and Essential ...
		Samples of trophozoite extract (TE), food vacuoles (FV), and affinity-purified protein (AP) were analyzed by 12.5% SDS-PAGE under reducing (r) or nonreducing (n) conditions and stained with Coomassie Blue (A and D) or silver (B).
		Highly synchronized W2-strain parasites (lanes: 1, early rings; 2, late rings; 3, early trophozoites; 4, mid-late trophozoites; 5, early-mid schizonts; 6, late schizonts/early rings) were collected every 8 h and used for the purification of total RNA and for the extraction of soluble proteins.
		encodes the principal trophozoite cysteine protease (18) was
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/275/37/29000 (6020 words)

	Free Living Amebic - Microscopy Findings
		A: Naegleria fowleri trophozoites, cultured from cerebrospinal fluid.
		I: Corneal biopsy showing a trophozoite; J: Cyst with the characteristic stellate shape, in corneal scraping.
		K: Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoite in tissue culture, trichrome stain.
	www.dpd.cdc.gov /DPDx/HTML/Frames/A-F/FreeLivingAmebic/body_FreeLivingAmebic_mic1.htm (88 words)

	NJDHSS, Communicable Diseases, Disease Fact Sheets: Giardiasis
		The infective form is called a cyst, a stage in the parasite's life cycle which allows it to survive in the environment, primarily fecally contaminated water.
		The trophozoite stage of Giardia grows and multiplies in the intestine, and is responsible for the symptoms of the illness.
		The trophozoite stage is also capable of forming cysts, which are passed from the body in the stool (bowel movement).
	www.state.nj.us /health/cd/f_giardi.htm (647 words)

	Entamoeba Coli Trophozoite Slide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The trophozoite stage is analysed directly on a slide without concentration...
		The cysts and trophozoite forms of protozoans are most often found in feces but are also found in other tissues or excreta.
		Trophozoite (vegetative) stage: The trophozoite is the reproductive stage...
	www.kids-playgrounds.com /entamoeba-coli-trophozoite-slide.html (747 words)

	[MMV] « Glossary »
		In red blood cells, schizogony entails development of a single trophozoite into numerous merozoites.
		Trophozoite: A developmental form during the blood stage of malaria parasites.
		After merozoites have invaded the red blood cell, they develop into trophozoites (sometimes, early trophozoites are called "rings" or "ring stage parasites"); trophozoites develop into schizonts.
	www.mmv.org /article.php3?id_article=4 (1982 words)

	USDA EMSL
		The trophozoite has an adhesive disc on the ventral surface that enables attachment to the surface of the intestine.
		As the trophozoites multiply, some are swept along the intestine with fecal material and exit the host.
		Some of the trophozoites however, undergo a process called encystation, forming a cyst wall as the move along the intestine.
	www.lpsi.barc.usda.gov /emsl/giardia.asp (582 words)

	Balantidium Coli
		Large trophozoites are recognized in faeces by their size (50-80 by 40-60 µm)
		Trophozoites divide by binary fission within the submucosa.
		diagnosis is obtained by microscopic observation of trophozoites
	www.cdfound.to.it /html/bal1.htm (112 words)

	Genome Biology \| Abstract \| Expression profiling of the schizont and trophozoite stages of Plasmodium falciparum with a ...
		Expression profiling of the schizont and trophozoite stages of Plasmodium falciparum with a long-oligonucleotide microarray
		Using this array, we extensively characterized the gene-expression profile of the intraerythrocytic trophozoite and schizont stages of P.
		Expression profiling of trophozoites and schizonts revealed genes associated with stage-specific processes and may serve as the basis for future drug targets and vaccine development.
	www.genomebiology.com /2003/4/2/r9/abstract (314 words)

	Plasmodium ovale
		Young trophozoites are found as compact rings in cells containing James's dots.
		Late trophozoites are round and consolidated with an increase in cytoplasm, they are very similar to P.
		A trophozoite of Plasmodium ovale, the red cell exhibiting an oval shape.
	www.btinternet.com /~ukneqas.parasitologyscheme/Blood_Scheme/Teaching_Information/Plasmodium_ovale/plasmodium_ovale.html (207 words)

	WebLsd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		to late trophozoites but not during the devel...
		and from late trophozoites to schizonts and m...
		84...vely during the maturation of early trophozoites to
	wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp /cgi-bin/lsdproj/conc_on_demand04.pl?corpus=LifeSci.txt&query=trophozoite (707 words)

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