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	Face of Russia: Timeline
		Bells not only sent forth the clarion call of faith, they also projected power into the countryside.
		The Tsar himself is depicted on this, the world’s largest bell, here at the very center of power inside the Kremlin.
		No one ever heard the sound of this bell because it was too heavy to be hung.
	www.pbs.org /weta/faceofrussia/timeline/1700/1735.html (74 words)

	Tsar Bomba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tsar Bomba was too large to fit entirely within the bomb bay of the Tu-95, the largest Soviet bomber of the day.
		The Tsar Bomba was the culmination of a series of very high yield thermonuclear weapons designed by the USSR and USA (e.g., the Mark-17[2] and B41) during the 1950s.
		Soviets restarted their tests two months before Tsar Bomba, and there was no de-jure moratorium in place at the time (the USA had already announced that it considered itself free to resume testing after further notice).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tsar_Bomba (1589 words)

	Tsar Cannon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tsar Pushka (Царь-пушка in Russian, literally "emperor of cannons") is a huge cannon, founded in 1586 by a Russian founding master Andrey Chokhov.
		The cannon weighs nearly 18 tonnes, has a length of 5.34 metres, a calibre of 890 mm, and an external diameter of 1200 mm.
		The cannonballs on display by the Tsar Pushka were never intended for use, and are in fact of a larger diameter than the cannon will accept.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tsar_Cannon (262 words)

	Saint Luke Orthodox Church - Ministries - Community
		The founding of, a Russian Bell was carried out in five successive stages: the designing of the bell, the cutting of the strickle boards, the construction of the molds, the actual pouring of the metal, and the removal of the bell from its mold.
		If the bell mold had not dried sufficiently, if the temperature of the metal was not high enough before being run into the mold, or if trapped gases could not escape from the molten metal, the solidified bronze might be too porous and the bell liable to crack when rung.
		The order for the blessing of a bell is found in the enlarged version of the prayer book and was performed by a member of the higher clergy or by a priest who, after leaving the church, approached the bell and sprinkled it with consecrated water.
	www.stlukeorthodox.com /html/bells/bellsofrussia.cfm (3399 words)

	Blagovest Bells— History of Russian Bells (Lukianov)
		Bells are probably the closest relatives to the Biblical cymbals• they are a beautiful combination of percussion instrument and horn, emitting both a dispersed sound, and a concentrated beam of sound from the impact of the clapper against the body of the bell.
		The bells not only called people to the beginning of worship, but by means of ringing different bells or different ringing patterns, they instructed those who could not make it to church, which important parts of the service were being celebrated, so that absentees could mentally and spiritually participate in the services.
		Russian bells donated by Emperor Alexander III are at Holy Trinity Cathedral in San Francisco, the cathedral of the Orthodox Church in America's Western Diocese.
	www.russianbells.com /history/history1.html (4167 words)

	Tsar Bomba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Codenamed "Ivan" during its development, the Tsar Bomba was not intended for use in warfare, but should be seen as an instance of the Cold War-era saber-rattling indulged in by the USSR and the USA.
		The Tsar Bomba detonated at 11:32 a.m., located approximately at 73.85° N 54.50° E [1], over the Mityushikha Bay nuclear testing range (Sukhoy Nos Zone C), north of the Arctic Circle on Novaya Zemlya Island in the Arctic Sea.
		Soviets restarted their tests two months before Tsar Bomb, and there was no de-jure moratorium in place at the time (the USA had already announced that it considered itself free to resume testing after further notice).
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Tsar_Bomba (1619 words)

	Tsar Bell and Tsar Canon in the Moscow Kremlin, Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Tsar Bell and Tsar Canon in the Moscow Kremlin, Russia
		The bell's bronze surface is decorated with relief depictions of Tsar Alexei and Empress Anna, who decreed the casting of the first Tsar Bell as well as the one on display today.
		While the bell was cooling off in its casting pit, a great fire began in the Kremlin in May 1737 and water thrown on the bell in attempt to douse the flames caused a chunk weighing over 11 tons to crack and break off.
	www.moscow-taxi.com /sightseeing/kremlin/tsar-bell-and-tsar-canon.html (611 words)

