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Topic: Tropospheric ozone

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Ozone depletion

Ozone

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Nitrogen dioxide

Photochemical smog

Stratosphere

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	Encyclopedia: Tropospheric ozone
		) in the troposphere, is a pollutant, a constituent of smog.
		Ozone (O3) in the troposphere, is a pollutant, a constituent of smog.
		Tropospheric ozone is a greenhouse gas and initiates the chemical removal of methane and other hydrocarbons from the atmosphere thus its concentration affects how long these compounds remain in the air.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tropospheric-ozone (1136 words)

	Tropospheric ozone -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ozone can irritate the (The system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing) respiratory system, causing coughing, throat irritation, and/or an uncomfortable sensation in the chest.
		Ozone can reduce (Either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood) lung function and make it more difficult to breathe deeply and vigorously.
		When ozone levels are high, more people with asthma have attacks that require a doctor's attention or use of medication.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tr/tropospheric_ozone.htm (560 words)

	Ozone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ozone was discovered by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840, who "noted ozone appeared during thunderstorms and named the gas ozone for its peculiar smell (ozo is Greek for smell)." [1].
		Ozone does not form organochlorine compounds, but it also does not remain in the water after treatment, so some systems introduce a small amount of chlorine to prevent bacterial growth in the pipes, or may use chlorine intermittently, based on results of periodic testing.
		Ozone, along with hypochlorite ions, is naturally produced by white blood cells and the roots of marigolds as a means of destroying foreign bodies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ozone (1096 words)

	Ozone Article, Ozone Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ozone is strongly oxidizing, and is unstable, decaying to ordinaryoxygen.
		Ozone is highly corrosive and is a poisonous substance and a common pollutant.It has a sharp, pungent odour.
		The highest levels of ozone in the atmosphere are in the stratosphere,in a region also known as the ozone layer.
	www.anoca.org /oxygen/light/ozone.html (732 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Ozone Pollution Works"
		Ozone is used as a bleach, a deodorizing agent, and a sterilization agent for air and drinking water.
		Tropospheric ozone (often termed "bad" ozone) is man-made, a result of air pollution from internal combustion engines and power plants.
		Although ozone pollution is formed mainly in urban and suburban areas, it ends up in rural areas as well, carried by prevailing winds or resulting from cars and trucks that travel into rural areas.
	science.howstuffworks.com /ozone-pollution1.htm (463 words)

	EO Library: Ozone
		Closer to Earth in the troposphere (the atmospheric layer from the surface up to about 10 km), ozone is a harmful pollutant that causes damage to lung tissue and plants.
		The amounts of "good" stratospheric and "bad" tropospheric ozone in the atmosphere depend on a balance between processes that create ozone and those that destroy it.
		An upset in the ozone balance can have serious consequences for life on Earth, as scientists are finding evidence that changes are occurring in ozone levels—the "bad" tropospheric ozone is increasing in the air we breathe, and the "good" stratospheric ozone is decreasing in our protective ozone layer.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/Ozone (243 words)

	Tropospheric Ozone: Background Material
		Ozone is a naturally occurring gas found in the troposphere and other parts of the atmosphere.
		Concentrations of ozone are not uniform in the troposphere.
		Tropospheric ozone is formed by the interaction of sunlight, particularly ultraviolet light, with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, which are emitted by automobiles, gasoline vapors, fossil fuel power plants, refineries, and certain other industries.
	www.ucar.edu /learn/1_7_1.htm (852 words)

	Changes in Tropospheric Chemical Composition
		Tropospheric ozone plays an important role in the atmosphere because its photolysis in the presence of water vapor is the primary source for hydroxyl radical (OH), which is responsible for the removal of many important trace gases.
		It was proposed that both reductions in the ozone flux from the stratosphere to the troposphere and the changes in the photochemistry of the upper troposphere are possible reasons for this correlation between upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric ozone concentrations.
		Tropospheric ozone concentrations are sensitive not only to UV radiation, but also to many other factors including concentrations of nitrogen oxides, water vapor, carbon monoxide, methane and non-methane hydrocarbons.
	www.gcrio.org /UNEP1998/UNEP98p55.html (2646 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ozone is a green house gas and possibly contributes to the global warming.
		Ozone is harmful for human being and crops in the troposphere.
		It may be a big problem, because if tropospheric ozone increases, it might damage to human beings and many crops, and fairly contribute to the global warming and change the tropospheric chemistry.
	csmres.jmu.edu /geollab/baedke/gsci115/tropospheric.html (287 words)

	The Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) Experiment: Higlights and Preliminary Results
		Tropospheric ozone plays a central role in the oxidative chemistry of the troposphere, has an important impact on the radiative balance of the atmosphere, and is known to have detrimental effects on human health and agricultural crop production.
		A feature of tropospheric ozone that is thought to have significant contributions from both chemical and dynamic origins is the widely observed springtime maximum of ozone in the Northern Hemisphere mid latitudes.
		In a novel approach the model simulated the chemical composition of the troposphere in a "real-time" mode during the campaign, with the model dynamics being driven by the analyzed winds obtained from the weather forecast models from the National Center of Environmental Prediction.
	topse.acd.ucar.edu /science/TOPSE.htm (3142 words)

