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	Whig
		The Whig Party was a political party in England, the United States, and Liberia.
		The term Whig originates from the Exclusion Bill[?] crisis of 1678-1681 - the Whigs were those who supported the exclusion of James VII and II from the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland (the "Petitioners") and the Tories were those who opposed it (the Abhorrers).
		The Whig view led to serious distortions in later views of 17th century history, as Macaulay and his followers attempted to fit the complex factional politics of the Restoration into the neat categories of early 19th century political divisions.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/wh/Whig_Party.html (562 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Whig (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		The term whig was coined when an insurgency of the Scottish Presbyterians known as Covenanters marched from the south west of Scotland on Edinburgh in 1648, with the country folk using the word "whiggam" to urge on their horses.
		As a result, the episode became known as the "Whiggamore Raid" and the terms Whiggamore and Whig were subsequently used as nicknames for the radical Kirk Party faction.
		Whig School of History a loose confederation of historians who viewed the history of the world as improving in a teleological manner.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Whig (381 words)

	Liberia: A True Whigger -- by Tarty Teh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		He contended that the party – in this case, the True Whig Party – was a requisite part of a government.
		Party labels may be applied to political appointees as a predictor of their ideological bents.
		Four months after settling with the extortionists, the True Whig Party collectors showed up to take the first half of their share of the equivalent of one month’s salary for that year.
	members.aol.com /liberia99/A_True_Wigger.htm (1574 words)

	True Whig - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Initially, its ideology was heavily influenced by that of the United States Whig Party.
		The party lost power after Tubman's successor, William Tolbert, was killed in an April 1980 coup by forces opposed to his clampdown on the political opposition and tolerance of corruption.
		The party participated in the Liberian elections, 2005 as part of the Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/True_Whig_Party (256 words)

	Liberian Dialogue article - One-Party System's A Problem; How About A 17-Party Presidential Race? by Tewroh Sungbeh
		As the only "legitimate" political party in the entire country, the True Whig Party controlled everything, from the debate of hot-button issues to the control of the three branches of government, and the lives of Liberians who had no say in decisions that affected them.
		The True Whig Party was also a corrupt and brutal institution which dominated the people of Liberia through outright lies and deceits, while assuring them continuously about a better tomorrow, until that political party ran out of luck in 1980.
		To be a successful owner of a political party, that person needs a huge ego, some money, the ability to talk, win over few die-hard blind followers, get advance education or little education and the determination to break away from those ever-present critics.
	www.theliberiandialogue.org /articles/c102602tws.htm (624 words)

	LiberianForum.Com ~ Liberian Information Online
		In Liberia, sidetracked by the Roye debacle, the True Whig Party reemerged in 1877 as the dominant political party, sweeping the elections that year that put its candidate, Anthony William Gardiner, in the presidency.
		Criticism of the True Whig Party was seen as a threat to the solidarity of the Americo-Liberian community; although freedom of speech was guaranteed by the constitution, restrictions were placed on dissent, and opposition candidates were subjected to official harassment.
		The leadership of the True Whig Party paralleled that of the Masonic Order, and it was as inconceivable for anyone to aspire to a political career who was not a lodge member as it was for someone who was not a member of the party.
	www.liberianforum.com /liberianfacts.htm (4577 words)

	Consolidating a Democratic Political Culture in Liberia Towards the 2003 Elections: Prospects and Challenges of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		James Spriggs Payne was the candidate of the Republican Party and E. Roye was the candidate of the True Whig Party.
		By proposing that three of the 17 parties should facilitate the organization of the three party-groupings, we are not suggesting that those parties that might facilitate the formation of the groupings are automatically the three parties that should contest the presidency in 2003.
		In each party, there are elders and eminent members who should know what to do to find common grounds with other parties so as to bring permanent political stability to our country and secure the future for the children.
	www.copla.org /blamoh1.htm (3451 words)

	Whig - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		True Whig Party, also known as the "Liberian Whig Party", Liberia's only legal political party from 1878 to 1980
		Confederate States Whig Party, a fictional political party in Harry Turteldove's alternate history book series
		Whig, Political parties and associations, Newspapers, Musical Groups and See also.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Whig (120 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Liberia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		While opposition parties claimed that the elections were marred by fraud, international observers declared the electoral process to be "free and fair" and all but one of the competing political parties eventually accepted the election results as reflecting the will of the people.
		The remainder of the legislature was filled with representatives of the major political parties (18 seats), civil society (7 seats) and the provinces (15 seats).
		George Dweh, a representative of the LURD rebel movement, was elected as Speaker of the Assembly despite allegations by demonstrators that he was a murderer.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Lbr1.htm (1604 words)

