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	Murex trunculus
		The Trunculus Murex (or Purple Murex or Banded Dye-Murex) is a marine snail that produces a distinctive purple dye, considered valuable in ancient times and often used to dye fabrics.
		It occurs in shallow, sublittoral waters of the Mediterranean and the bordering west Atlantic Ocean.
		The Murex is also the shell widely thought to yield the techelet dye of the Bible, used for the fringes of clothing.
	sports.abcworld.net /Murex_trunculus.html (166 words)

	Murex Trunculus
		Murex trunculus is a snail that, along with 2 related species, murex brandaris and thais haemastoma, were used in ancient times for beautiful and expensive purple dyes.
		For example, they mention the piles of murex trunculus shells at dye houses, but don't mention that it was used for purple dyeing, not blue.
		They claim that Rabbi Herzog was of the opinion that murex trunculus is the chilazon, and quote selectively from the parts of his writings that focus only on secular sources, ignoring the text that follows where he rejects this theory based on Talmudic criteria.
	hometown.aol.com /chilazon/murex_trunculus.htm (529 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - PURPLE:
		An examination of these heaps has up to the present revealed only two kinds of murex, found on the Mediterranean coast, Murex brandaris and Murex trunculus; the former at Tarentum and in the Morea, and the latter at Tyre.
		Without doubt, of the two kinds of murex described by Pliny, the one which he calls "purpura" or "pelagia" is not the species now so called, but Murex brandaris, as he mentions not only the spines on the whorl of the shell, but also the duct which is a prolongation of the aperture.
		The moliusks were found on the Phenician coast, on the Palestinian shores, farther south (as at Dor), on the coast of Caria in Asia Minor, on the Laconian coast of Greece, on the shores of the strait of Euripus, and on the North-African coast.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=617&letter=P (595 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Hexaplex trunculus (also known as Murex trunculus or the banded dye-murex) is a medium-sized species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex shells or rock snails.
		trunculus has not yet been successfully reproduced (because the purplish hue degrades too quickly resulting in blue only), but the use of this species has been confirmed in the archeology of Phoenicia, where large quantities of this sea snail's shells have been recovered from inside ancient live storage chambers used for harvesting.
		Allegedly, 60,000 murex were needed to produce one pound of dye.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Hexaplex_trunculus (476 words)

	[No title]
		Murex trunculus dye is naturally a mix of purple and blue, and has to be irradiated to induce a photochemical reaction from which blue dye results.
		Murex dyeing was a major industry, with some regions employing half their population in murex fishing.[65] Moreover, the murex was a status symbol, associated with wealth and royalty.
		Murex trunculus meets few of the secondary criteria, and archeological evidence provides no support whatsoever for the proposition that murex trunculus was used in the ancient dyeing of blue in general, let alone techeilet in particular.
	www.aishdas.org /articles/techeiles.htm (5713 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Millennia of Murex (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Murex is the dye first famous as “Tyrian purple,” named for the city of Tyre, today in Lebanon but 3000 years ago the center from which that energetic trading nation, the Phoenicians, controlled a far-flung luxury trade in murex-dyed silks.
		Murex produce most of their secretions in early spring, the season when Sirius, “the Dog Star,” is high in the northern hemisphere’s sky, and thus the legend of Melcarth (Hercules) and his dog may in fact be a folktale reminding people of this seasonal advantage.
		Murex is chemically related to the indigo dye family (which includes woad), and all these need to be processed in dyeing vats in an alkaline solution.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/200604/millennia.of.murex.htm (3876 words)

	They Shall Make for Themselves Sisith [Fringe/Tassel] By Hakham Meir Yosef Rekhavi
		It is true that the Murex trunculus was used for obtaining blue dye in the ancient Near East, and incidentally it is only the male that secretes the blue dye, but the Tora itself does not give any indication of the validity of this claim neither does the LXX.
		The Murex trunculus is a non-kasher animal, an animal whose mere carcass is a source of impurity; "And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the streams, from all swarming things in the water, and from living beings that are in the water, they are detestable things to you.
		Their ruling that Murex trunculus was the source for the blue dye was therefore part of their drive for religious and political control of the nation.
	www.karaites.org.uk /sisit.shtml (4962 words)

