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Topic: Tropism

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	Tropism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A tropism is a biological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus.
		In tropisms, this response is dependent on the direction of the stimulus (as opposed to nastic movements which are non-directional responses).
		Tropisms are usually named for the stimulus involved (for example, a phototropism is a reaction to light) and may be either positive (towards the stimulus) or negative (away from the stimulus).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tropism (342 words)

	taxol
		A tropism is defined as a growth response involving bending, or curving of a plant part toward or away from an external stimulus that determines the direction of movement.
		One final tropism that should be mentioned is the response to touch or thigmotropism, which is most readily seen in the tendrils of climbing vines or pea seedling leaves.
		Tropisms are directional growths of a plant part in response to an external stimulus.
	www.botanical-online.com /colaborationstropism.htm (747 words)

	Tropism: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		By Sarrautes own definition, the tropisms which are her subject matter constitute...speaking of the unfamiliar and undefinable tropisms in her preface to Ere du soupcon, for...which we are much more familiar: ils the tropisms sont a origine de nos gestes, de nos...
		Theatre 1978...first collection of short prose texts, Tropismes, in 1932 and published her latest...the essence of human behaviour is the tropism, and the tropism exists as a form of...
		TROPISM trop iz m, involuntary response of an organism, or part of an organism, involving orientation toward (positive tropism) or away from (negative tropism) one or more external stimuli.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/tropism.jsp?l=T&p=4 (1420 words)

	Four Studies Affirm Significance of Monogram's “Trofile” HIV Co-Receptor Tropism Assay
		Tropism refers to the specific cellular co-receptors (either CCR5 or CXCR4) that individual strains of HIV use to gain access to host cells.
		Analyzing tropism plays an essential role in determining whether the use of new drugs which target the CCR5 co-receptor (CCR5 antagonists) is likely to be effective in individual HIV-infected patients.
		Together, the data show that Monogram's Trofile assay is an accurate, precise, sensitive, reproducible and robust assay for the measurement of tropism and support its use as the standard assay for patient screening and monitoring in the development of co-receptor antagonists.
	www.hivandhepatitis.com /2006icr/16aids/081506_g.html (916 words)

	tropism - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		TROPISM [tropism], involuntary response of an organism, or part of an organism, involving orientation toward (positive tropism) or away from (negative tropism) one or more external stimuli.
		The term tropism is usually applied to growth and turgor movements in plants; an involuntary orientation of a microorganism toward or away from an external stimulus is commonly called a taxic movement, or taxis —e.g., the negative phototaxis of certain protozoans that move away from light.
		UCLA Study Demonstrates Utility of ViroLogic Co-Receptor Tropism And Replication Capacity Assays as Predictors of HIV Progression.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-tropism.html (502 words)

	www.myspace.com/officialtropism
		Tropism, from Ontario, Canada, erupted in the year 1994 to explore all forms of sound (read: noise) that could be recorded using low quality, low-fi equipment.
		He was soon joined by "Pleb" who shared what became the Tropism vision of rapidly recorded, improvised noise assaults.
		Tropism would attempt to be prolific and proceeded to generate all kinds of sonic material: some noise, some more ambient, some actually bordering on music.
	www.myspace.com /officialtropism (153 words)

	Macrophage tropism of simian immunodeficiency virus.
		The SIV system may be utilized to develop vaccines and antiviral therapies, to study the origin and evolution of primate lentiviruses, and to study mechanisms of viral pathogenesis.
		To explore the relationship of macrophage tropism and viral pathogenesis, conditions to culture and infect monocyte-derived macrophages from rhesus macaques were established, and the growth properties of two molecular clones of SIV(mac) were studied.
		To define the viral determinants of macrophage tropism, reciprocal recombinant viral genomes were constructed between molecular clones of SIV(mac)-239 and SIV(mac)-1A11.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1993/feb/M9320872.html (672 words)

	Harmonium » Archive » Bexar Bexar - Tropism
		Tropism’s slow, almost melancholy tone never shifts gears.
		Tropism might be a challenge, but it’s also a moderate success.
		This entry was posted on Thursday, May 11th, 2006 at 10:00 am and is filed under Record Reviews.
	www.harmoniummusic.com /2006/05/11/bexar-bexar-tropism (457 words)

	Clontech Laboratories, Inc. - Retroviral Resources: Tropism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		There are various packaging cell lines—available commercially and through research collaborations—that can be used to generate retroviruses that are suitable for a target cell of interest.
		Tropism refers to the host range of a particular virus.
		This is possible because one species of retrovirus is capable of incorporating the envelope from another species or type of retrovirus.
	www.clontech.com /clontech/expression/retro/retro6.shtml (405 words)

