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Topic: Truncation

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	Truncation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In mathematics, truncation is the term used for reducing the number of digits right of the decimal point, by discarding the least significant ones.
		Note that in some cases, truncating would yield the same result as rounding, but truncation does not round up or round down the digits; it merely cuts off at the specified digit.
		The truncation error can be twice the maximum error in rounding.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Truncation (141 words)

	Encyclopedia: Truncation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Using truncation on the term "inclustion" resulted in the retrieval of 33 more articles, the additional term that the database found was "inclusive".
		Using truncation on the term "diet" resulted in the retrieval of 48 more articles, the additional terms that the database found were "dietary" and "dietetic".
		Using truncation on the term "nutrition" resulted in the retrieval of 34 more articles, the additional terms that the database found were "nutritional" and "nutritionists".
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Truncation (440 words)

	Truncation selection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Truncation selection is a selection method used in genetic algorithms to select potential candidate solutions for recombination.
		In truncation selection the candidate solutions are ordered by fitness, and some proportion, p, (e.g.
		Truncation selection is less sophisticated than many other selection methods, and is not often used in practice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Truncation_selection (106 words)

	LSU Libraries - Searching Techniques and Strategies Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Truncation is a way of using generic characters to "stand in" for letters if you are unsure of spelling or want words with different endings.
		Some allow truncation at the beginning of the word (allowing you to search for anything that ends in -ide, for example, like chloride or sulfide), but that is rare.
		Usually, a truncation symbol in the middle of a word can stand in for one or no characters, and one at the end of the word can stand for any number of characters.
	www.lib.lsu.edu /instruction/searching/searching17.html (154 words)

	Truncation
		Truncation is a means of searching variant forms of a term.
		Truncation uses one or more question marks at the end of a search term to search on a word stem or incomplete term.
		Internal truncation cannot be used to retrieve variations in spelling that result in words of different lengths, for example, color and colour.
	www.dialogweb.com /help/CmdWhatTruncation.html (306 words)

	Truncation Resistance #2 criterion (was Re: First Choic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I've repeatedly said that truncation won't typically be strategically intended, and will take place because people don't know all the candidates, or don't have time to rank a long list, or don't want to bother.
		No matter how indifferent the A voters are when they truncate, that doesn't mean that the truncation should result in a violation of majority rule, as it does in methods where it causes the election of A in that example.
		With truncation, you need A to be twice as big as B in order for A to get a better Margins-of-Defeat score than B. With order-reversal, you merely need A to be bigger than B. But this is quite irrelevant to the topic.
	lists.electorama.com /htdig.cgi/election-methods-electorama.com/1997-January/001273.html (4058 words)

	Truncation and Wildcards: Information Navigator: MIT Libraries
		Truncation, also called stemming, is a technique that allows you to search for various word endings and spellings simultaneously.
		To use truncation enter the root of a word and put the truncation symbol at the end.
		Truncation symbols may vary by database, the most common truncation symbols are the *, !, ?, or #.
	libraries.mit.edu /tutorials/general/truncation.html (123 words)

	Fred Williams: Truncation Selection
		claims that the ev program uses truncation selection and "thus one of many reasons his program is bogus".
		Truncation selection is known to be the most efficient form of directional selection.
		To do truncation selection would mean that we pick a certain number of mistakes and kill all organisms that make more than that number of mistakes.
	www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov /~toms/paper/ev/williams (900 words)

	Truncation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Glycoprotein B Increases Its Cell Surface Expression and Activity in ...
		All of the truncations that increase cell-cell fusion
		Truncation of the carboxy-terminal 28 amino acids of glycoprotein B specified by herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant amb1511-7 causes extensive cell fusion.
		Effects of truncation of the carboxy terminus of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein B on infectivity.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/76/18/9271 (6367 words)

	Credit Card Truncation - NBS Inc.
		Credit Card Truncation is the ability of a Credit Card Machine to Remove all but the last 4 or 5 digits of a Credit Card number and the expiration date from the sales receipt.
		This means that if you are using a terminal or software program that only truncated the customers receipt, this is still ok. We recently had an inquiry as to which receipts were required to be truncated, and this is what we found.
		Truncation is important to protect the customer from losing their credit card number if they lose their receipt.
	www.merchantequip.com /truncation.php (960 words)

