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Topic: True logic

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logical fallacies

mathematical logic

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	True Circuits, Inc.
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	www.truecircuits.com /press_release-2004-05-20.html (567 words)

	Logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ambiguity is that "formal logic" is very often used with the alternate meaning of symbolic logic as we have defined it, with informal logic meaning any logical investigation that does not involve symbolic abstraction; it is this sense of 'formal' that is parallel to the received usages coming from "formal languages" or "formal theory".
		The boldest attempt to apply logic to mathematics was undoubtedly the logicism pioneered by philosopher-logicians such as Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell: the idea was that mathematical theories were logical tautologies, and the programme was to show this by means to a reduction of mathematics to logic.
		Again, relevance logic and dialetheism are the most important approaches here, though the concerns are different: the key issue that classical logic and some of its rivals, such as intuitionistic logic have is that they respect the principle of explosion, which means that the logic collapses if it is capable of deriving a contradiction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/True_(logic) (3519 words)

	Brazilian logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brazilian logic is the dual of intuitionistic logic, where you drop the law of excluded middle (i.e.
		Intuitionistic logic is modeled by open sets in a topological space: and stands for intersection, or for union, and not for the interior of the complement.
		In intuitionistic logic a slight gap (at the boundary) between A and ¬A is allowed, whereas in Brazilian logic a slight overlap is allowed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brazilian_logic (183 words)

	The Nature and Necessity of Logic
		While the depreciations or denunciations of logic vary in the range of topics that are allegedly exempt from logic, or the intensity in which logic is down-played or simply denied, the above individuals have in common the concept of limiting the applicability, extent, or scope of the jurisdiction of logic/reason.
		Otherwise the statement could or would be both true and not true or applicable and not applicable at the same time and in the same sense, since it would no longer be true that statements cannot be both true and not true (false) in the same time and sense.
		To deny logic or say that it is false or not true or applicable to a certain topic entails the use of logic in the very assertion itself (thus, it is true or applicable).
	www.apologeticsinfo.org /papers/naturenecessity.html (3949 words)

	Algebra:Logic - Wikibooks
		Logic answer: There are no logic answer as it depends on your relationship with Jonny.
		The logic answer of a statement can lead to a logic answer of another statement, and that results do also remain unchanged.
		If p is true then q has to be true, but if p is not true then q is unsolved (can be true or not).
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Algebra:Logic (608 words)

	20th WCP: Haack On Fuzzy Logic
		Thus she sharply distinguishes between a logic dealing with fuzzy concepts (she accepts), and one which is itself fuzzy, i.e., where "true" and "false" cease to be precise concepts (she rejects).
		But she claims that if fuzzy logic were reconstrued as merely a partially formalized description of the mental processes by means of which human operators adjust air-conditioners, gas flames, brakes and the like, then it would have some connection with fuzzy technology, but would be no threat to classical logic.
		The very radical character of fuzzy logic results from the second stage of fuzzification, and the rationale for the second stage of fuzzification is that the metalanguage predicates "true" and "false" are fuzzy.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Logi/LogiGrun.htm (2422 words)

	Philosophy 160 (002): Formal Logic
		Logic, as a subject, is concerned with a family of related notions.
		Nevertheless, deductive soundness is not a purely logical property, since the truth of the premises is (for the most part) not a matter of logic.
		Note that deductive validity is a property of arguments; logical truth, falsity, and indeterminacy are properties of sentences; and logical consistency and equivalence are properties of pairs or sets of sentences.
	www.umsl.edu /~phiablac/philosophy160/Lesson1.htm (1491 words)

	[No title]
		Logic is mainly concerned with inferences -- with drawing conclusions from premises.
		Logic aims to separate the good from the bad among arguments and inferences, but the way this works might occasionally strike the novice as "illogical." For example, here is an argument.
		Logic can help us figure out what is true by telling us how to move from things we already know to things that we don't yet know but that our premises support.
	brindedcow.umd.edu /170/generalnotes.html (1025 words)

	Digital Logic
		A NOT or Inversion is usually indicated by a Bubble, on either the input or the output of a logic gate symbol.
		The convention (which is not always adhered to) is that a POSITIVE Gate Inversion is indicated by a bubble on the output, and with Negative logic the bubble is at the input.
		ALL unused inputs of TTL logic devices IDEALLY should be returned to either a logic ONE or logic ZERO.
	www.williamson-labs.com /480_logic.htm (661 words)

	The Bible, Logic, and the Postmodern Predicament
		Thus, logic is the study of the laws or principles of thought or reason, not just mere thought or thinking per se, but of the type of thought or thinking we term reasoning.
		Second, postmodernism views logic as being at best only true for a given individual, community or certain communities or "interpretative community[ies]." In other words, logic is not universally valid or applicable; it is relative only to a given context--person(s), place, or time--or only true for certain individuals or societies or cultures.
		Thus, if logic is not true or transculturally applicable then now A can be non-A at the same time and in the same sense and hence the post-modern's position or Panikkar's is now the same as the orthodox Christian's.
	www.apologeticsinfo.org /papers/logicpostmodern.html (4960 words)