	Tropism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In Biology, a tropism is movement in an organism in response to some environmental stimulus.
		The word tropism comes from the Greek trope for turn.
		The term is often utilised, especially by hackers, in a slightly less specifically biological fashion, i.e.: "Hackers display a fairly high tropism for certain other hobbies, like reading science fiction."
	www.askfactmaster.com /Tropism (101 words)

	MonogramHIV - New Technologies - Co-Receptor Tropism
		The evaluation of the co-receptor tropism of HIV — X4 or R5 virus — may provide highly useful information at all stages of antiretroviral therapy.
		In particular, monitoring the tropism of HIV in treatment-naïve patients may prove valuable in deciding when to initiate therapy.
		The tropism technology is a product of Monogram's work on the entry assay that was used in the development of Fuzeon, and is currently being used by several other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for the development of other HIV entry inhibitors.
	www.monogramhiv.com /assays/hcp/tropism.aspx (161 words)

	AEGiS-03CROI: Differential tropism of acute HIV-1 isolates for monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) and microglia.
		AEGiS-03CROI: Differential tropism of acute HIV-1 isolates for monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) and microglia.
		The cellular and virological factors responsible for the neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis of HIV are poorly understood, although histopathological and clincial evidence suggests that virus is present in the brain at all stages of infection, and that microglia are the predominant cell type infected.
		To ascertain whether viruses present at the time of primary viremia can infect the CNS, and to determine if microglial tropism is distinct from MDM-tropism, twenty-two HIV-1 isolates obtained from acutely infected individuals were assayed for their ability to replicate in primary adult microglial cultures and MDM.
	www.aegis.com /conferences/croi/1996/34.html (370 words)

	The Importance of Tropisms--Plants lesson plan (grades 6-8)--DiscoverySchool.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Have students select an environment, such as the desert or the grasslands, and invent and name a tropism that would be advantageous to a plant’s growth in that environment.
		For example, if the tropism is response to fertilizer placed deep in the ground, show how the plants grow downward in search of these nutrients.
		Definition: Tropisms are a unique characteristic of plants that enable them to adapt to different features of their environment—gravity, light, water, and touch—so that they can flourish.
	school.discovery.com /lessonplans/programs/tropisms (1847 words)

	Title Identification of the Genetic Factors Which Control Tropism in Leishmania
		Identify the gene(s) controlling temperature sensitivity and tropism present in the cosmid(s) which restore(s) a wild-type phenotype to the Leishmania cells.
		Determined that parasite strains that have an unusual tropism in the human host (to include the viscerotropic L. tropica from Desert Storm) also show an unexpected temperature sensitivity in the model.
		Developed two animal models where the tropism of the Leishmania strain is known, uniform, and reproducible (all organisms are found in one location, either visceral or cutaneous) when inoculated in the skin (sc) to mimic a sand fly bite: Cutaneous model - no visceralization; and Visceral model - no skin lesions.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /medical/a-19.htm (667 words)

	Tropism K-12 Experiments & Background
		How can I do an experiment that shows plant tropisms and growth hormones?
		In tropisms, this response is dependent on the direction of the stimulus (as opposed to nasties which are non-directional responses).
		The word tropism comes from the Greek tropos ("to turn").
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/botany/tropism.html (288 words)

	CAMB: Faculty: Ron Collman
		Mechanisms of HIV-1 entry and target cell tropism, and their role in pathogenesis.
		Target cell tropism of different HIV-1 strains is encoded by the viral envelope glycoprotein, and results from the choice between two different cellular chemokine receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4) that the virus utilizes in conjunction with CD4 as co-receptors for entry.
		Our work is directed at defining how these cellular receptors are used by HIV-1 to enter primary cells infected in vivo, T lymphocytes and macrophages, and the molecular basis for M-tropic to T-tropic evolution.
	www.med.upenn.edu /camb/faculty/mv/collman.html (555 words)

	Facet Tropism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This study compares the findings of plain film x-ray and computed CT examination in the diagnosis of facet orientation and the presence of tropism.
		CT was accepted as the most accurate method to determine the true facet orientation, and plain x-ray interpretation of facet orientation was compared to the CT reading.
		There was a statistically significant relationship in diagnosing tropism between plain film x-ray and CT readings, with a predictive accuracy that ranged form 58-84% across the three segmental levels.
	www.coxtechnic.com /facettropism.html (170 words)

