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Topic: Troponin

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	Troponin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies within the groove between actin filaments in muscle tissue.
		Troponin is found in both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but the specific versions of troponin differ between types of muscle.
		Troponin is a component of thin filaments (along with actin and tropomyosin), and is the protein to which calcium binds to accomplish this regulation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Troponin (684 words)

	Troponin: The Test
		Troponin tests are primarily ordered for people who have chest pain to see if they have had a heart attack or other damage to their heart.
		Troponin I and troponin T tests have begun to replace CK and CK-MB tests because they are more specific for heart injury (versus skeletal muscle injury) and are elevated for a longer period of time, but many doctors still prefer to have the additional information they get by ordering more than one cardiac biomarker.
		Troponin levels may also be elevated with acute or chronic conditions such as myocarditis (heart inflammation), congestive heart failure, severe infections, kidney disease, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis.
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/troponin/test.html (729 words)

	Troponin tests for cardiac damage [Nov 2001; 93-5]
		After exclusions, seven clinical trials and 19 cohort studies were used, with 5,400 patients examined with troponin T and 6,600 with troponin I. The mean age of patients was 63 years, and two thirds were men.
		Results for troponin T for death are shown in Figure 1 and for death or myocardial infarction in Figure 2.
		Serial troponin T measurements were used in 409 patients, but not in 447.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/band93/b93-5.html (1468 words)

	Troponin as a cardiac marker. Antigens and Antibodies against Troponin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It was demonstrated that stability of Troponin I in native Troponin complex is significantly better than stability of the purified form of the protein or the stability of cTnI in artificial Troponin complexes combined from purified proteins.
		Troponin complex is purified from human cardiac tissue in mild conditions without treatment of the proteins with urea containing buffers.
		Cardiac Troponin I calibrator set is intended for use as a reference and control material in clinical laboratory immunoassay of human cardiac troponin I. Calibrators correspond to 0, 1, 3, 10, 50, 100 and 200 ng of cTnI per ml.
	www.hytest.fi /high_lights4.php (801 words)

	p990727b - Chest Pain, Troponin Levels
		Among 47 patients with evolving myocardial infarction, troponin T tests were positive in 44 (94 percent) and troponin I tests were positive in all 47.
		Among 315 patients with unstable angina, troponin T tests were positive in 70 patients (22 percent), and troponin I tests were positive in 114 patients (36 percent).
		Troponin T and troponin I proved to be strong, independent predictors of cardiac events.
	www.emory.edu /WHSCL/grady/amreport/litsrch99/p990727b.html (644 words)

	Critical Care \| Full text \| Elevated troponin and myocardial infarction in the intensive care unit: a prospective study
		Studies that used multivariable analyses are limited but have suggested that an elevated troponin I level is associated with increased cardiac events in a medical-surgical ICU [6], and is associated with increased in-hospital death in ICU patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [14] and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with septic shock [15].
		Recent studies have examined the frequency of elevated troponin levels excluding those patients with underlying coronary heart disease [3]; a 55% prevalence of elevated levels of troponin was reported, of which 72% of patients with an elevated troponin did not have flow-limiting coronary artery disease based on stress echocardiography or autopsy.
		Furthermore, the various troponin assays are not standardized and, although it is recommended that levels exceeding the 99th percentile be considered positive, this level varies according to manufacturer [20].
	ccforum.com /content/9/6/R636 (5402 words)

	Troponin Test
		Troponin levels are used in persons who have Chest pain to see if they have had a Heart Attack or other heart damage.
		Troponin tests are usually ordered, often along with other heart tests such as CK, CK—MB, or myoglobin, in persons who have prolonged chest pain or pain that occurs at rest.
		Troponin is generally considered the most accurate test, and CK-MB (the heart isoenzyme of CK) is also highly accurate in detecting damage to the heart, even when there is no other evidence of a heart attack.
	www.health.am /cardio/more/troponin_test (789 words)

