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Topic: True Levellers

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	Levellers - LoveToKnow 1911
		The germ of the Levelling movement must be sought for among the Agitators, men of strong republican views, and the name Leveller first appears in a letter of the 1st of November 1647, although it was undoubtedly in existence as a nickname before this date (Gardiner, Great Civil War, iii.
		Levellers, for they intend to sett all things straight, and rayse a parity and community in the kingdom." The Levellers first became prominent in 1647 during the protracted and unsatisfactory negotiations between the king and the parliament, and while the relations between the latter and the army were very strained.
		During the twelve months which immediately preceded the execution of the king the Levellers conducted a lively agitation in favour of the ideas expressed in the Agreement of the people, and in January 1648 Lilburne was arrested for using seditious language at a meeting in London.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LE/LEVELLERS.htm (782 words)

	The Levellers
		The Levellers were one of the largest factions on the Parliamentarian side during the English Civil War.
		The Levellers political ambitions were fundamentally middle-ground, and involved a remodelling of the English political process along the lines of a more egalitarian and less class-driven regime.
		Their views were in stark contrast to groups such as The Diggers, also known as The True Levellers led by Gerrard Winstanley[?], which called for a total destruction of the existing order and replacement with a communistic and agrarian lifestyle based around the precepts of the early Christians[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/le/Leveller.html (225 words)

	Levellers Historical Information (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Levellers were an informal alliance of agitators and pamphleteers who came together during the English Civil War (1642-1648) to demand constitutional reform and equal rights under the law.
		Levellers believed all men were born free and equal and possessed natural rights that resided in the individual, not the government.
		All Leveller soldiers, and they were the majority in many regiments, carried this agreement proudly tucked into their hat-band.
	www.levellers.org.cob-web.org:8888 /lev.htm (498 words)

	English Dissenters: Levellers
		The Leveller leaders were all soon released except for Lilburne who would face charges alone of treason and inciting the populous with his political writings.
		Levellers had little or no real political support outside their own numbers, the middling-sort in London and the dissident rank and file members of the New Model Army.
		A true relation of the proceedings in the businesse of Burford.
	www.exlibris.org /nonconform/engdis/levellers.html (3697 words)

	Three Levellers: Walwyn (1600-81), Lilburne (1614-57) and Overton (birth and death dates unknown)
		The term "Levellers" was an epithet of their enemies, who included not only Royalists but the more conservative wings of the Puritan movement, especially the Presbyterians and the non-separatist Congregation alists (also called Independents).
		Flourishing 1646-49, from the time of their unified action to their repression, The Levellers were a significant voice within the Puritan army, constituting at least a vigorous minority within the lower ranks, where arre ars in soldiers' pay was always part of their discontent.
		John Wildman, a later apostate from Levelling, probably wrote much of the 1647 "The Case of the Army Truly Stated," whic h included this demand: "That all Monopolyes be forthwith removed, and no persons whatsoever may be permitted to restrain others from free trade." Some monopolies had been created to the advantage of Royal cronies.
	www.wsu.edu /~tcook/doc/WalwynLilburneOverton.htm (2803 words)

	Milton and Radical Sects
		Diggers, a subgroup of Levellers, called themselves "True Levellers." Their founder, Gerrard Winstanley, believed that because God was in every person, the individual's rights and merits outweighed all rank and hierarchy.
		Levellers are usually treated as a political group, but based their political ideas (the equality of all men, which required the abolition of hierarchy) on religious beliefs — for instance, Calvin's ideas about the individual conscience as "inward integrity of the heart" (Achinstein 52).
		John Lilburne, the leading and most prolific Leveller, was imprisoned for writing against the Church of England, released when Cromwell interceded for him in the House of Commons, served as a lieutenant in the parliamentarian army, but resigned in protest when Presbyterianism was made the state religion.
	www.tcnj.edu /~graham/RadicalSects.htm (1609 words)

	Communalism (4) (Rexroth)
		True religion and undefiled is this, to make restitution of the Earth which hath been taken and held from the common people by the power of Conquests formerly and so set the oppressed free.
		The original root of magistracy was in the family, and the first magistrate is the father, as the finally responsible member of a group in which all are mutually responsible.
		This is true although the Slavic lands, but most especially the Ukraine, include some of the most fertile soils in the world.
	www.bopsecrets.org /rexroth/communalism4.htm (9705 words)

	The Diggers
		A group begun by Gerrard Winstanley[?] in 1649 during Oliver Cromwell's England which called for a total destruction of the existing order and replacement with a communistic and agrarian lifestyle based around the precepts of the early Christians[?].
		They called themselves the True Levellers to differentiate them from The Levellers.
		Fairfax duly arrived with his troops, and interviewed Winstanley and another prominent member of the the True Levellers, William Everard[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/th/The_Diggers.html (705 words)