	Direct measurement of tropospheric ozone distributions from space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ozone also makes a significant contribution to the radiative balance of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, such that changes in the distribution of ozone in these atmospheric regions will affect the radiative forcing of climate,.
		Furthermore, tropospheric ozone is the source of the hydroxyl radical which controls the abundance and distribution of many atmospheric constituents, including greenhouse gases such as methane and hydrochlorofluorocarbons.
		Tropospheric ozone is produced photochemically in situ and is also transported down from the stratosphere, but the relative importance of these two sources to its global budget is poorly understood.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v392/n6672/abs/392168a0_r.html&dynoptions= (256 words)

	Tropospheric Ozone: Human Health and Agricultural Impacts
		Levels of ozone concentration have grown dramatically and the effects of ozone exposure have been examined in virtually thousands of studies worldwide.
		Tropospheric Ozone guides you through the history of air pollution legislation and cites government initiatives to reduce ozone emissions.
		Ozone concentration data is supplied for a variety of geographic regions in examining the causes of ozone concentration and its potential effects on human populations, crops, and forests.
	www.ramex.com /title.asp?id=4183 (431 words)

	Tropospheric Ozone: The Missing GHG in the UNFCCC Equation
		Ozone affects human health (exposure to ozone can cause mucosal irritation, headache, reduced physical performance, reduction in resistance to infections and respiratory diseases particularly if the concentration is higher than 100 ppb).
		Perhaps it is understandable, as unlike other greenhouse gases, tropospheric ozone is unique in the sense that it is not emitted directly to the atmosphere, and hence its control is not very straight forward.
		One of the major "remaining uncertainties regarding the causes, effects, magnitude and timing of climate change" is the contribution of tropospheric ozone as a greenhouse gas, as the global distribution of tropospheric ozone is still poorly known, especially in the tropics and subtropics where data are sparse.
	www.iisd.ca /journal/low.html (1927 words)

	Ozone Measurements - Background
		Ozone in the stratosphere (~15 to 55 km altitude) protects Earth from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation, but in the troposphere (0 to ~15 km altitude), ozone can have detrimental effects on both animals and plants.
		Tropospheric ozone is harmful because it is a strong oxidant and because it is a greenhouse gas.
		Regulation of tropospheric ozone levels is necessary to protect public health and the environment, but it also comes at an economic cost to industry, the transportation sector, and consumers.
	www.whoi.edu /science/MCG/people/ehintsa/Ozone/background.html (895 words)

	Tropospheric Ozone and urban ozone
		Urban Ozone, a major component of smog, is an unstable and reactive molecule consisting of three ozygen atoms and can be formed by the suns energy acting with the influence of a variety of airborne catalysts.
		The ozone molecule O3 is shortlived and there would be complex reactions going on both associating into O3 and the ozone then disassociating into normal oxygen (O2) again and the concentration of ozone at any time would depend on the energy applied and the complex of catalysts present.
		A feature of tropospheric ozone in say the USA where we have much data is that there are exceedences of EPA standards here and there way out in the countryside that can not reasonably be attributed to urban areas.
	www.warwickhughes.com /ozone (669 words)

	Tropospheric ozone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is generally known that ozone vertical distribution in the atmosphere is not homogenic.
		It is also known that sequential ozone decline occurs in this layer and ozone holes are formed so the intrusion of the lethal ultraviolet radiation with wave-length of 210 - 290 nm, dangerous for the Earth life existence, is more severe.
		Negative effect of increased photochemical smog concentration during ozone episodes is manifested mainly by lungs function failure, increased irritability of breathing ways, possible negative effect on immune system and deteriorating of chronic problems and symptoms.
	www.envir.ee /programmid/pharecd/soes/slovak/ozon/tr_ozon/index_o.html (248 words)

	Deep convection and tropospheric ozone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Boundary-layer ozone is formed photochemically in areas of intense industrial, urban or biomass burning (Note 14.G).
		Ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere have been found to increase following the outbreak of thunderstorms over areas rich in lower-tropospheric ozone in Brazil, the Atlantic and South Africa.
		Some ozone is also created by the ultraviolet radiation generated by lightning flashes.
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/cbozone.html (158 words)

	EO Library: The Ozone We Breathe
		Human health effects of short-term exposure to ozone appear to be reversible, but effects of exposure over the long term appear to cause significant damage to the lungs, particularly those of children.
		This is because ozone levels are generally higher downwind of ozone precursor sources, at distances of hundreds or even thousands of kilometers, so ozone concentrations in rural areas can be higher than in urban areas.
		Ozone chemistry in sunlight (photochemistry) is one of the most complex phenomena in the natural world.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/OzoneWeBreathe/ozone_we_breathe.html (656 words)

