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Topic: Trypanosome

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Trypanosoma

Kinetoplastid

Leishmania

Percolozoa

Carlos Chagas

Trypanosomiasis

Triatoma protracta

Axodine

Sleeping sickness

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	TRYPANOSOMES - LoveToKnow Article on TRYPANOSOMES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Trypanosomes were first met with in cases of disease by Griffith Evans, who in 1880 found them in the blood of horses suffering from surra in India.
		Trypanosomes are harboured by members of all the chief classes of vertebrates with the exception of cyclostomes.
		Trypanosomes vary greatly with regard to size; even in ont and the same species this variation is often noticeable, especially under different conditions of life.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TR/TRYPANOSOMES.htm (8340 words)

	AllRefer.com - trypanosome (Moneran And Protistan) - Encyclopedia
		Trypanosomes have a complex life cycle; most species undergo part of their development in the digestive tract of insects, which spread the parasite by biting.
		Many trypanosomes do not appear to harm their hosts, but a number of species cause serious diseases in humans or domestic animals (see trypanosomiasis).
		Trypanosomes are classified in the phylum Mastigophora of the kingdom Protista.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/trypansm.html (308 words)

	Trypanosome -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The trypanosomes are a group of (Click link for more info and facts about kinetoplastid) kinetoplastid protozoa, which are exclusively (Click link for more info and facts about parasitic) parasitic.
		In the trypanosome stage, the flagellum runs forwards along the side of the cell, connected to it by an undulating membrane.
		In the insect host, the flagellum may emerge at the anterior or posterior, or be absent.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tr/trypanosome.htm (109 words)

	Bovine trypanosomiasis in Nigeria
		Trypanosomes were detected and quantified in the blood samples by darkground/phase contrast buffy coat technique (DG) (12), and species of trypanosomes identified (13).
		The resistance of the N’Dama to trypanosome infection was superior to that of Muturu, Keteku and Zebu breeds.
		The absence of trypanosomes in the abattoir blood samples examined in this study could be due to the faster and modern mode of transportation of trade cattle from the northern to the southern cattle markets (27).
	www.isrvma.org /article/55_2_7.htm (2107 words)

	"Outlaw" Organism Turns Informant -- African Trypanosome Source Of Scientific Insight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The African trypanosome, a blood parasite that causes African sleeping sickness, is, like Ford's character in the film, a fugitive that changes its "coat" each time the human immune system is about to nab it.
		Rockefeller's George Cross, head of the Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, is one of a handful of pre-eminent scientists investigating the African trypanosome.
		But trypanosome genes all lack a small piece at their start, which is apparently needed for mRNA to be translated into protein, and this "mini-exon" has to be added to the RNA in a process called "trans-splicing."
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/11/021126204926.htm (1584 words)

	MBL :: Inside the MBL :: News :: Publications / Databases
		Because the trypanosome has an exceptional genetic strategy for evading the human immune system and resisting treatment, the current treatment for this disease is melarsoprol, an antiquated drug with terrible side effects, including death.
		Trypanosomes whose VSG has switched evade the antibodies the human immune system made to fight the original antigen, thus assuring the long-term survival of these parasites within their hosts.
		Understanding trypanosomes at the molecular level is key to fighting African sleeping sickness and diseases caused by similar parasites.
	www.mbl.edu /inside/what/news/publications/labnotes/05_spring07.html (319 words)

	Triosephosphate isomerase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The trypanosome enzyme is inhibited by sulphate, phosphate, arsenate, and by 2-phosphoglycolate.
		The trypanosome TIM was the first parasite enzyme to be crystallised and its three dimensional structure was subsequently solved (Wierenga et al., 1991).
		It may be that this specific effect of suramin, resulting on the one hand from the high positive charge of the trypanosome TIM and on the other hand from the fact that the enzyme has to operate at relatively high protein concentrations, is the explanation for the mode of action of this important trypanocide.
	www.icp.ucl.ac.be /~opperd/review/tim.html (446 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		The group that was negative for Trypanosome infections had 149 (34.41%) and 284 (65.59%) positive and negative for ZP antibodies, representing 15.41% and 29.37% of the total number of animals screened, respectively.
		The results of the selected samples in term of trypanosome infection status were collected from the laboratories of origin and compared with the results of the ZP antibodies assay.
		The animals that were negative for trypanosomes when tested but were seropositive for ZP antibodies might have been previously infected since even after successful treatment of animals, parasites usually disappear but infertility may not disappear in Ndama cows 3½ to 16 months after infection (Ige and Amodu, 1975).
	www.bioline.org.br /request?md03055 (2065 words)