	FRB: Testimony, Ferguson--Check Truncation Act--April 3, 2003
		Today, however, check truncation can only occur by agreement of the banks involved because existing law requires that, in the absence of an agreement, the original paper checks be presented or returned.
		Currently, under typical check truncation arrangements, electronic information about a truncated check, rather than the original paper check, is presented to the bank on which the check is drawn.
		The proposed legislation facilitates check truncation by creating a new negotiable instrument called a "substitute check," which would permit banks to truncate the original checks, to process the check information electronically, and to print and deliver substitute checks to banks and bank customers that want to continue receiving paper checks.
	www.federalreserve.gov /boarddocs/testimony/2003/20030403 (2680 words)

	Truncation and Wild Cards--Library Instruction--BGSU Libraries
		Most electronic databases allow for a symbol to be used at the end of a word to retrieve variant endings of that word.
		For example, in Education Abstracts, the "$" is used as a truncation symbol.
		The symbols used for truncation and universal characters are different in different databases.
	www.bgsu.edu /colleges/library/infosrv/lue/trunc.html (270 words)

	Using Truncation
		The process is called truncation, or truncate, to cut off.
		Using truncation in a database is a sophisticated operation, but it can easily be handled with a little practice.
		Here are some actual examples of how using truncation affects the amount of results you retrieve on a database search.
	www.lhup.edu /jfoor/educ/truncation.htm (394 words)

	Integrated Solutions - Check Scanning Lives On The Edge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Check truncation as identified in the bills refers to the point in the life of a paper check at which it is turned into a digital image.
		If check truncation were to commonly reach the edges of the banking environment, the volume of purchased systems would rise significantly, potentially driving the cost of such systems down.
		With or without standardized truncation policies, today's check scanning systems are powerful enough to make their own case for the business benefits of imaging.
	www.integratedsolutionsmag.com /Articles/2003_05/030513.htm (831 words)

	Truncation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Truncation means to cut off a point or to shorten.
		You have to add a "wildcard" to the stem of the word for the databases to recognise that you are using truncation.
		Truncation can also be very useful if you are not sure how to spell a word.
	www.petech.ac.za /library/infolit/truncation.html (303 words)

	Truncation and Wildcards
		One of the first mistakes in query formulation is not using truncation sufficiently.
		Truncation (or Stemming), is applying a wildcard character after the first few letters in a term (the "stem").
		But they are of a smaller magnitude than ignoring singular and plural cases altogether in the query, and seem to be a minor price to pay for being able to eliminate another keyword (birds, in addition to bird) from the search.
	www.okcu.edu /resource/014.html (511 words)

	HSU Library - OWL 4: Truncation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Truncation capabilities and symbols are different in different databases.
		The most commonly available type is right-hand truncation, in which you type in the first few letters of your term, then a truncation symbol, and the computer searches for terms with any additional letters to the right.
		Right-hand truncation is extremely helpful when you aren't sure how to spell the term you are looking for or when you want to search for different forms of a word, such as singular or plural forms, or different endings.
	library.humboldt.edu /owls/owl4-Truncation.htm (340 words)

	Definition: Truncation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Typically, a symbol such as the asterisk is used to represent the rest of the term.
		End truncation is where several letters at the beginning of a word are specified but the ending can vary.
		Stemming related to truncation, usually refers to the ability of a search engine to find word variants such as plurals, singular forms, past tense, present tense, etc. Some stemming only cover plural and singular forms.
	www.searchengineshowdown.com /defs/trunc.html (100 words)

	Truncation vs. Dither?
		Dither is a way of compensating for the truncation's inevitable increase in audible quantization error before the truncation occurs.
		The resultant square wave is the equivalent of a digital noise floor, which in effect is a random array of "artifacts", often expressed as "granulation noise," since the perception of these digital artifacts is that the audio has attained a grainy quality.
		As stated, truncation is inevitable in a transfer to a lower bit depth.
	www.digitalprosound.com /Htm/Articles/April/Trunc_vs_Dither.htm (1098 words)

	[Information News:Wi:93] Database Searching: Truncation Symbols (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Using a truncation symbol enables a searcher to retrieve in a single search all terms beginning with the same character string.
		When using truncation symbols, be aware that you may retrieve unwanted or irrelevant citations.
		Also, the use of truncation without limiting the subsequent number of characters may overwork the processing ability of the computer and cause a "record overflow." This occurs with large databases and common terminology.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /news/infonews/archives/info_v5n4_0003.html (254 words)

	Broadening with truncation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When searching, a truncated word must be followed by a truncation symbol, sometimes called a wildcard.
		Truncation allows retrieval of any words which start with the letters preceding the truncation symbol.
		Some databases also allow a truncation symbol to represent letters inside a word--for example, wom*n would retrieve both the singular word woman and the plural word women.
	www.gvsu.edu /library/webtutor/boolean/tsld012.htm (80 words)