	Troponin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is a "maximal concentration of troponin T or I exceeding the decision limit (99th percentile of the values for a reference control group) on at least one occasion during the first 24 hours after the index clinical event" (see outline below for reference).
		Shorter troponin TATs were associated with performing cardiac marker studies in EDs or other peripheral laboratories compared to (1) performing tests in central hospital laboratories, and (2) having cardiac marker specimens obtained by laboratory rather than by nonlaboratory personnel.
		Due to myocyte damage and an associated inflammatory response, it is possible that cardiac troponin T and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations may correlate with the histologic grade of rejection in endomyocardial biopsy samples obtained from patients who have received a heart transplant.
	www.thedoctorsdoctor.com /labtests/troponin.htm (5767 words)

	Biochemistry of Troponin I
		Troponin is a molecule that binds to the thin filament (actin) of striated muscle fibers and acts with intracellular calcium to control the interaction of the thin filament with the thick filament (myosin), thus regulating muscle contraction.
		Troponin consists of three subunits: subunit T, which connects the troponin complex and tropomyosin (another cardiac muscle regulatory protein); subunit I, which prevents muscle contraction in the absence of calcium; and subunit C, which binds calcium.
		Therefore an AMI is diagnosed in the presence of a clinical history suggestive of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and a single troponin result exceeding either the 99th percentile of a normal reference population or the lowest concentration at which the method attained a 10 percent coefficient of variation.
	www.dpcweb.com /medical/heartdisease/troponin_I.html (297 words)

	Yale: Acute Coronary Syndrome: Relevance of Troponin
		An elevated troponin level is an independant marker of adverse outcome and thrombotic microembolization in patients with unstable ischemic syndromes.
		Troponin levels should be measured at baseline and 8 hours after presentation to the emergency department.
		Thus, although elevated troponin levels are associated with adverse prognosis in patients with unstable ischemic syndromes, the rise in troponin can be attenuated by anti-platelet treatment.
	info.med.yale.edu /intmed/cardio/acs/topics/relevance_of_troponin.html (481 words)

	Troponin Medical Malpractice - $4.75 million settlement for failure to respond to elevated troponin results in heart ...
		One of the tests, which were ordered by the defendant, was a Troponin I. At that time, the Troponin I was relatively new and was being sent to another hospital’s laboratory for interpretation.
		The plaintiff was never contacted regarding the elevated Troponin level and was never informed of the need to return to the hospital for immediate evaluation and testing as the source of his prior chest pain was now clearly cardiac and had caused injury to his heart muscle.
		The defendants were prepared to testify at trial that the Troponin I test was new test being utilized in the emergency room and that the levels, which were indicative of myocardial injury, were not clear and were changing from facility to facility.
	www.lubinandmeyer.com /cases/troponin.html (831 words)

	Troponins test
		Troponin levels help predict the extent of heart muscle damage; higher levels are associated with increased damage, lower levels with less damage.
		The main difference between troponins I and T is that cardiac troponin I tests measure only cardiac troponin; tests for cardiac troponin T may cross-react with troponin found in other muscles and give positive or increased results in the absence of heart damage.
		Two types of tests for troponins T and I are available: a traditional quantitative test that provides an actual measurement of troponin, and a newer qualitative test that simply reports the result as positive or negative.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/troponins_test.jsp (754 words)

	Troponin T or I and prognosis in patients with chest pain
		Troponin I was positive in 13 and negative in 1.
		Four of these had an abnormal troponin T, all 5 had an abnormal troponin I. The overall event rate for patients with negative troponin T was 1.1%, and for negative troponin I 0.3%.
		Thus, a large number of patients with negative troponin tests were admitted to the hospital, mainly with the diagnoses of unstable and stable angina, and presumably received treatment for this.
	www.journalclub.org /vol2/a58.html (3513 words)

	UMHS Press Release:
		Troponin I is an important cardiac muscle regulatory protein that controls the calcium sensitivity of heart muscle cells.
		During embryonic development, the fetal form of troponin I is present in the fetal heart, which makes it more resistant than the adult heart to the harmful effects of acidosis and low oxygen that can occur during pregnancy or delivery.
		When she analyzed cells for expression of troponin I with the histidine substitution, Westfall discovered that “you don’t need 100 percent gene replacement to see a biological effect in individual myofilaments.
	www.med.umich.edu /opm/newspage/2006/troponin.htm (1176 words)