	Diggers (True Levellers) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Diggers were an English group, begun by Gerrard Winstanley as True Levellers in 1649, who became known as "Diggers" due to their activities.
		The Diggers attempted to reform (by "levelling" real property) the existing social order with an agrarian lifestyle based upon their ideas for the creation of small egalitarian rural communities.
		The True Levellers Standard A D V A N C E D: or, The State of Community opened, and Presented to the Sons of Men William Everard, John Palmer, John South, John Courton.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Diggers_(True_Levellers) (2113 words)

	The Levellers
		In 1646 Leveller supporters were elected from each regiment of the army to participate in the Putney Debates.
		Oliver Cromwell agreed with some of the Leveller's policies, including the abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords.
		What is the purport of the levelling principle but to make the tenant as liberal a fortune as the landlord.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /STUlevellers.htm (2086 words)

	LEVELLERS - Online Information article about LEVELLERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Levellers, for they intend to sett all things straight, and rayse a parity and community in the See also:
		Banbury were also suppressed without any serious difficulty, and the trouble with the Levellers was practically over.
		Commonwealth they made frequent advances to the exiled king Charles II., and there was some danger from them early in 1655 when Wildman was arrested and Sexby escapedfrom England.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /LEO_LOB/LEVELLERS.html (1243 words)

	5. National Patterns, 1648-1815. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Levellers' petition repudiated the notion of economic equality through redistribution of property.
		This notion was espoused by the Diggers, or True Levellers, who combined the Levellers' demands for democracy presented in the Putney Debates with the Leveller definition of a free Englishman as someone who could freely dispose of his labor, property, or person.
		Led by Gerrard Winstanley, they called for wasteland to be given to the poor for cultivation.
	www.bartleby.com /67/668.html (286 words)

	The Diggers return in 1999!!! The True Levellers' Standard Advanced, The Diggers' Manifesto - Gerrard Winstanley, 1649.
		The Levellers and the Diggers were inextricably connected, not just in time or in their social and political vision.
		The Levellers were a vast popular movement which took its name from the anti-enclosure activists earlier in the century.
		The Levellers are only now being acknowledged as the first political faction on either side of the Atlantic to organise itself on a pattern of democratic self-government.
	members.tripod.com /copy_bilderberg/diggers.htm (7024 words)

	Levellers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The charge of levelling was a charge that they vehemently denied, but ironically after their arrest and imprisonment in 1649 four of the 'Leveller' leaders- Thomas Prince, William Walwyn, Richard Overton and John Lilburne signed a manifesto which called themselves Levellers.
		Levellers tended to hold fast to a notion of "natural rights" that had been violated by the king's side in the Civil Wars.
		To modern eyes the debates seem to draw heavily on the Bible to lay out certain basic principles, but this is to be expected in an age still racked by religious upheavals in the aftermath of the reformation, and particularly in an army where soldiers were, in part, selected for their religious zeal.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Levellers (1729 words)

	Laud, Liberty, and Levellers
		In April 1649, while Lilburne and other Levellers were confined in the Tower, there suddenly appeared at Cobham in Surrey a number of men, armed with spades, who commenced to dig up uncultivated land at the side of St. George's Hill, with the intention of growing corn and other produce.
		The examination showed that these "true Levellers," as they called themselves, were in reality trying to found what we should now call a "collective farm." and their conviction was that, when men began to see the success of their venture, they would join it, and so establish in course of time a widespread co-operative system.
		After a good deal of marching and counter-marching by the Levellers and the Cromwellians, the former were surprised at Burford in Oxfordshire, and a fight in the streets of that town ended the chances of a second revolution.
	www.anglocatholicsocialism.org /laud.html (3281 words)

	Militant Seedbeds Of Early Quakerism By David Boulton
		True Levellers and Quakers each subscribed to a realised eschatology which rested on a metaphorical interpretation of the Second Coming.
		It is clear to me that Winstanley the True Leveller was a formative influence on early Quakerism, a maker of the tradition we have inherited.
		True, both Henry Cromwell in Ireland and General Monck in Scotland moved against Quakers and tried to purge them from their armies, but not because they were pacifist; on the contrary, because they were considered dangerously militant and potentially mutinous.
	www.universalistfriends.org /boulton.html (11139 words)

	[No title]
		The "True Levellers" (Diggers), the millenarians, and Independents within the army wanted the revolution to go further.
		However, the army, the Levellers, the true Levellers, the Catholics, the Anglicans, the Presbyterians all hated the Rump.
		"True Levellers" and all dissenting groups hated the Rump because it persecuted their faiths.
	www.afn.org /~afn31294/marvin/bh-12.htm (1748 words)