	Tzitzis Milechai.com 800-830-8660
		Murex trunculus snails live along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
		Archaeological digs have since uncovered mounds of broken Murex shells and remains of the dyeing industry on the North-Eastern coast of Israel.
		Today, since Murex trunculus snails are a protected species in Israel, snails for Tekhelet are obtained and processed outside of Israel (Greece, Spain) where they are caught and sold for food.
	www.milechai.com /text1/PtilTekhelet.html (457 words)

	murex trunculus, robosapien v3, el paso saddle blanket company
		A finding of insufficient murex trunculus of effectiveness corresponds directly to the strength of recommendations (e.g., strong evidence of effectiveness, studies had to meet these criteria: a) they were limited to primary murex trunculus of interventions selected for evaluation; b) they were limited to primary investigations of interventions selected for.
		Planning and executing murex trunculus media campaign can be used to assess the murex trunculus to which the interventions murex trunculus practiced in the finished chapter.
		of interventions selected for evaluation; b) they murex trunculus murex trunculus to primary investigations of interventions selected for evaluation; b) they were conducted in industrialized countries; and d) they compared outcomes in groups of persons not exposed or less exposed to the intervention not be used.
	goose208.com /3/murex-trunculus.html (1072 words)

	bibliography of Tyrian purple
		Hyacinthine purple, derived from Murex trunculus, is a mixture of dibromoindigotin and indigo, and the colourant from M.
		The identification of the conchylian purple dyestuff in the form of a pigment, found applied on the wall paintings at Akrotiri of Thera, is shown to be of equal importance as being the earliest tangible evidence in the Aegean for the development of the vat dyeing technology in the early Late Bronze Age.
		HPLC and visible spectra are used to characterise dyes from Murex trunculus, identifying indigo, mono- and dibromo-indigos and indirubin.
	www.chriscooksey.demon.co.uk /tyrian/cjcbiblio.html (11717 words)

	History of Phoenicia - Chapter VIII
		The /Murex brandaris/ is now thought to have borne away the palm from all the others; it is extremely common upon the coast; and enormous heaps of the shells are found, especially in the vicinity of Tyre, crushed and broken--the débris, as it would seem, cast away by the manufacturers of old.
		Chemical analysis has shown that in the case of the /Murex trunculus/ the liquid is composed of two elementary substances, one being cyanic acid, which is of a blue or azure colour, and the other being purpuric oxide, which is a bright red.
		What we chiefly learn from this writer as to the dyeing process is23--first, that sometimes the liquid derived from the /murex/ only, sometimes that of the /purpura/ or /buccinum/ only, was applied to the material which it was wished to colour, while the most approved hue was produced by an application of both dyes separately.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/ancient/HistoryofPhoenicia/chap12.html (5498 words)

	Welcome to ArtofHomoeopathy.co.uk: Murex Purpurea
		The two chief sources for the dye are Murex trunculus and Murex brandaris.
		Royal purple (and royal blue, too) was prohibitively expensive — 60,000 murex were needed to produce just one pound of dye, or 12,000 to just about colour the average toga — and was therefore only afforded by the highest of high-ranking aristocracy.
		Only a few drops of the precious liquid can be extracted from the white vein of each mollusc (giving rise to the term “blue-blooded” which is still used today as a term for noble birth).
	www.artofhomoeopathy.co.uk /product_info.php?products_id=90&oscsid=8cb72cce31ae5f128fa95dab637a5e21 (199 words)

	Murex trunculus - Slider
		This article or section should be merged with Trunculus Murex.
		Murex trunculus is a mollusc, source of the royal Tyrian purple.
		The name Murex trunculus is no longer in use.
	enc.slider.com /Enc/Murex_trunculus (63 words)

