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Topic: Troposphere

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	Troposphere Information - pictures of troposphere
		The troposphere is the lowermost portion of Earth's atmosphere location of troposphere and troposphere stratosphere the one in which most weather phenomena occur.
		The lapse rate, which is the change of temperature the troposphere with respect to troposphere weather height, is what is the troposphere made of larger than troposphere in other layers, the temperature temperatures in the troposphere decreasing at middle latitudes from approx.
		For every 1000 meter increase in altitude, the temperature goes down by approximately properties of the troposphere 6.4°C. this is because wavelength of radiation present in the troposphere the higher the altitude, the less atmospheric particles what are some characteristics of the troposphere there are to trap the heat, therefore resulting in the heat escaping.
	www.inanot.com /Ina-Electronics_Topics_T-/Troposphere.html (450 words)

	Troposphere
		The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause, a boundary marked by stable temperatures.
		The troposphere is denser than the layers of the atmosphere above it (because of the weight compressing it), and it contains up to 75% of the mass of the atmosphere.
		The troposphere is capped by the tropopause, a region of stable temperature.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Atmosphere/Older/Troposphere.html (324 words)

	Troposphere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Troposphere is the lowermost portion of Earth's atmosphere.
		The troposphere is the most turbulent part of the atmosphere and is the part of the atmosphere in which most weather phenomena are seen.
		The tropopause is the boundary region between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Troposphere (464 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The calculated j-values for the cloud-containing troposphere are a matter of great concern to modelers of tropospheric ozone, since the use of clear sky j-values in simulations does not reflect the reality of the often cloudy troposphere.
		For example, the origin of ozone in the free troposphere, which in terms of atmospheric mass is the largest component, has for long been assumed to be located in the lower stratosphere because of the phasing relationship of lower stratospheric ozone and tropospheric ozone at remote locations.
		As the events mature, enhanced anomalous momentum fluxes appearing in the upper troposphere accompany an increase in the amplitude of the Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode and related wind and temperature anomalies near the surface.
	www.lycoszone.com /info/troposphere.html (910 words)

	AECL 1000 Atmosphere Project Troposphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Troposphere is the lowermost portion of Earth's atmosphere and the one in which clouds and most other weather phenomena occur.
		As the altitude increases in the Troposphere, the temperature decreases.
		It is at the Tropopause that the temperature of the Troposphere reaches its minimum and remains constant for approximately 9km.
	w3.uwyo.edu /~bmckim/atmosphere_troposphere.html (324 words)

	tuvwz
		Temperature Inversion - The abnormal reversal of temperature in the troposphere caused by the entrapment of urban air pollution.
		Troposphere - The lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, ranging from the ground to the base of the stratosphere with a altitude of 10-15 kilometers depending on the latitude.
		Water vapor, clouds, and carbon dioxide are the main atmospheric components in the exchange of terrestrial radiation in the troposphere, serving as a regulator of planetary temperatures via the greenhouse effect.
	www.shsu.edu /~chemistry/Glossary/tuvwz.html (2978 words)

	The Atmosphere
		The troposphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends 8 to 14.5 kilometers high (5 to 9 miles).
		The tropopause and the troposphere are known as the lower atmosphere.
		Compared to the troposphere, this part of the atmosphere is dry and less dense.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/space/atmosphere.html (568 words)

	Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling
		In both troposphere and stratosphere, the annular modes are associated with variation in the strength and position of the jet (the mid-latitude jet in the troposphere, the polar night jet in the stratosphere).
		In the ‘high’ phase wave fluxes tend to be directed equatorward within the troposphere and to converge in the subtropical troposphere, whereas in the ‘low’ phase wave fluxes tend to be directed upward from troposphere to stratosphere and to converge, implying an anomalous westward wave force, in the mid- and high latitude stratosphere.
		Propagation of the Arctic Oscillation from the stratosphere to the troposphere.
	www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca /SPARC/News25/coupling.html (2870 words)

	troposphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The troposphere is that portion of the atmosphere that lies between the earth's surface and an altitude of approximately 15 km (9.5 miles).
		Oxidation by the hydroxyl radical (OH) is the main sink for a number of gases important in climate change and depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.
		Ozone is the primary precursor of OH and is supplied to the troposphere from the stratosphere and is also produced in the troposphere by photochemical oxidation of methane, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide.
	www.smm.org /boghopper/troposphere.html (383 words)