	Using Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This is true because logic depends, first of all, on the ability to move from a premise to a conclusion based on the premise.
		Mathematicians and scientists often use symbols to represent logic because it facilitates obtaining a conclusion and is not nearly as subject to error as ordinary languages are.
		A simple example of this logic is the situation where the little old lady gives to some fund that claims to feed starving children in Africa and feels good about it even if advised that the money or the food it could buy never makes it to the starving children.
	www.magnolia.net /~leonf/common/logic.html (1375 words)

	Peter Suber, "Glossary of First-Order Logic"
		A wff A of propositional logic created from a wff B of predicate logic by (1) removing the quantifiers from B, and (2) replacing each predicate symbol (and its arguments) in B with a propositional symbol.
		In truth-functional propositional logic, any proposition that is neither a tautology nor a contradiction, hence any proposition that is sometimes true, sometimes false, depending on the row of its truth table column or the interpretation.
		A property possessed by all the wffs in a set is logically hereditary iff the accepted rules of inference pass it on (transmit it) to all the conclusions derivable from that set by those rules.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/courses/logsys/glossary.htm (9715 words)

	Philosophy 106: Logic and Arguments
		So logic is the study of which sentences follow logically from which; that is, given that certain sentences are true, logic tells us which other sentences are true.
		However, the latter sentence does not follow logically from the former, because it is possible for “Jane is tall or George is hungry” to be true and for “Jane is tall” to be false.
		However, there is a convention in logic and philosophy that “Either Jane is tall or George is hungry” is true whenever Jane is tall or George is hungry, including when Jane is tall and George is hungry.
	www-class.unl.edu /phil106b/logic.html (1421 words)

	Soundness
		In logic we are generally concerned with the quality of the inference – the connection between premises and conclusion – and not with the quality (truth or falsity) of the premises or conclusion.
		Conversely, if there is no possible world in which the premises are true and the conclusion false, then any situation that made the premises true would also make the conclusion true, so the truth of the premises would guarantee the truth of the conclusion.
		But from the point of view of logic, we don't care a whit whether the premises are true, so long as the argument is sound.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/lbowie/phil210/Ch2Soundness.htm (2212 words)

	The Atheism Web: Logic & Fallacies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines logic as "the science of reasoning, proof, thinking, or inference." Logic will let you analyze an argument or a piece of reasoning, and work out whether it is likely to be correct or not.
		Logic in itself doesn't solve the problem of verifying the basic assertions which support arguments; for that, we need some other tool.
		This fallacy is an argument of the form "A implies B, B is true, therefore A is true." To understand why it is a fallacy, examine the truth table for implication given earlier.
	www.infidels.org /news/atheism/logic.html (5794 words)

	From the Pastor's Study
		We said that Islam cannot be a true religion because its founder said of Jesus Christ that He was a true prophet of the true God.
		Logic is a mental discipline in which actual contradiction is not tolerated.
		Logic denies that identity to it, and if we are willing to rest in Truth, we do not have to go any further with Islam.
	www.biblical-thinking.org /cgi-bin/article.pl?168 (554 words)

	Classical Logic
		One desideratum of the enterprise is that the logical structures in the regimented language should be transparent.
		Logic books aimed at mathematicians are likely to contain function letters, probably due to the centrality of functions to mathematical discourse.
		The rules in D are chosen to match logical relations concerning the English analogues of the logical terminology in the language.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-classical (11934 words)

	Propositional Logic Applet
		Because b and !b cannot both be true, one of the other literals in a disjunction must be true.
		If p=>q is true and q is true, it does not necessarily mean that p is true.
		Since (a+!a) is T regardless of the state of a, the CNF becomes C1C2TT. Conjunction of T with a true* statement does not add anything to the statement.
	www.oursland.net /aima/propositionApplet.html (906 words)

	Antimeta: Truth Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Philosophers on the other hand, have debates about whether classical logic, intuitionism, some sort of relevance, or some other logic is the "one true logic" (or one of the several true logics as advocated by Greg Restall and JC Beall).
		That is, "snow is white" is true just in case there is some object that "snow" refers to and a predicate referred to by "white" that applies to that object.
		Basically, both of them argue that logical consequence is a notion that is prior to both the syntactic and semantic definitions that are usually given, and the reasons aren't actually all that different.
	antimeta.org /blog/archives/truth (4387 words)

