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Topic: Tropopause

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	The height of the tropopause
		The height of the tropopause depends on the location, notably the latitude, as shown in the figure on the right (which shows annual mean conditions).
		The highest average tropopause is over the oceanic warm pool of the western equatorial Pacific, about 17.5 km high, and over Southeast Asia, during the summer monsoon, the tropopause occasionally peaks above 18 km.
		Rather, it drops rapidly in the area of the subtropical and polar front jets (STJ and PFJ respectively in the Figure on the left), as shown in the Palmen-Newton model of the general circulation (Fig 12.16 or Fig on left).
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/tropo.html (534 words)

	Global Warming Linked To Increase In Tropopause Height
		Recent research has shown that increases in the height of the tropopause over the past two decades are directly linked to ozone depletion and increased greenhouse gases.
		The tropopause is the transition zone between the lowest layer of the atmosphere -- the turbulently-mixed troposphere -- and the more stable stratosphere.
		The tropopause lies roughly 10 miles above the Earth's surface at the equator and five miles above the poles.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/earth-03a.html (650 words)

	Rising Height of Atmospheric Boundary Points to Human Impact on Climate
		The tropopause provides a unique window into atmospheric temperatures because it is situated at the upper boundary of the troposphere, where temperatures cool with increased altitude, and at the lower boundary of the stratosphere, where temperatures warm with increased altitude.
		Although this height increase does not directly affect Earth, it is important as an indication that the troposphere is becoming warmer and the stratosphere is becoming cooler.
		The impacts were compared with observed changes in tropopause height, which were inferred from two sets of data—one from NCAR and the National Center for Environmental Prediction, and the other from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
	www.ucar.edu /communications/newsreleases/2003/tropopause.html (709 words)

	Scientists Find "Fingerprint" of Human Activities in Recent Tropopause Height Changes
		Earlier research has shown that increases in the height of the tropopause over the past two decades are directly linked to stratospheric ozone depletion and increased greenhouse gases.
		Smaller tropopause height increases over the first half of the 20th century were largely caused by natural variations in volcanic aerosols and solar irradiance.
		The tropopause is the boundary between the lowest layer of the atmosphere — the turbulently mixed troposphere — and the more stable stratosphere.
	www.lbl.gov /CS/Archive/news090203a.html (525 words)

	Tropopause folds and cross-tropopause exchange: A global investigation based upon ECMWF analyses for the time period ...
		A new methodology is proposed to identify folds of the dynamical tropopause (taken as the 2 potential vorticity (PV) units (pvu) isosurface) from global analysis data sets from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).
		However, due to the much higher frequency of subtropical folds, the percentage of exchange events that are associated with tropopause folds is larger near 20°–40° latitude (50–70%) than further poleward (20–30% during winter and 10–20% during summer).
		This indicates that tropopause folds are the key feature for cross-tropopause exchange in the subtropics, whereas in the extratropics other tropopause structures are at least of equal importance.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002JD002587.shtml (399 words)

	Climatological characteristics of the tropopause parameters derived from GPS/CHAMP and GPS/SAC-C measurements
		We have analyzed the tropopause parameters using the data retrieved from the GPS occultation experiment on board the CHAMP and SAC-C satellites.
		Tropopause parameters such as temperature, height, pressure, and potential temperature have been separately studied for the tropical and other regions.
		The tropopause temperature and pressure variations are strongly correlated, and they both anticorrelate with the tropopause height.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2006/2005JD006827.shtml (385 words)

	Definition of tropopause - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "tropopause" and related topics at Britannica.com
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		See a map of "tropopause" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=tropopause (42 words)

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