	Origin of NOx in the upper troposphere
		The magnitude of the underestimate is correlated with concentrations of condensation nuclei, which we take as a proxy for the age of air in the upper troposphere.
		Human influence on ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere is receiving increased attention because of its potential contribution to climate change.
		On one occasion, the May 2 flight, values of CO as high as 250 ppbv were observed in the upper troposphere (blue pluses in Figure 2).
	www.atmos.washington.edu /~jaegle/jaegle1998b.html (3226 words)

	Troposphere (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The troposphere is the lowermost portion of Earth's atmosphere and the one in which most weather phenomena occur.
		The lapse rate, which is the change of temperature with respect to height, is larger than in other layers, the temperature decreasing at middle latitudes from approx.
		At poles, Troposphere is thinner and the temperature sinks only to -45 °C, while at the equator temperature can reach -75 °C. The tropopause marks the limit of the Troposphere and the beginning of the stratosphere.
	troposphere.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (247 words)

	Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling, Dr. Thomas Reichler
		The objective of my current research is to better understand the role of the stratosphere for tropospheric weather and climate with a numerical model that specifically resolves middle atmospheric dynamics.
		The results can be used to understand the sensitivity of the stratosphere to tropospheric wave activity flux, to find out the optimal conditions for the creation of sudden warmings, and to investigate the nature of the subsequent tropospheric response.
		Preliminary results indicate that the timing of the downward response is controlled by (1) initial anomalies in the stratospheric polar vortex, and (2) by the initial strength of the lower stratospheric eddy drag.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~tjr/TS/TS.html (707 words)

	UGAMP Newsletter Issue 20: Upper Stratosphere / Lower Troposphere Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The aim of this work is to investigate and quantify the isentropic transport of water vapour from the upper troposphere into the lower stratosphere.
		This mechanism involves interactions between mid-latitude synoptic disturbances and the upper level monsoon anticyclone, during which filaments of tropospheric air are being pulled off the northern flank of the anticyclone and moisture is transported into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere.
		The contour advection calculations confirmed that transport of tropospheric air across the dynamical tropopause occurred in the region of the Asian summer monsoon (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
	www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk /acmsu/newsletter20/dethof.html (729 words)

	The Earth's Atmosphere
		The troposphere is where all weather takes place; it is the region of rising and falling packets of air.
		The air pressure at the top of the troposphere is only 10% of that at sea level (0.1 atmospheres).
		Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, where air flow is mostly horizontal.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/earth/atmosphere.html (655 words)

	A model study of stratospheric ozone in the troposphere and its contribution to tropospheric OH formation
		Results from an 11-year simulation of the present-day atmosphere with a coupled tropospheric chemistry-climate model have been used to investigate the extratropical transport from the stratosphere to the troposphere, the transport and photochemical destruction of ozone from stratospheric origin in the troposphere, and the resulting contribution to tropospheric OH.
		The lifetime of stratospheric ozone in the troposphere is largely determined by transport between the extratropical tropopause where it enters the troposphere and the subtropical lower troposphere where its photochemical destruction rate maximizes.
		The oxidation capacity of the troposphere may therefore be sensitive to atmospheric dynamic effects of climate change.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002JD002598.shtml (305 words)

	Troposphere (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		These are responsible for atmospheric circulation, and produce the prevailing winds.
		This region, constantly in motion, is the densest layer.
		The tropopause marks the limit of the troposphere and the beginning of the stratosphere.
	troposphere.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (262 words)

