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Topic: True airspeed

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Airspeed indicator

Knot (speed)

Equivalent airspeed

Calibrated airspeed

Position error

Attitude indicator

Dead reckoning

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Commercial Pilot License

Elevator (aircraft)

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Boeing 787

Compressible flow

	NAPPF Flight Instruments
		The airspeed indicator is a sensitive, differential pressure gauge which measures and shows promptly the difference between (1) pitot, or impact pressure, and (2) static pressure, the undisturbed atmospheric pressure at level flight.
		The true airspeed indicator (TAS) is calibrated to indicate true airspeed under standard sea level conditions—that is, 29.92 in.
		In the Southern Hemisphere the opposite is true.
	www.nappf.com /nappf_flight_instruments.htm (1660 words)

	Turkish VACC Aircraft Speeds
		This airspeed indication is affected by the density of the air, which changes with altitude and ambient air temperature.
		True airspeed is the speed the aircraft is moving through the air.
		While true airspeed is the speed an aircraft moves through the air with no regard to the wind, ground speed is the speed the aircraft is moving over the ground.
	www.trvacc.org /web/training/ref/speeds.asp (476 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Types of Airspeed
		Equivalent airspeed is defined as the speed at sea level that would produce the same dynamic pressure as the true airspeed at the altitude the vehicle is flying at.
		True airspeed is the actual speed of an aircraft with respect to the air through which it flies.
		While a pilot has the means at his or her disposal to calculate equivalent and true airspeeds, these are primarily intermediate results that are not typically needed in and of themselves.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/instruments/q0251.shtml (1578 words)

	4-1
		Equivalent airspeed is the calibrated airspeed of an aircraft corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude.
		Equivalent airspeed is equal to calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level; it is significant to pilots of high speed aircraft, but relatively unimportant to the average light plane pilot.
		True airspeed is the airspeed of an aircraft relative to undisturbed air.
	www.faatest.com /books/IFRH/4-1.htm (1477 words)

	Flight Training Articles
		Equivalent airspeed is calibrated airspeed corrected for the compression of the air at a particular altitude.
		True airspeed is the calibrated airspeed or EAS as appropriate corrected for pressure altitude and temperature.
		It is the airspeed of an aircraft relative to undisturbed air and is used primarily in flight planning.
	www.gg-pilot.com /ggweeklyarticle.asp?id=5 (372 words)

	REA Computing True Airspeed Calculator
		The True Airspeed Calculator will allow a pilot to accurately determine the true airspeed of an aircraft using a GPS or loran unit.
		The calculator determines the wind and the aircraft's true airspeed by making an initial guess and then continuing to make better guesses until the solution is found.
		In the February 1995 issue of Kitplanes magazine, David Fox presented a method for determining the true airspeed of an aircraft using a loran or GPS unit and a pocket calculator.
	www.reacomp.com /true_airspeed/index.html (976 words)

	True Airspeed System
		A true airspeed measurement system is a combination of sensors, data acquisition equipment, a calculation and data storage medium, controlling software and an output device.
		Additional requirements for accurate true airspeed measurement include a data acquisition system that can concurrently read the signals from each of the three inputs so that calculations of airspeed can be made with instantaneous data.
		True airspeed is not stored in the A matrix however the user can extract any row from the A matrix and use the function SPEED to calculate it.
	www.tricity.wsu.edu /~jroal/aspeed.htm (2232 words)

	True Airspeed Calculator
		All cross country aviation calculations are based on flying at the planned true airspeed, generally defines as the speed of the airplane through the relatively undisturbed airmass.
		To quickly calculate your true airspeed while actually in flight to a very close estimate, execute the following instructions.
		Mathematically increase your indicated airspeed (IAS) by 2% per thousand feet of altitude to obtain the true airspeed (TAS).
	www.csgnetwork.com /tasinfocalc.html (361 words)

	True airspeed \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		True airspeed (TAS) is the speed of an aircraft relative to the airmass in which it flies, i.e.
		The airspeed of an aircraft relative to undisturbed air.
		True airspeed is equal to equivalent airspeed multiplied by (pO/p)l/2.
	www.babylon.com /definition/True_airspeed (128 words)

	True Airspeed and your POH - Beech Aero Club
		It is critical that the indicated airspeed remain constant while determining the elapsed time between markers and that exactly the same speed be used for both passes.
		Assuming true airspeed, wind speed and wind direction are constant on the three legs, then three equations in three unknowns can be solved, giving wind speed, direction, and true airspeed.
		The calculated true airspeed is then compared to the indicated speed and the position error is determined.
	www.beechaeroclub.org /displayarticle11.html (1276 words)