	CiteULike: Tag tropism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Expanded Tropism and Altered Activation of a Retroviral Glycoprotein Resistant to an Entry Inhibitor Peptide
		The alpha/beta interferon response controls tissue tropism and pathogenicity of poliovirus.
		Poliovirus tropism and attenuation are determined after internal ribosome entry.
	www.citeulike.org /tag/tropism (162 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience 3, d44-58, January 1, 1998] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In almost all cases, the determinants of HIV/SIV tropism can be mapped to the viral envelope gene (13-19), thus indicating that tropism is restricted at the level of virus entry.
		While other regions of the viral envelope (notably V1) have also been also shown in to influence HIV-1 tropism (17-19) it remains true that the tropism of a particular strain is very often determined by the V3 region of the viral envelope.
		In addition, there is variation in the 'promiscuity' of viral envelopes in that some are restricted to the use of a single coreceptor, whereas others are able to interact with several.
	www.bioscience.org /1998/v3/d/bieniasz/3.htm (426 words)

	Tissue Tropism of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Belonging to the O55 Serogroup -- Fitzhenry et al. 70 (8): ...
		Tissue Tropism of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Belonging to the O55 Serogroup -- Fitzhenry et al.
		Tissue Tropism of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Belonging to the O55 Serogroup
		IVOC tissue tropism of O55 serogroup strains G21, G30, G35, and G58.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/8/4362 (3822 words)

	A.Word.A.Day -- tropism
		The response to a stimulus could be positive or negative: towards or away from the stimulus.
		The word tropism is related to trope, the term for rhetorical devices such as metaphor and irony.
		In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get through to you.
	www.wordsmith.org /words/tropism.html (368 words)

	Enterococcus faecalis Tropism for the Kidneys in the Urinary Tract of C57BL/6J Mice -- Kau et al. 73 (4): 2461 -- ...
		Enterococcus faecalis Tropism for the Kidneys in the Urinary Tract of C57BL/6J Mice -- Kau et al.
		Enterococcus faecalis Tropism for the Kidneys in the Urinary Tract of C57BL/6J Mice
		tropism for the kidney, it is possible that many or most episodes
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/4/2461 (4264 words)

	Tropism
		The word tropism is related to trope, the term for rhetorical devices such
		And likewise the turning to spirtuality, God, or a Higher Power of your understanding that hopefully displaces that tropism.
		It will be kind of nice to have my place back, but kind of lonely again too.
	journals.aol.com /makemarc/SoberGayEx-Con/entries/2005/.../tropism/770 (228 words)

	Cellular receptors for viruses: links to tropism and pathogenesis -- Schneider-Schaulies 81 (6): 1413 -- Journal of ...
		alter the tropism and virulence of a virus.
		tropism appears often to be influenced by still unknown factors.
		Berger, E. A., Murphy, P. and Farber, J. Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/81/6/1413 (5570 words)

	Differences in transductional tropism of adenoviral and lentiviral vectors in the rat brainstem -- Duale et al. 90 (1): ...
		Differences in transductional tropism of adenoviral and lentiviral vectors in the rat brainstem -- Duale et al.
		Differences in transductional tropism of adenoviral and lentiviral vectors in the rat brainstem
		AVVs are derived may affect their neuronal tropism.
	ep.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/90/1/71 (3634 words)

	Molecular Basis for the Enterocyte Tropism Exhibited by Salmonella typhimurium Type 1 Fimbriae -- Thankavel et al. 274 ...
		Molecular Basis for the Enterocyte Tropism Exhibited by Salmonella typhimurium Type 1 Fimbriae -- Thankavel et al.
		Salmonella typhimurium exhibits a distinct tropism for mouse enterocytes that is linked to their expression of type 1 fimbriae.
		role in modulating bacterial tropism to the gut of the host.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/9/5797 (7686 words)

	A.Word.A.Day--tropism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		tropism (TRO-piz-uhm) noun The turning or bending (typically by growth instead of movement) of an organism in response to an external stimulus.
		Darwin and his son Francis demonstrated that the tip of the plant detected light and if you covered just the tip, the plant would grow straight, not toward the light.
		-Anu Garg gargATwordsmith.org "The traits [Judith Miller] has drive many reporters at The Times crazy: her tropism toward powerful men, her frantic intensity, and her peculiar mixture of hard work and hauteur." Maureen Dowd; Woman of Mass Destruction; The New York Times; Oct 22, 2005.
	www.mail-archive.com /linguaphile@wordsmith.org/msg00315.html (421 words)

	Pfizer and Monogram Will Make HIV Co-receptor Tropism Test Available Globally (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Pfizer Inc and Monogram Biosciences, Inc. announced today a non-exclusive collaboration to make Monogram’s HIV Co-Receptor Tropism Assay available for patient use on a global basis.
		The assay is a diagnostic tool to show tropism —the path taken by the virus to access human CD4 cells.
		Tropism information is intended to help identify patients who are most likely to respond to a class of investigational drugs known as CCR5 Antagonists.
	www.hivdent.org /drugs1/drugPMWM0506.htm (153 words)

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