	SPE 113 - Page 7 - Search techniques tutorial - truncation
		Truncation, sometimes called stemming or wildcarding, involves the use of a punctuation mark at the end of a search term or after the trunk or root of the search term.
		Truncation is useful in retrieving forms of words with alternative endings or plural forms.
		Truncation, or wildcard information is generally included in the search tips sections of databases.
	www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu /Tutorials/SearchTechSpe113/Page7.html (227 words)

	CSU Libraries: Truncation
		If you want to narrow or broaden your search, you may want to find out if truncation and proximity operators are available in the database you are using.
		Truncation is a mechanism for searching multiple terms that begin with a desired prefix.
		In some databases, truncation is used to search for the root word only.
	lib.colostate.edu /howto/others/trunc.html (710 words)

	MRA - What is credit card truncation? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		First, credit card truncation means that electronically printed credit card receipts will print only part of the card number, usually the last four numbers.
		Because of this, two separate receipts (one truncated, one not) are necessary.
		Although the deadline for all machines to support truncation is still three years away, retailers would be wise to understand the issue and include truncation support in any business plans.
	www.retailers.com /eduandevents/ask/asktruncation.html (395 words)

	Bass Sale 3 Session 2
		Regardless of the actual cause, most major die breaks occur at or near the edges of dies; a major break (or collapse) such as this that occurs in the field is a rarity in its own right.
		Date low, top of 1 twice the distance from truncation as bottom is from dentils, left edge of lower serif slightly left of center of dentil.
		Top of 1 nearly twice the distance from truncation as bottom is from dentils, left edge of lower serif over left side of dentil.
	www.harrybassfoundation.org /basscatalogs/BASSSALE3/b3-2-c.htm (11025 words)

	Consumers Union opposes the Check Truncation Act
		By restricting the right of recredit and the indemnity to involuntarily truncated checks, the Act would encourage banks to put a voluntary truncation clause in their account agreements, thereby eliminating the consumer's right of recredit.
		The Federal Reserve Board's proposed Check Truncation Act would foster check truncation, which is the practice of holding a check at the place of deposit or somewhere else along the check collection chain, but not sending the original check back to the consumer or to the consumer's bank.
		Voluntarily truncated checks do not trigger the right of recredit, even though the funds are still missing from the consumer's account, and even when the dispute can't be resolved unless the original check is found and returned to the consumer.
	www.consumersunion.org /finance/checkwc102.htm (2102 words)

	A Generalized Vertex Truncation Scheme ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Vertex truncation scheme is commonly used in Archimedean polyhedra construction [23].
		As seen from this figure, after the application of a vertex truncation scheme, (1) each polygon with n number of sides converts to a polygon with 2n number of sides; (2) each vertex with valence m becomes a polygon with m number of sides; and (3) all the new vertices become 3-valent.
		In addition to these topological conditions, the polyhedral vertex truncation must satisfy one geometric condition: every initial and newly created polygonal face must be an equilateral and planar [23].
	www.mi.sanu.ac.yu /vismath/akleman (2402 words)

	Database Search Tools & Strategies
		Truncation symbols allow you to search for suffix variations of root terms or words.
		Unlimited Truncation symbols are used at the end of common root spellings to capture any variations that occur from the symbol forward.
		Limited Truncation Some databases allow use of a truncation symbol/number combination to specify the maximum number of characters that follow the root spelling.
	southmed.usouthal.edu /library/ref/tools.htm (643 words)

	Truncation mutations in ABCA1 suppress normal upregulation of full-length ABCA1 by 9-cis-retinoic acid and ...
		Truncation mutations in ABCA1 suppress normal upregulation of full-length ABCA1 by 9-cis-retinoic acid and 22-R-hydroxycholesterol -- Wellington et al.
		because coexpression of one truncated allele is sufficient to
		Truncation mutations in the transactivation region of PAX6 result in dominant-negative mutants.
	www.jlr.org /cgi/content/full/43/11/1939 (5920 words)

	Truncation
		Truncation is a symbol used at the end of the root form of a word to search for all possible variant endings.
		Below is an example of truncation where the truncation symbol is a question mark.
		Using truncation can be useful for "covering all your bases," but at the same time you may retrieve results that are not relevant to your topic.
	www.mchenry.edu /library/tutorial/truncation.htm (180 words)

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