	IGAC \| HO_x chemistry in the upper troposphere: Where do we stand?
		Acetone is ubiquitous in the troposphere and, at the low levels of water vapor in the upper troposphere, its photolysis can largely dominate (R2) as a source of HOx [Singh et al., 1995; Arnold et al., 1997].
		Prather and Jacob [1997] found that convection turns over the upper troposphere at rates comparable to the photochemical processes controlling the abundance of HO Thus, injection of air from the surface, carrying high levels of HO precursors, could be an additional HOx source to the upper troposphere.
		Cohan, D.S., et al., Convective injection and photochemical decay of peroxides in the tropical upper troposphere: Methyl iodide as a tracer of marine convection, J.
	www.igac.noaa.gov /newsletter/19/jaegle.php (2012 words)

	Zoom Astronomy Glossary: T (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The weather and clouds occur in the troposphere.
		In the troposphere, the temperature generally decreases as altitude increases.
		The tropopause is the boundary zone (or transition layer) between the troposphere and the stratosphere of the Earth's atmosphere.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/glossary/indext.shtml (2976 words)

	411B: M1, U3, P3: Troposphere
		The standard lapse rate for the troposphere is a decrease of about 6.5 degrees Celsius (C) per kilometer (km) (or about 12 degrees F).
		The name troposphere is derived from the Greek tropein, which means to turn or change.
		The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause, a boundary marked as the point where the temperature stops decreasing with height and becomes constant with height.
	www.shodor.org /os411/courses/411b/module01/unit03/page03.html (278 words)

	Glossary of Terms: T
		The tropopause is a relatively thin atmospheric transition layer found between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
		Layer in the atmosphere found from the surface to a height of between 8 to 16 kilometers of altitude (average height 11 kilometers).
		The troposphere is thinnest at poles and gradually increases in thickness as one approaches the equator.
	www.physicalgeography.net /physgeoglos/t.html (2086 words)

	Stratosphere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is in contrast to the troposphere near the Earth's surface, which is cooler higher up and warmer farther down.
		The heating is caused by an ozone layer that absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation, heating the upper layers of the stratosphere.
		This is to avoid atmospheric turbulence from the convection in the troposphere.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Stratosphere (713 words)

	- Troposphere
		The lowest layer of the atmosphere, which is known as the troposphere, extends from the Earth's surface up to the top of the highest clouds you usually see.
		Between the troposphere and the next layer of the atmosphere, the stratosphere, is the tropopause.
		At the North and South Poles and in the upper troposphere where it is very cold, the air contains less than one gram of water per kilogram of air.
	www.atmosphere.mpg.de /enid/Climate_in_brief/-_Troposphere_2t5.html (1066 words)

	Mixing states of individual aerosol particles in spring Arctic troposphere during ASTAR 2000 campaign
		The highest relative abundance of soot (∼94.7%) was observed in free troposphere on 23 March, when the heaviest Arctic haze condition during the ASTAR 2000 campaign (Yamanouchi et al., submitted manuscript, 2002) was transported directly from Russian industrial regions to the measuring area for several days.
		Moreover, whereas the external mixing of soot and sulfate dominated under the Arctic haze and aerosol enriched conditions, in the background conditions the internal mixing is dominant.
		Sea-salts are dominant only in the lower troposphere (<3 km asl), although a few sea-salt particles were observed in the middle-upper troposphere (3–7 km).
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002JD002513.shtml (385 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Stratosphere-troposphere interactions have been examined primarily within the framework of global climate change studies, but it is now also critical to understand the relative contribution of stratospheric ozone to ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere.
		Measurements from previous ACP field campaigns have usually been made in the lower troposphere, however, so that little information could be inferred for the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
		This data could be used in conjunction with near-surface observations to determine the influence of stratospheric ozone on near-surface concentrations.
	www.atmos.anl.gov /ACP/Fast.html (1091 words)

	A cooling troposphere and global warming can co-exist
		Because ozone absorbs the sun's ultraviolet rays, the layer normally heats the stratosphere; but with depletion of ozone from the volcanic blast, the stratosphere cooled.
		As a general rule, during El Niño years, the upper and lower troposphere see greater warming than the surface, and tropospheric layers see greater cooling than the surface during La Niña years.
		The upper troposphere was cooler than expected during that year, indicating that a cold stratosphere nestled directly above may have affected the troposphere.
	www.lanl.gov /worldview/news/releases/archive/99-175.shtml (911 words)

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