	True Whig Party Chairman Seeks Interim Presidency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		Counsellor Rudolph E. Sherman said his decision to join the race for the interim leadership lately stemmed from what he called the "forces of revengefulness, greed and ethnicity or class" that are becoming the underlying basis for people eyeing the transition.
		Sherman's True Whig Party on Tuesday July 15 issued a joint statement with the All Liberia Coalition Party (ALCOP) and the Progressive People's Party (PPP)stating that Vice President Moses Gblah should finish the 'constitutional' term of the ruling National Patriotic Party (NPP).
		The statement countered a position of 13 political parties calling for the interim government that is to be formed to take over the country immediately upon the departure of Mr.
	www.theperspective.org /twpchairman.html (433 words)

	Elections in Liberia
		Not Available (N/A) William Tubman of the True Whig Party (TWP) was elected unopposed.
		Not Available (N/A) William Tubman of the True Whig Party (TWP) was re-elected unopposed.
		Not Available (N/A) William Tolbert of the True Whig Party (TWP) was re-elected unopposed.
	africanelections.tripod.com /lr.html (925 words)

	Go for the silver (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		In at least as many districts, some poor soul ran without the support of his or her party, was outspent by at least 10 to 1, and had more chance of getting sent to Mars than to Capitol Hill.
		So it's true that voting for a third candidate in a close election is essentially throwing away your power to help choose the winner.
		In fact, all three minor parties with a real chance for growth -- Reform, Green, and Libertarian -- should concentrate on the handful of states where one of the two major parties is particularly weak.
	www.bostonphoenix.com /archive/features/00/03/30/THIRD_PARTY.html (2257 words)

	The Civil War in Liberia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		For 133 years after independence, the Republic of Liberia was a one-party state ruled by the Americo-Liberian dominated True Whig Party (TWP).
		The True Whig Party dominated all sectors of Liberia from independence until 1980.
		The incumbent William V. Tubman, candidate of True Whig Party, was reelected without opposition.
	www.bong-town.com /Bong_Town/Liberia/Conflict.html (498 words)

	Liberia: In Search of Leadership - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		She was elected to the Senate in 1985 but did not take her seat because her party said the elections were rigged.
		Rudolph Sherman, Chairman of the True Whig Party and Mr.
		Gbollie of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) and Hodo Merriam, the Chairman of the National Demoncratic Party of Liberia (NDPL).
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/liberia/2003/0820search.htm (1366 words)

	Augusta Georgia: Metro:Vows he couldn't keep 09/23/01
		The True Whig Party wanted to distance itself from the former leaders and anyone who had had anything to do with them.
		At the time of Tubman's ascent through the True Whigs' ranks, the party was the only game in town.
		The descendants of the American slave founders held a grip on power that, at best, was similar to the way the Democratic Party controlled politics in the South throughout most of the 20th century, and, at worst, was something of a smiling dictatorship.
	chronicle.augusta.com /stories/092301/tub_095-8000.shtml (2292 words)

	Liberian History: 66 ½ Degree True Whig Party
		Geographers teach as that the earth is tilted in such a way that the farthest point away from the equator at which the sun’s rays strike the earth is at an angle of sixty-six and half degrees.
		While we accept the argument that TWP members were victimized in 1980, the party's current leader has a keen memory of what happened to True Whiggers in Clay-Ashland, Crozierville, Bensonville (or Bentol?), Careysburg, Congo Town, White Plains, and Arthington.
		I believe the party chairman was well aware of this fact when he opted to represent the NDPL as Grand Cape Mount Senator.
	www.theperspective.org /twp.html (1629 words)

	TraveltoLiberia.com-Visit Liberia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		Under the name of the True Whig Party, the Americo-Liberians subdued indigenous tribes in Liberia and permitted no organized political opposition.
		Tubman ruled for seven terms until he died in 1971, permitting no political parties except the True Whigs, but he maintained a reputation for honesty.
		The True Whig Party dominated all sectors of Liberia from independence until April 12, 1980 when indigenous Liberian Master Sergeant Samuel Doe, from the Krahn ethnic group, seized power in a coup d'état.
	www.traveltoliberia.com /explore.htm (1532 words)

	CNN.com - Three vie to be Liberia leader - Aug. 20, 2003
		Johnson Sirleaf, of the Unity Party, is a former Minister of Finance of Liberia and President of the Liberia Bank for Development and Investment.
		Currently chairperson of the Open Society Institute West Africa (OSIWA), part of the Soros Foundation Network, she was one of seven "international eminent persons" selected by the Organization of African Unity in 1999 to investigate the Rwanda genocide.
		Councillor Rudolph Sherman, chairman of Liberia's oldest political party, the True Whig Party (TWP), is a firm opponent of the LURD rebels.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/africa/08/20/liberia.leader/index.html (574 words)

	Tom Kamara, The True Face of Rev. Jackson's Liberian Heroes
		The list is endless, and yet Rev. Jackson sees no wrongs here, except in Liberia where his cousins instituted a ruthless political machine of death and plunder to keep themselves in power for well over 130 years.
		While studying there, the values many of us admired were those of the Democratic Party, and there were reasons.
		After all, it was President George Bush, a Republican, who risked his political future by sending in white boys to die in the heat and squalor of Somalia.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/34/045.html (2499 words)