	Troponin I ELISA
		Cardiac Troponin I is a protein found incardiac muscle, with a molecular weight of22.500 daltons.
		Both free Troponin I and Troponin I in complex are measured.
		Troponin I is also found in skeletal muscles, but it differs in its amino acid composition from cardiac TroponinI.
	www.gentaur.com /troponin_i_elisa.htm (212 words)

	Troponin genes offer new insights to familial heart failure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mutations in the troponin protein complex may be useful for predicting the course of heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy and also for guiding treatment and research, according to a new study in the Nov. 16, 2004 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
		The data suggest that mutation analysis of the troponin complex in dilated cardiomyopathy patients may prove valuable in early identification of individuals with adverse prognosis and high risk of premature death.
		Akinori Kimura, M.D., Ph.D., at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University in Japan said it was striking that troponin mutations were found in 5 percent of the cases of familial dilated cardiomyopathy and that the mutations were associated with severe clinical courses.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=6319 (1059 words)

	Troponin triple crown: diagnosis, risk, Rx - College of American Pathologists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Troponin's coronation as coronary arbiter par excellence was marked by a September 2000 report, "Myocardial Infarction Redefined—A Consensus Document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology [ESC/ACC] Committee for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction" (J Am Coll Cardiol.
		One drawback to using troponin assays in their current forms is raised by Fred Apple, PhD, medical director of clinical laboratories at Hennepin County Medical Center and professor of laboratory medicine and pathology at the University of Minnesota School of Medicine.
		With the increasing appreciation of troponin's sensitivity and specificity, says Dr. Lifshitz, "We are now able to identify smaller amounts of myocardial damage and to start to extract additional information from these markers." He cites substantiating evidence from pathologic studies that show focal necrosis of myocardial cells—MMD—associated with small elevations in troponin.
	www.cap.org /apps/docs/cap_today/feature_stories/feat_0701.html (4117 words)

	Cardiac troponin T (cTnT)
		The troponin group consists of troponin C, troponin I and troponin T. The troponin complex on the actin filament regulates the force and the velocity of muscle contraction.
		Troponin C functions as a calcium-receptor while troponin I prevents the adenosine triphosphatase activity when bound to actin.
		During the relaxation period, the troponin group is bound to actin and tropomyosin, blocking the interaction of myosin and actin.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514267370/html/x624.html (817 words)

	Troponin Test Details
		Cardiac Troponin I (CTnI) is a cardiac muscle protein with a molecular weight of 2.5 kilodaltons.
		Together with Troponin T (TnT) and Troponin C (TnC), TnI forms a Troponin complex in the heart to play a fundamental role in the transmission of intracellular calcium signal actin-myosin interaction.
		It is designed for qualitative determination of cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) in human whole blood specimens as an aid in he diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
	www.metachem.co.uk /Troponin.htm (338 words)

	Troponin: The Test Sample
		Troponin is a family of proteins found in skeletal and heart muscle fibers; it helps muscles contract.
		There are three forms of troponin: C, I, and T. Cardiac troponin I and T are different enough from the troponin I and T found in skeletal muscle that they can be specifically tested for.
		The more damage there is, the greater the concentration of troponin I and T. When a patient has a heart attack, levels of troponin can become elevated in the blood within 3 or 4 hours after injury and may remain elevated for 10 to 14 days.
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/troponin/sample.html (206 words)

	Stable Troponin I Antigen - Products - Labmaster Ltd
		Cardiac Troponin I is a protein found in cardiac muscle, with a molecular weight of 22.500 daltons.
		Troponin I is also found in skeletal muscles, but it differs in its amino acid composition from cardiac Troponin I. Different Troponins can be immunologically distinguished from each other.
		Troponin I is released into blood stream soon after onset of acute cardiac damage.
	www.labmaster.fi /products/troponin-i-antigen.htm (346 words)

	cTroponinI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Troponin I is a protein found in both skeletal and cardiac (heart) muscle.
		Troponin C was purified by ion exchange chromatography and the troponin I by affinity chromatography using covalently immobilized troponin C. Determination of molecular mass (weight) can be performed by plotting the migration distance versus the log of the molecular weight of the standard protein.
		This ELISA was to geared to measure quantitatively cardiac troponin I. The optimal fashion to perform experiments is to change several factors (variables) that affect an output(response) at the same time.
	www.fiu.edu /~sabucedo/troponinI.htm (1828 words)

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