	Airspeed Indicator
		The indicated airspeed necessary for takeoff (and other phases of flight) is the same whether made at sea level or at 5,000 feet.
		The airspeed indicator measures airspeed by subtracting the ambient pressure from the ram air pressure measured by the pitot tube.
		True airspeed is equivalent airspeed corrected for non-standard pressures and temperatures (density altitude).
	www.flightsimbooks.com /flightsimhandbook/CHAPTER_02_23_Airspeed_Indicator.php (1305 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Airspeed is the speed of an aircraft relative to the air.
		The equivalent airspeed is closely related to the Indicated airspeed speed shown by the airspeed indicator.
		True airspeed (TAS) is the true speed of the aircraft relative to the air.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=airspeed (665 words)

	United Instruments, Inc.
		The 8000 Series Airspeed Indicator is intended for use on an aircraft to indicate the speed relative to the air at sea level and at any other altitude, to indicate the equivalent speed corresponding to the actual force of the air.
		When properly connected to an airspeed tube, mounted so as to be in undisturbed air, the airspeed indicator measures the differential pressure developed between the pitot and static opening.
		The 8100 Series True Airspeed Indicator is intended for use on an aircraft to indicate the speed relative to the air at sea level and at any other altitude, to indicate the equivalent speed corresponding to the actual force of the air.
	www.unitedinstrumentsinc.com /airspeedverticalspeedindicators (627 words)

	Pilot's Web The Aviators' Journal - The Wind Triangle
		True Heading (TH) is the heading to be flown to maintain the desired track measured clockwise from the Geographic True North.
		The Ground Speed (GS) is proportional to the True Course, the True Airspeed (TAS) is proportional to the True Heading (TH) and the Wind Velocity (V) is proportional to the Wind Direction (W).
		The True Course is plotted in a 45° angle to the True North.
	pilotsweb.com /navigate/triangle.htm (472 words)

	NASAexplores 9-12 Lesson: Airspeed (Student Sheets) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The indicated airspeed on the airspeed indicator will seldom be the actual speed of the airplane.
		True airspeed can be calculated by adding 2 percent of the indicated airspeed for each thousand feet of altitude.
		Multiply the indicated airspeed of 120 mph by.12.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show_912_student_sh.php?id=030108144223 (305 words)

	6-4
		True airspeed determines the angle of bank necessary to maintain a standard rate turn.
		At 70 knots true airspeed, approximately 12 degrees of bank are required to maintain a standard rate turn; at 90 knots true airspeed, approximately 15 degrees of bank are required.
		The airspeed indicator and ball should be cross-checked closely to maintain desired airspeed and pedal trim.
	www.dauntless-soft.com /PRODUCTS/Freebies/Library/books/IFRH/6-4.htm (952 words)

	[No title]
		Airspeed is read by matching the location of the ball to the markings on the tube.
		The airspeed indicator is a hollow diaphragm connected to the Pitot tube.
		The airspeed is indicated on the dial in statute miles or nautical miles (knots) per hour.
	www.expandingknowledge.com /Jerome/PG/Aerodynamics/Air/Speed/Indicator_Types/Main.htm (1937 words)

	Airspeed (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The airspeed indicator is a differential pressure gauge.
		The airspeed indicator is the only instrument connected to both the pitot tube and the static system.
		The airspeed indicators for the Learjet 45 and Boeing 737-400 include an additional needle with red and white stripes called the "barber pole." A flight data computer takes information about the current altitude, air temperature, and pressure and continuously computes the maximum allowable airspeed as the aircraft climbs and descends.
	www.abbysenior.com /aviation/newpage2.htm (325 words)

	The MathWorks - Demos - True Airspeed from Indicated Airspeed Calculation
		True airspeed is the airspeed that we would read ideally (and the airspeed value easily calculated within a simulation).
		Equivalent airspeed is true airspeed modified with the changes in atmospheric density which affect the airspeed indicator.
		Using this calibration table, the indicated airspeed (IAS) is determined from calibrated airspeed by modifying it with calibration error of the airspeed indicator.
	www.mathworks.com /products/aeroblks/demos.html?file=/products/demos/shipping/aeroblks/aeroblk_calibrated.html (385 words)

	Gleim Publications :: Flight Computer Instructions
		The outer scale is used to represent distance, fuel, groundspeed, true airspeed, or corrected (true) altitude, depending on the calculation being performed.
		True airspeed and density altitude can be calculated on the calculator side of your flight computer.
		The term corrected (or approximately true) altitude is used since the indicated OAT does not necessarily reflect the average temperature of the column of air between the airplane and the surface.
	www.gleim.com /aviation/computerinstructions.php (3032 words)

	airspeed indicator
		Calibrated airspeed is indicated airspeed corrected for errors associated with the instrument and position.
		True airspeed is equivalent airspeed corrected for density altitude.
		As the aircraft ascends in the atmosphere, the true airspeed increases at a rate of approximately 2 knots per thousand feet.
	www.aviationgroundschool.com /sample_pages/airspeed3.html (569 words)