	EMP pathway
		The vertebrate stage of the African trypanosome dwells in the blood and tissue fluids of its mammalian host, where it has access to an unlimited source of glucose which is maintained at the relatively constant concentration of 5 mM.
		Because bloodstream trypanosomes are completely dependent on glycolysis for their supply of ATP and because the organisation of their glycolytic pathway is very different from that in the host, glycolysis has been identified as a promising target for the development of new drugs against African sleeping sickness (Michels, 1988).
		Inhibition of the trypanosome alternative oxidase by 1 mM of SHAM mimicks the effect of a lack of oxygen on the carbohydrate metabolism of the bloodstream form.
	www.icp.ucl.ac.be /~opperd/review/emp.html (1526 words)

	Vet & An Sci Faculty
		Trypanosome survival in the host bloodstream relies on a sheath of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein, the so-called variable surface glycoprotein (VSG).
		They include the trypanosome receptor for transferrin, and possibly receptors for serum lipoproteins and other invariant or only weakly polymorphic receptors that mediate acquisition of macromolecular nutrients from the host and are accessible to antibodies.
		Living trypanosomes were reacted with FITC-conjugated antibodies specific for flagellar pocket proteins (green), washed, fixed in formaldehyde (3%) and counter-stained with DAPI which intercalates into DNA staining the nucleus and kinetoplast blue.
	www.umass.edu /vasci/faculty/black/black.html (619 words)

	Earlham Libraries--Wildman Science Courses
		During the progression of their life cycle, repositioning of the kinetoplast from the anterior to the posterior end of the trypanosome body, the flagellum begins anteriorly, passing to the posterior end and forming the end of the undulating membrane.
		Trypanosomes in the blood of vertebrates have been observed to have three body types; a short, broad form often without a flagellum, called the promastigote; a long and narrow form, the trypomastigote, and an intermediate between these two, the epimastigote.
		Trypanosome life histories state that in the blood-sucking invertebrate host the parasites multiply actively by binary fission in the lumen of the digestive tract, and commonly also by multiple division within host epithelial cells, in this particular stage the trypanosome is referred to as procyclic.
	www.earlham.edu /~wheelma/lifecycle.htm (589 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Trypanosomes have a unique capacity for antigenic variation at the cell surface which is the basis of their ability to evade the host immune response and because of this, prospects for the development of a vaccine against African trypanosomiasis have been considered poor.
		Trypanosomes were cultured in the presence of pre-immune serum (control), or anti-NTP serum pre-incubated with dNTP (dNTP-T), or anti-NTP serum not pre-incubated with dNTP (dNTP-UT), or anti-STP serum pre-incubated with dNTP (dNTP-T) or anti- STP serum not pre-incubated with dNTP (dNTP-UT).
		Trypanosome viability studies against rabbit immune serum in culture a) Rabbit immune serum In order to obtain sufficient amounts of serum for in vitro inhibition studies, parallel immunizations were performed in rabbits.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/58480.010816&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (8087 words)

	Moving forward: The trypanosome flagellum
		As well as being important in motility, the trypanosome flagellum is used by the parasite to attach itself to the tsetse salivary gland – without this, it would be quickly washed out.
		But although the actin cytoskeleton is not important when the parasite is in the fly, it is essential for the survival of bloodstream forms of the parasite, where actin is found associated with the flagellar pocket.
		The trypanosome takes up material in much the same way as most cells, by the invagination of the surface membrane and formation of vacuoles (endocytosis).
	www.wellcome.ac.uk /doc_wtx026059.html (1996 words)