	[No title]
		Thomas, Keith, "The Levellers and the franchise," in G. Aylmer, ed., The Interregnum, 1972.
		The Levellers have been portrayed as populist radicals and as bourgeois reactionaries; is there anything to be said for either (or both) of these views?
		Was there any such thing as Leveller theory, or are we dealing with the random ravings of a few unimportant political writers who were only loosely connected with each other.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/867/867-09.htm (356 words)

	[No title]
		When several regiments revolted to join the Levellers, Cromwell, who had already dissolved various soldiers' organizations and begun to deal decisively with the Levellers among the military, led in person a detachment 4,000 strong to put down the revolt.
		In 1649 Lilburne the Leveller published a pamphlet entitled England's New Chains Discovered in which he wrote about the poverty of the masses, their deprivation of civil rights, declaring that the rich were oppressing the people and forging new chains of slavery for them.
		They called themselves True Levellers, because they wanted not only a commonwealth and equal political rights, but equality in respect of property as well., The Diggers claimed that the land belonged to no one.
	www.mcps.k12.md.us /curriculum/socialstd/mh/ECC2.html (2008 words)

	Christopher Hill: "Levellers and True Levellers"
		"Levellers and True Levellers", from The World Turned Upside Down in Cultural Resistance: A Reader ed.
		In Duncombe's Introduction to the Reader, he explains the significance of this reprint for this reader.
		This weblog is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
	www.zephoria.org /alterity/archives/2004/11/christopher_hil.html (353 words)

	The Diggers (True Levellers)
		They were associated with the political Levellers but Lilburne and other spokesmen were at pains to deny the connection.
		The Digger agenda of the "levelling of all estates" - i.e.
		A Digger manifesto: The True Leveller's Standard Advanced appeared that same month.
	www.british-civil-wars.co.uk /glossary/diggers.htm (359 words)

	Manufacturing Consent: Pages 38-39 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Even more remarkable were the Diggers, or True Levellers, who established the clear outlines of democratic socialism, including a demand for the common ownership of land, for equal rights for women, for an accountable Parliament and for the provision of public services in health and education.
		The Levellers not only advocated democracy for society, they applied it to their own organization, again extraordinary in the far-away seventeenth century when authoritarianism and bureaucracy were the order of the day...
		With the resounding defeat of the democrats, the remaining question, in the words of a Leveler pamphlet, was "whose slaves the poor shall be," the King's or Parliament's.
	www.zmag.org /chomsky/mc/mc-supp-038.html (451 words)

	The Putney Debates of 1647 - Cambridge University Press
		Levellers and 'Levellerism' in History and Historiography: 10.
		The Leveller legacy: from the Restoration to the Exclusion crisis Tim Harris; 12.
		The true Levellers' standard revisited: an afterword J. Pocock.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521650151 (379 words)

	John Lilburne Summary
		He was a radical Puritan in the forefront of the Leveller movement against established institutions and in favor of egalitarian democracy.
		The exact date of his birth is not known and there is some dispute as to whether he was born in the year 1613 or 1614.
		His enemies branded him as a Leveller but Lilburne responded that he was a "Leveller so-called." To him it was a pejorative label which he did not like.
	www.bookrags.com /John_Lilburne (1943 words)

	World Turned Upside Down (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A proposal to establish universal suffrage was put forward by John Lilburne and other Levellers in The Agreement of the People, discussed in the Putney Debates of October 1647.
		A Leveller mutiny that broke out in Burford in May 1649 was put down by Cromwell.
		In April 1649 the True Levellers or Diggers, led by Gerrard Winstanley, began to dig and plant the common land on St. George Hill in Surrey.
	www.cofc.edu /~mccandla/355outline7.html (395 words)

	English Dissenters: Diggers
		Although only a small movement unto themselves in a much larger context of the Interregnum, the Surrey Diggers were sometimes referred to as the "True Levellers" for their broader social democratic vision of a new society of the common man.
		As with the Levellers, Winstanley and the Surrey Diggers struck a blow at the halls of wealth and power of 16th century English society.
		The True Leveller Standard Advanced, or the State of Community opened and presented to the Sons of Man. By William Everard, Iohn Palmer, Iohn South, Iohn Courton.
	www.exlibris.org /nonconform/engdis/diggers.html (3067 words)

	Arms and influence: Ranters, Diggers, and Levellers
		Levellers believed that every Christian had the right to "prophecy" (in the original Biblical sense of calling the community to task for not ending injustices), but the congregation to which they belonged needed to act as a check against individual error.
		Diggers, who called themselves "the True Levellers," rejected churches altogether: Gerrard Winstanley, an influential Digger, thought that popular opinion was no less a spiritual prison than the official dictates of a hierarchical, state-controlled church.
		However, none of the apocalyptic warnings turned out to be true, including the claims of royal, noble, and episcopal claims that the dissidents were going to wreck England.
	armsandinfluence.typepad.com /armsandinfluence/2006/04/ranters_diggers.html (1434 words)

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