	Purple Passion: www.jolique.com
		The two chief sources for this purple dye are Murex trunculus and Murex brandaris, and the shades of dye produced these sources can range from bright red, to blue, and to deep, almost fl, purple.
		According to Renata Pompas, "it was necessary to have 12,000 murex or molluscs for 1.4 grams of pigment, scarcely enough for dying a single dress the size of the Roman toga." It is no wonder then, that this dye was used primarily to treat the garments of wealthy or privileged individuals.
		There is a white vein with a very small amount of liquid in it; from it is obtained that well-known dye which shines faintly with a deep rosy colour, but the rest of the body is unproductive.
	www.jolique.com /dyes_colorants/purple_passion.htm (674 words)

	Hexaplex trunculus at AllExperts
		Hexaplex trunculus (known as the trunculus murex, purple murex or banded dye-murex) is a marine snail that produces a distinctive purple dye, considered valuable in ancient times and often used to dye fabrics; if left in the sun for a few minutes, the dye turns blue rather than purple.
		A similar dye, "Tyrian purple" was made from the related Murex brandaris.
		trunculus is also the shell widely thought to yield the techelet dye of the Bible, used for the fringes of clothing.
	en.allexperts.com /e/h/he/hexaplex_trunculus.htm (255 words)

	A Ribband of Blue
		It has been suggested that tekhelet dye from the Murex trunculus was one of the fastest dyes in the ancient world.
		Rediscovery of the dyeing process from the Murex trunculus snail has also helped clear the confusion between references to purple and blue in the ancient world.
		When the secretion from the hypobranchial gland of the Murex trunculus mollusk is extracted, it is a clear, yellowish liquid, dibromoindigo, which is put into a reduced solution for vat dyeing of wool.
	www.restorationfoundation.org /goldenkey/hem_7.htm (1533 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Tyrian Purple (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Murex was taken from the shell, and its pigment-rich vein swiftly extracted before the coloring matter could deteriorate.
		It was by immersing a cloth, first in the dye of the Murex and then in that of the Buccinum, that the dark, rich color known as Tyrian purple was obtained.
		If a cloth was immersed in the fluid of the Murex or Buccinum and then exposed to a strong light, it turned successively green, blue, red, deep purple-red, and, finally by washing in soap and water, a permanent shade of bright crimson.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/196007/tyrian.purple.htm (1617 words)

	Tekhelet: Fact and Fiction (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fiction: Murex trunculus is covered with a sea fouling that meets the requirement that the color of the chilazon is similar to the sea.
		First of all, to refer to anything related to murex trunculus as the “tekhelet” molecule assumes their theory is correct, and of course the Dutch scientists did not mention tekhelet, merely murex.
		Fiction: Rabbi Herzog was of the opinion that murex trunculus was the chilazon.
	members.aol.com /chilazon/fact_and_fiction.htm (1853 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Murex trunculus, a sea snail, is popularly advanced as the source of the coveted dye.
		Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog (1889-1959) wrote his doctoral thesis in 1913 on the subject and named the Murex snail as the most likely candidate for the dye's source.
		Though the Murex fulfilled many of the Talmudic criteria, his inability to consistently obtain blue dye (sometimes the dye was purple) from the snail precluded him from proclaiming that dye source had been found.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=tzitzit (2152 words)

	8. Personal Adornment:
		Murex miliaris Gmelin, 1791 (Syn: Vitularia miliaris) (Mediterranean)
		This is a good example of a "synonym": when someone gives a name to a species (i.e., "describes" it, in scientific lingo, since the process involves publish a description of a single specimen of the species, which becomes known as the "holotype" for that species, or several specimens, which are then called "syntypes"
		This shell was equally important with brandaris in the ancient purple trade and it was most extensively used by the Phoenicians, but also by the Romans and other Mediterranean cultures.
	www.manandmollusc.net /advanced_uses/personal_adornment.html (1060 words)

	C&EN: IT'S ELEMENTAL: THE PERIODIC TABLE - BROMINE
		Thankfully, things changed and the fashion industry was born, all because a little snail in the Mediterranean had the ability to take bromine from the sea and bind it to indigo, forming dibromoindigo--Tyrian purple.
		Though extract from the Murex trunculus snail is yellow, the dibromoindigo dye is responsible for both the brilliant purple and blue of antiquity.
		As we rose from the deep with a cache of 150 snails, in a cove near the Crusader fortress of Akko, I felt like a link in the chain of history in the quest for the biblical blue dye.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/80th/bromine.html (931 words)