	Molecular Parasitology Group: Trypanosome taxonomy and epidemiological tracking [SoBS - UoB] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Before the advent of biochemical markers, the only way to identify reservoir hosts of sleeping sickness was to test the infectivity of the trypanosome isolate in a human volunteer or by incubation with human blood.
		DNA probes and PCR tests were developed for the field identification of these trypanosomes to elucidate their transmission cycles [4] and this work led to the discovery of a new species, subsequently named T.godfreyi [5].
		Gibson WC, Marshall TF de C, Godfrey DG (1980) Numerical analysis of enzyme polymorphism: a new approach to the epidemiology and taxonomy of trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon.
	www.bio.bris.ac.uk /research/molpar/jtaxepid.htm (1183 words)

	Trypanosomiasis
		Trypanosomes are successful parasites which manage to escape the host's immune response; this happens by a very complex mechanism of antigen switching and it is the knowledge of this mechanism that has led us to the first steps in developing an anti-trypanosome vaccine.
		Trypanosomes are unicellular protozoans (figure 3) with a single flagellum that contains microtubules in the 9+2 arrangement typical of other flagella.
		In all of the trypanosomes that have been looked at, the cytochrome oxidase subunit III (CO III) is encoded in the kinetoplast DNA.
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /lecture/trypanosomiasis.htm (5749 words)

	Cytoskeleton Tour
		The Trypanosome cytoskeleton consists primarily of microtubule-based structures, which can be both physically and conceptually divided into two fractions, "the subpellicular fraction" and "the flagellar fraction".
		The density of the corset that subtends the plasma membrane is thought to limit all membrane scission and fusion events to a specialized organelle called the flagellar pocket.
		Although the flagellar pocket is a critical organelle in the biology of a trypanosome, very little is currently known about how molecules get to and from the flagellar pocket to the rest of the cell.
	www.biochem.uiowa.edu /donelson/cytoskeleton_tour.htm (608 words)

	Biology and Mechanism of Trypanosome Cell Motility -- Hill 2 (2): 200 -- Eukaryotic Cell
		Relative cell motion is indicated with an arrow, and the rotational axis of trypanin-deficient cells is indicated by a fl dot or a vertical dotted line.
		T lymphocyte triggering factor of African trypanosomes is associated with the flagellar fraction of the cytoskeleton and represents a new family of proteins that are present in several divergent eukaryotes.
		Trypanin is a cytoskeletal linker protein and is required for cell motility in African trypanosomes.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/2/2/200 (5021 words)

	Intrinsic immunosuppressive activity of different trypanosome strains varies with parasite virulence
		The basis of trypanosome virulence is assumed to be related to intrinsic parasite replication rate and the effectiveness of the host's immune response to successive waves of parasites which differ in their surface antigens.
		We have attempted to define the relationship between parasite virulence and generalised immunodepression by examining the intrinsic potential of trypanosome strains of differing virulence to induce immunodepression in the same murine host.
		We conclude from these comparisons that trypanosome strains can have inherently different immunosuppressive activities, and that the extent to which IgM responses, in particular, are suppressed correlates with and suggests a basis for parasite virulence.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v283/n5746/abs/283476a0.html (401 words)

	The trypanosome cytoskeleton, flagellum and cell morphogenesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The basal body of the flagellum is linked to the mitochondrial DNA (the kinetoplast) and we have shown that movement apart of the old and new flagellum in the cell cycle is responsible for segregation of the mitochondrial genome.
		We are studying the proteome of mammalian cilia and contrasting this with the proteome of the trypanosome flagellum.
		In addition we are using the very tractable reverse genetics of trypanosomes to study the function of conserved proteins of both human cilia and trypanosome flagella.
	users.path.ox.ac.uk /~kgull (2374 words)

	trypanosome - definition from Biology-Online.org
		The trypanosome is able to remain within a host's body for a very long time because it regularly changes the proteins (i.e.
		The trypanosome uses a large number of different genes which can be used in many combinations to come up with the different surface proteins.
		As a result, the host is never able to completely eliminate the trypanosome.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/trypanosome (111 words)