	AER: Science & Research: Radiation & Climate: Major Projects: Retrieval of tropospheric ozone from simulations ...
		The global remote sensing of tropospheric ozone profiles is a critical environmental measurement to be performed by future satellite experiments.
		Profile retrieval errors for background tropospheric ozone levels are characterized as a function of measurement noise, spectral resolution, and vertical resolution based on a linear error analysis and an initial guess profile with minimal constraint, hence negligible potential profile bias at all altitudes.
		The results from an ozone retrieval utilizing simulated radiances from an atmosphere defined by a radiosonde observation at Ascension Island are considered in the context of the solution of the nonlinear problem and the nonlinear error analysis.
	www.aer.com /scienceResearch/rc/m-proj/abstracts/rc.ozone.html (336 words)

	Global Tropospheric Ozone Production - NOAA ESRL CSD
		Ozone, as one of the most reactive gases in the atmosphere, is one of the key players in chemical processes that "cleanse" it of various substances.
		For example, ozone either directly or indirectly contributes to the breakdown of a wide range of substances containing carbon and hydrogen, such as methane (CH) and the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are being used as substitutes for ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
		Changes in tropospheric ozone and its chemical precursors are thus coupled to the Earth's climate system, both directly (because ozone itself absorbs infrared radiation) and indirectly (because ozone, its precursors, and its close relatives influence the amount of other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere).
	www.al.noaa.gov /GlobalTropo.html (418 words)

	NOAA ARL Tropospheric Ozone Studies
		Tropospheric ozone continues to be a problem in the eastern U.S. despite decades of air quality regulation and several generations of legislation.
		ARL scientists (especially at Research Triangle Park) are active in studies of exchange between the boundary layer and the free troposphere, including the transport of ozone and precursors by convection in clouds and the interactions at the marine-continental boundary layer interface.
		Much of what is known about the destruction of ozone upon contact with the surface ("air-surface exchange" of ozone) has been the result of intensive field studies made at locations that are carefully selected to permit scrutiny of particular processes without confusion from competing mechanisms.
	www.arl.noaa.gov /research/programs/ozone.html (1767 words)

	NASA GODDARD TROPOSPHERIC OZONE HOMEPAGE
		Above: Preliminary evaluation of tropospheric ozone mean volume mixing ratio (ppbv) determined from Aura OMI and Aura MLS for March 6, 2005 (upper left), March 7 2005 (upper right), March 8 2005 (lower left), and March 9, 2005 (lower right).
		Ozone volume mixing ratio (in parts per million by unit volume, ppmv) is then determined by multiplying the slope of the curve by the number 1.27.
		Monthly averaged tropospheric column ozone (TCO) and stratospheric column ozone (SCO) data are derived in the tropics for January 1979-present using the convective cloud differential (CCD) method of Ziemke et al.
	code916.gsfc.nasa.gov /Data_services/cloud_slice (1822 words)

	Influence of Halogen Oxides on Tropospheric Ozone
		Ozone is one of the key compounds of tropospheric chemistry.
		Since the ozone photolysis is the most important source of OH-radicals, a reduction of ozone would inevitably lead to a reduction of the OH-radical concentration and therefore of the "self-cleaning" capacity of the atmosphere.
		Tropospheric ozone is also a very important absorber in the visible and infrared wavelength region and participates in the so called "greenhouse-effect" of the atmosphere.
	www.atmos.ucla.edu /~jochen/research/hox/hox.html (3355 words)

	Introduction to Working Group on Tropospheric Ozone, Health Effects Institute Environmental Epidemiology Planning ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Methodologic advances in the reconstruction of past ozone exposure are seen as essential, as is the incorporation of emerging markers of biologic response to ozone into traditional epidemiologic study designs.
		Epidemiologic studies in targeted populations (e.g., persons moving between localities with different ozone exposure characteristics, asthmatics) were considered as alternatives to provide valid data with greater efficiency for the determination of the extent to which acute and chronic health effects occur and for the characterization of such effects.
		The relationship of the distribution of ozone to other pollutants (e.g., acid aerosols) was seen as playing an important role in the selection of study locations and the integration of results from studies from a number of differing geographical locations.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1993/Suppl-4/tager-intro-full.html (2551 words)

	Tropospheric Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ozone in the troposphere is a greenhouse gas, a health hazard and harmful to plants and materials.
		In contrast to stratospheric ozone, which is necessary for life on earth, increases in tropospheric ozone are a cause for concern.
		Now troposheric ozone research is rapidly studying and trying to understand the processes responsible for the global tropospheric ozone distribution.
	code916.gsfc.nasa.gov /Public/Analysis/trop/trop.html (384 words)

	Changes in the global concentration of tropospheric ozone due to human activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We have used a global tropospheric model to simulate the chemistry of the pre-industrial atmosphere and that of the present day.
		The model results for surface ozone concentrations in the pre-industrial atmosphere agree well with the Montsouris data, and the calculated concentrations for the present day agree with recent observations of a wide range of chemical species.
		The potential for further increases in tropospheric ozone needs to be taken into account when assessing the impact of air pollution emissions and the adequacy of measures to control them.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v344/n6267/abs/344645a0.html (298 words)

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