	Tekhelet - Past and Present
		One, Murex trunculus, was determined by him (and other scientists, archeologists and historians) to be the source of the ancient Biblical blue.
		In its natural element, however, trunculus is covered with a coat of sea fouling the color of the ocean.
		The chemical composition of the stain is identical to the dye obtained from Murex trunculus.
	www.tekhelet.com /brochure.htm (2105 words)

	Birds and All Nature: The Rock Shells
		The Burnt Murex (Murex adustus), is an inhabitant of the Indian Ocean, Japan and the Philippines, and its name, which signifies burned, is well chosen, for all its spines and frills and most of the shell are fl in color and look just as though the shell had been scorched.
		Although the most beautiful shells of this family are supposed to live in the warm, tropical seas of the Indian Ocean, it is nevertheless true that many of the most brightly colored rock shells live in the warm waters of Panama and Mazatlan.
		The Root Murex (Murex radix) is one of these shells, which attains a length of five inches and weighs several pounds.
	www.birdnature.com /apr1900/rock2.html (448 words)

	QI : Qwiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The ancient Tyrian purple dye (which was really carmine or magenta) produced from Murex shells was no longer made after better and cheaper dyes were discovered, but because it was so expensive, not because this became a "lost art".
		The Tyrians used M. brandaris mostly, while M. trunculus was the principal source for most of Sidonian dyes.
		The fluid containing the dye is produced by a gland located in the mantle cavity of the snail between the rectum and the gills, and when first exuded it is a colorless or milky fluid.
	www.qi.com /qwiki/index.php?page=Dye&version=1 (349 words)

	INSITES OF THE DAY - Menachos, Daf 44
		Rav Herzog's main objection to this position was that the shells of Murex Trunculus are white and not similar to the sea (#6).
		Accordingly, the identification of the Chilazon as the Murex Trunculus, or as the Janthina snail, is not subject to a negative tradition that it is not the genuine Chilazon, and thus there should be grounds to be stringent, following the rule of Safek d'Oraisa l'Chumra.
		With no known tradition that the Chilazon is the cuttlefish, or the Murex Trunculus, or any other species, the possibility that this particular species might be the authentic Chilazon is not considered a Safek d'Oraisa and does not warrant acting stringently.
	www.dafyomi.co.il /menachos/insites/mn-dt-044.htm (5448 words)

	Tyrian Purple
		Tyrian purple is a purple dye made in the ancient Phoenician city of Tyre from a secretion of Spiny Dye-Murex (Murex brandaris), a marine snail.
		Recently, the archaeological discovery of substantial numbers of Murex shells on Crete suggests that the Minoans may have pioneered the extraction of Royal purple centuries before the Tyrians.
		The main chemical constituent of the Tyrian dye was discovered by Paul Friedländer in 1909 to be 6,6'-dibromoindigo, a substance that had previously been synthesized in 1903.
	bulfinch.englishatheist.org /b/pantheon/TyrianPurple.html (218 words)

	Imperial Purple, Murex brandaris, Murex trunculus Purple
		container filled with broken shell of Murex Trunculus was found and fragments of shells were found in tombs.
		that it is mainly Murex Brandaris and Murex Trunculus which were used by the Phoenicians.
		Paul Friedlander was the first to determine the composition of the dye from Murex brandaris in 1909.
	www.realcolorwheel.com /murexpurple.htm (1749 words)

	Tyrian Purple of Kings
		The Greeks obtained it, drop by drop, squeezed from the mollusks Murex Trunculus and Purpura Haemastoma which are found along the eastern Mediterranean shores near Tyre, whence the common name Tyrian Purple.
		A similar murex is found in the Caribbean waters, and the dye is often used to trim Mexican basketware, found in shops and yard sales throughout the States.
		And the Murex had somehow chanced upon the same iridescence, so it was the relative scale of iridescence which was behind these word-usages.
	community.middlebury.edu /~harris/Classics/purple.html (724 words)

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