	Trypanosome Capping Enzymes Display a Novel Two-Domain Structure -- Silva et al. 18 (8): 4612 -- Molecular and Cellular ...
		Amino acids in physical proximity to the GTP moiety in the Chlorella virus capping enzyme-GTP cocrystal structure (9) are shown by filled circles (conserved in the trypanosome sequence) or open circles (not conserved in the trypanosome sequence).
		The phosphate-binding loop, or P-loop (27), with the consensus sequence GXXXXGK[T/S] is indicated toward the amino termini of the trypanosome proteins.
		In trypanosomes the homolog of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II is encoded by two genes and has a highly unusual C-terminal domain structure.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/18/8/4612 (5112 words)

	Characterization of deadenylation in trypanosome extracts and its inhibition by poly(A)-binding protein Pab1p -- MILONE ...
		Characterization of deadenylation in trypanosome extracts and its inhibition by poly(A)-binding protein Pab1p -- MILONE et al.
		The trypanosomal deadenylase activities are cap independent and unaffected by AU-rich elements in vitro.
		RNAs radiolabeled at the poly(A) tail were incubated in trypanosomal extracts for 60 min.
	www.rnajournal.org /cgi/content/full/10/3/448 (5660 words)

	Molecular Parasitology Group: Trypanosome evolution [SoBS - UoB] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Earlier work focussing on the taxonomy and epidemiology of African trypanosomes (see Taxonomy and epidemiology), has now led on to research into the evolution of trypanosomes, in particular the two human pathogens, Trypanosoma brucei and T.
		Three trypanosome isolates from a kangaroo, wombat and platypus collected by Harry Noyes of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine on a previous field trip were included in Jamie's 18S rRNA gene tree and proved crucial in interpretation.
		Stevens, J.R. and Gibson, W.C. (1999) The evolution of Salivarian trypanosomes.
	www.bio.bris.ac.uk /research/molpar/jmolphyl.htm (436 words)

	HHMI News: Trypanosome Genomes May Reveal New Drug, Vaccine Targets
		Trypanosomes are a type of single-celled microorganism that has developed elaborate schemes to evade the immune systems of their hosts.
		The sequencing of the trypanosome genomes presented significant challenges, according to Michaeli.
		Certain characteristics of the trypanosomes' genome made thistask particularly tricky, she said.
	www.hhmi.org /news/frasch_michaeli.html (838 words)

	Trypanosome cells
		This is because trypanosomes are brimming with unusual and fascinating organelles and other structural components.
		It is a mass of circular DNA inside the trypanosome’s mitochondrion, and it is attached to the basal bodies of the flagellum.
		Evidence for novel cell cycle checkpoints in trypanosomes: kinetoplast segregation and cytokinesis in the absence of mitosis.
	www.earlham.edu /~enderli (615 words)

	CMRT - Research Interests
		The process is not obligatory but when two lines of trypanosomes with different phenotype/genotype are present in a fly at the same time the most commonly observed recombinant progeny are consistent with being the F1 products of a diploid Mendelian system.
		The mitochondrial genome in trypanosomes is unusual in that it is collected into a single organelle; the kinetoplast.
		TREU 927 is the stock on which the trypanosome genome mapping and genome sequencing projects are based.
	www.gla.ac.uk /ibls/II/cmrt/resint.htm (570 words)

	In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Trybizine Hydrochloride against Various Pathogenic Trypanosome Species -- Kaminsky ...
		The history of the trypanosome stocks and clones used in this study is given in Table 1.
		trypanosomes, and treatment was initiated 24 h after inoculation.
		In mice, trybizine hydrochloride was able to eliminate both human-pathogenic trypanosome subspecies after either i.p.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/42/11/2858 (1869 words)

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