	Vanguard - World : Liberian elections and the making of a Weah phenomenon
		Between 1847 and 1980, a period of 133 years, the true Whig Party dominated the politics of Liberia.
		Within the context of one party rule, it could be said that there were hardly true elections.
		By that appointment, he was not only a participant in the process as presidential candidate of his political party, but also referee of the contest.
	www.vanguardngr.com /articles/2002/world/w215102005.html (1790 words)

	FMO Research Guide: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		Liberia has a bicameral legislature consisting of sixty-four representatives and twenty-six senators, but until 1984, political parties other than the True Whig Party were banned in Liberia.
		His National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL) was declared winner in what many considered to be a fraudulent and rigged election.
		Under the Americo-Liberians, the True Whig Party governed Liberia with a system of indirect rule, co-opting the support of local leaders to control the indigenous population in exchange for financial reward and a measure of political influence.
	www.forcedmigration.org /guides/fmo013/fmo013-2.htm (2857 words)

	History of Liberia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		The True Whig Party dominated all sectors of Liberia from independence until April 12, 1980, when indigenous Liberian Master Sergeant Samuel K. Doe--from the Krahn ethnic group--seized power in a coup d'etat.
		This caused a heightened level of ethnic tension, leading to frequent hostilities between the politically and militarily dominant Krahns and other ethnic groups in the country.
		On August 18, leaders from the Liberian Government, the rebels, political parties, and civil society signed a comprehensive peace agreement that laid the framework for constructing a 2-year National Transitional Government of Liberia, effective October 14.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/liberia.html (1263 words)

	History
		The government that emerged was based on serving the elite, powerful and wealthy Americo-Liberians.
		The two parties that emerged by 1847 were the True Whig Party and the Republican Party.
		The True Whig Party became the dominant party in 1878 and ruled until 1980 when Samuel Doe came to power.
	www.earlham.edu /~pols/17Fall96/craighe/history.html (968 words)

	Winston Tubman, Liberia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-02)
		For example, the wrongs of the True Whig Party were not fixed by the NDPL, or those of the NDPL by the NPP.
		The three parties are, in historical order: the True Whig Party (TWP), the National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL) and the National Patriotic Party.
		If we were to form a new party at this time we would be entering the still lengthening ranks of parties whose record of presidential electoral success frankly, stands at zero.
	www.tlcafrica.com /wat-2005.htm (2389 words)

	TLC Africa Magazine
		Winston Tubman emerged as the Standard Bearer of the National Democratic Party of Liberia during the party's convention held this weekend at the Unity Conference Center in Virginia, on the outskirts of Monrovia.
		Doe was the party's first standard bearer and George Boley became the second, when he contested the presidency on behalf of the party during the 1997 Special Elections.
		Several proposed political parties are expected to undergo thorough investigation and may face the wrath of the National Election Commission (NEC) for the their alleged involvement in fraudulent political activities if their investigation shows that the allegations are true.
	www.tlcafrica.com /politics.htm (1808 words)

	Africa Policy Journal
		The first was when President Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1871-1877), a republican, of the True Liberian Party overthrew the True Whig Party government of James E. Roye in the coup d’état of 1871.
		The True Whig Party then held vast political power throughout the rest of the 19th century.
		Yet, the party leadership failed to create a genuine culture of democracy and participatory elections for the majority of the people.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /kssgorg/apj/issues/2006_issue/yengbeh.htm (5972 words)

	[No title]
		His appeals for clemency for his son had found a deaf ear with President Tolbert and within the True Whig Party.
		Within the TWP, the fight for power and public positions in combination with different, opposing views on societal issues and development politics separated the two camps – although no clear line of demarcation existed due to the numerous intermarriages and other individual personal relations.
		President Tolbert’s daughter Wokie is married to ‘Shad’ Tubman, the eldest son of President William Tubman, whereas a deceased daughter of Tolbert had been married to a Yancy.
	www.liberiapastandpresent.org /MarylandRitualMurders10.htm (1273 words)

	Online NewsHour: Liberia's Uneasy Peace \| Post-1980 Timeline \| PBS
		These freed slaves, known as Americo-Liberians, formed the True Whig Party and dominated Liberian political life for the next 133 years.
		After a five-year ban on political parties and elections, Doe's National Democratic Party of Liberia wins an October election that the U.S. State Department says was "characterized by widespread fraud and rigging." In the period following the election, Doe's government is accused of human rights abuses and corruption.
		Taylor wins the presidency by a wide margin the U.S. State Department attributes to Liberian's fear of "a return to war had Taylor lost." Nevertheless, the elections are declared fair by international monitors, including former U.S. President Jimmy Carter.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/africa/liberia/post1980_timeline.html (1262 words)

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