	TRUE LOGIC - Intelligent Solutions
		TRUE LOGIC distanziert sich jedoch ausdrücklich von allen Einträgen, die gegen geltendes Recht in Deutschland verstoßen.
		TRUE LOGIC ist stets bemüht, ihr Web-Angebot aktuell, inhaltlich richtig und vollständig anzubieten.
		TRUE LOGIC übernimmt keine Haftung für die Aktualität, die inhaltliche Richtigkeit sowie für die Voll-ständigkeit der in ihrem Web-Angebot eingestellten Informationen.
	www.true-logic.com (1802 words)

	Logical Symbols
		Although traditional categorical logic can be used to represent and assess many of our most common patterns of reasoning, modern logicians have developed much more comprehensive and powerful systems for expressing rational thought.
		The five logical operators are all truth-functional connectives; the truth or falsity of each compound statement formed by using them is wholly determined by the truth-value of the component statements and the meaning of the connective.
		symbol is used to symbolize a relationship called material implication; a compound statement formed with this connective is true unless the component on the left (the antecedent) is true and the component on the right (the consequent) is false, as shown in the truth-table at the right.
	www.philosophypages.com /lg/e10a.htm (999 words)

	03: Mathematical logic and foundations
		Mathematical Logic is the study of the processes used in mathematical deduction.
		In second-order logic, the quantifiers are allowed to apply to relations and functions -- to subsets as well as elements of a set.
		It follows that the set of true first-order statements is effectively enumerable, and decidable: one can deduce in a finite number of steps whether or not such a statement follows from the axioms.
	www.math.niu.edu /~rusin/known-math/index/03-XX.html (2050 words)

	Propositional Logic Applet
		Categorical Logic: Three chapters in Copi address categorical logic, one on categorical propositions, one on syllogisms, and one on translation.
		Predicate Logic (quantified logic, first order logic, elementary logic): A single chapter introduces predicate logic and extends the proof techniques to them.
		The introduction of the ideas of predicate logic and quantification is good, but there is no discussion of relational predicates.
	www.wu.ece.ufl.edu /books/CS/TheoreticalCS/logic.html (1382 words)

	Logic -- Technical Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Output is TRUE only if both inputs are TRUE.
		Output is TRUE if either input (but not both) is TRUE.
		Output is TRUE if any input (or all) is TRUE.
	academic.evergreen.edu /projects/biophysics/technotes/program/logic.htm (456 words)

	Your Personal PLC Tutor - Programming Scan
		Notice that even when the low level sensor is false there is still a path of true logic from left to right.
		Relay 1000 is latching the output (500) on.
		Since there is no more true logic path, output 500 is no longer energized (true) and therefore the motor turns off.
	www.plcs.net /scan13.htm (249 words)

	true LOGIC: Article - Secret Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		If you're Internet savvy, shopper LOGIC is a mystery shopper service aimed at providing audit results online so they are accessible anytime, anywhere.
		The shopper LOGIC service is available across Australia and New Zealand and its 10,000 shoppers are required to complete the Market Research Institute of Australia training for the particular retail sector assigned to them prior to completing a job.
		Because each client is looking for different information about its store, the cost of the shopper LOGIC service will vary based on the amount of stores audited, frequency of shopper visits and so on.
	www.truelogic.com.au /tlml/secretserv (634 words)

	True Believer Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The entire system of survivor psychology and recovery culture psychology is built on "true believer" logic.
		Hard evidence in support of the opposing viewpoint, or the lack of evidence for the belief is used as "evidence" and strengthens beliefs instead of challenging them.
		When the evidence is stacked against the beliefs and the true believer is backed into a corner, they retreat behind their preferred social control modality-religion, political rhetoric and moral crusade monologues.
	www.stopbadtherapy.com /main/smith/logic.shtml (213 words)

	PC AI - Fuzzy Logic
		Overview: Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional (Boolean) logic that has been extended to handle the uncertainty in data.
		Fuzzy logic is useful to processes like manufacturing because of its ability to handle situations that the traditional true/false logic can't adequately deal with.
		What is fuzzy logic and how is it used, fuzzy expert systems, fuzzy numbers and arithmetic, and fuzzy state machines.
	www.pcai.com /web/ai_info/fuzzy_logic.html (942 words)

	PyLisp - A Tiny Lisp in Python (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		and I don't follow the convention that everything that isn't false is true common to many lisps.
		In fact, all booleans in PyLisp are based on fuzzy logic, so you can do trickier things.
		Once the code has settled a bit and after the logic goo is added I'll package it up sensibly.
	www.biostat.wisc.edu /~annis/creations/PyLisp (410 words)

	Logic -- Technical Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Output is TRUE only if both inputs are TRUE.
		Output is TRUE if either (but not both) input is TRUE.
		Output is TRUE if any input (or all) is TRUE.
	www.evergreen.edu /biophysics/technotes/program/logic.htm (426 words)

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