	Chief Aircraft Inc - Flight Instruments - Airspeed Indicator (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Falcon Airspeed indicator has dual scale with MPH indicated on outer arc and Knots indicated on inner arc.
		True Airspeed instrument has scale settable to outside air temperature and flight altitude for displaying true airspeed.
		Indicated airspeed is displayed on the outer scale in MPH and on the inner scale in Knots.
	www.chiefaircraft.com /airsec/Aircraft/FlightInstruments/Airspeeds.html (585 words)

	Users Guide
		True Track is the desired track that you wish to travel on and represents the actual path over the ground that the aircraft will follow.
		True Airspeed is the calculated / documented True Airspeed of the aircraft and can be obtained by consulting the relevant performance data section of the Pilots Operating Handbook for the particular aircraft you will be flying.
		True Heading (computed when the calculator is in Flight Planning Mode) is the heading you must fly in order to compensate for the wind and have the aircraft travel along the True Track.
	www.realtimetools.com /UserGuides/navcalc.htm (1959 words)

	Microsoft Flight Simulator (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The airspeed indicator, which is also connected to the pitot tube, measures the difference between static pressure and ram air pressure.
		The airspeed indicator is the only instrument connected to both the pitot tube and the static system.
		The airspeed indicators for the Bombardier Learjet 45 and Boeing 737–400 include an additional needle with red and white stripes known as the "barber pole." A flight data computer takes information about the current altitude, air temperature, and pressure and continuously computes the maximum allowable airspeed as the aircraft climbs and descends.
	fsinsider.com /About/Learning-Center-Support/In-the-Cockpit/Cockpit-Basics.htm (4238 words)

	NASA - Dryden Technical Report Server
		True angle of attack can be determined during steady flight as the difference between the pitch attitude angle and flightpath climb angle of the airplane (ref. 1).
		To obtain true angle of attack for unsteady flight, the winds aloft, airplane ground speed, and true airspeed -- for which the position error must be known -- are combined.
		Ground speed, true airspeed, and heading are used to measure the winds in flight.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/dryden/news/DTRS/1995/HTML/TM-104316/index.html (6068 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		True airspeed (TAS) is the speed of an aircraft relative to the airmass in which it flies, i.e.
		Indicated airspeed is used in aircraft operation as the aircraft stalling speed and structural limiting speeds are dependent on indicated airspeed, irrespective of true airspeed.
		In simple aircraft, without an air data computer or Machmeter, true airspeed can be calculated as a function of calibrated airspeed and local air density (or static air temperature and pressure altitude which determine density).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=true_airspeed (360 words)

	Airspeed Indicator
		TAS is the actual airspeed of the aircraft through the air mass.
		As an aircraft climbs, the indicated airspeed will decrease as the air becomes thinner and the impact pressure is reduced.
		TRUE AIRSPEED adjusts the IAS for the given temperature and pressure.
	www.allstar.fiu.edu /AERO/airspeed.htm (513 words)

	Stall Speed - Flightlevel350.com Forums
		Indicated and True airspeed are almost the same in that to convert from IAS to TAS you go from IAS to Calibrated Airspeed, making up for the position and installation of the pressure points, then from CAS to True Airspeed which makes up for the altitude and temperature difference.
		So while TAS is the true speed at which the airfoil moves through the air, the difference in pressure will make performance different assuming a constant TAS and different OAT/Pressure.
		The reverse is true for an aft CG as the plane weighs less.
	www.flightlevel350.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=10892 (1480 words)

	Determining Static System Error
		Airspeed error is worth measuring, but it is less important than altitude error from a safety perspective.
		In general, a leak-free pitot system with a calibrated airspeed indicator will be error free, except at high angles of attack (near the stall), where there may be a large angle between the local flow and the pitot tube.
		If you did an airspeed indicator calibration to determine the instrument error, and put the corrections in the spreadsheet, we can assume that all remaining errors are due to position error.
	www.kilohotel.com /rv8/rvlinks/ssec.html (2719 words)

	Instrument Panel
		The airspeed indicator is one of the most important instruments in the aircraft.
		While indicated speed differs from true airspeed in non-standard temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions, it is usually within a few percent of the correct value.
		The airspeed indicator has a built-in scale to solve the true airspeed (TAS) given a particular temperature and pressure altitude.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /januth/flying/instrumentpanel.htm (1562 words)

	Aerodynamic
		Note that true airspeed increases with altitude for a given indicated airspeed because the air gets thinner with altitude.
		True airspeed there is 36% greater than at sea level for the same indicated airspeed - which explains why Mooneys and Lancair 4s have such great cruise airspeeds.
		The airspeed to fly for maximum range is within a few miles per hour of the airspeed for maximum climb rate.
	www.eaa32.org /Articles/Aerodynamic.html (2398 words)

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