	Blagovest Bells— World's Three Biggest Bells
		Thus in 1608 De Brito removed the Dhammazedi bell from the Shwedagon Paaoda, rolled it down the hill to a raft in the Pazundaung Creek and had it hauled by elephants to the river.
		The the bell and raft were lashed to his flagship for the journey across the river to Thanlyn (Syrian) to be melted down and made into ships cannons.
		Tsar Theodore I, Ivan the Terrible's son, commissioned master bronze craftsman Andrei Chekov to cast the giant bronze weapon to better protect the Kremlin.
	www.russianbells.com /interest/biggest.html (2309 words)

	Bells and Russian Orthodox Peals
		From this period, bells began gradually to be used by Christians, and in the course of the eighth and ninth centuries in Western Europe, bells properly became part of Christian liturgical practice.
		The Russian bell is distinguished from the Western European bell in that it is fixed in position, and the clapper moves and strikes the sides of the bell, which produces the sound.
		This is the simultaneous ringing of all the bells, then a brief pause, a second ringing of all the bells, again a brief pause, and a third ringing of all the bells, that is to say, a simultaneous ringing of all the bells three times, or a ringing in three refrains.
	www.orthodoxphotos.com /readings/divine/bells.shtml (3089 words)

	Ivan the Great's Bell Tower was built for the Assumption, Archangel and Annunciation Cathedrals, which did not have ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From 1505 to 1508 a new bell tower was erected next to this church on the foundation of the old tower, which is what gave it its name.
		It was bells which summoned the orthodox nation to their church services, while for those who could not go to church it prompted them to say prayers in the quietness of their heart.
		Long ago near the great bell tower on the side where the Tsar Bell now stands, there used to be Ivanovskaya (Ivan's) Square, in which the Tsar's edicts would be proclaimed to the populace in ringing tones 'through all lvanovskaya' as people used to say.
	www.moskva.ru /guide/kremlin/kremlin_e9.html (644 words)

	AEI Perego
		In general, large bells with strikers are cast in bronze (a copper-tin alloy) and are anchored to an iron structure called the castle; this type of bell is usually installed in the "belfry” of bell towers or civic towers.
		Their are, however, also small table bells, often made of silver and artistically decorated, equipped with handles, generally used to command attention, at the table to call servers or, sometimes, during mass, to indicate the moment of the elevation of the host and when the faithful should kneel and rise according to the liturgy.
		Casting bells is a difficult and very delicate art and is based, first of all, on a precise design, represented in extremely summarized form by the profile of the bell, on which its size, musical note, tone and pleasantness of the sound depend.
	www.aeiperego.com /Home3612.html?Lang=UK&Mac=Storia&Cat=DEFAULT (2555 words)

	Russian London / Church blesses giant Tsar Bell / (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The 72 metric ton Tsar Bell is modelled on a 1748 bell destroyed during Joseph Stalin's Soviet crackdown on religion in the 1930s.
		Forty bells at the monastery were destroyed by Stalin's forces and the Tsar Bell is the third to be replaced.
		Two giant bells with Mr Putin's name cast on the side were blessed and hung in the monastery's tower in 2002.
	www.russianlondon.com /print/20511 (226 words)

	Ìîñêîâñêèé Êðåìëü - Kremlin map
		The Tsar Bell, a masterpiece of the Russian casting of the XVIII century, stands on the stone base to the east of the Ivan-the-Great Bell-Tower.
		In 1836, the Tsar Bell was lifted up from the moulding pit and placed on a stone pedestal by French architect Auguste Montferrant (also built the famous Isaac’s Cathedral in St. Petersburg).
		The Tsar Bell is decorated with bas-relief portraits of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich and empress Anna Ioannovna, also adorned with vegetation ornament in the baroque style and images of saints, angels and inscriptions telling the story of the bell.
	www.kreml.ru /en/main/kremlin/tsar_bell (220 words)

	Pravda.RU:Largest bell will be raised onto bell tower in Holy Trinity and St Sergius monastery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At least 25 bells, the Tsar Bell among them, were thrown down from the belfry in January 1930, during the Stalin-era persecution of the church.
		The bells named Pervenets (First-born) and Blagovestnik, the replicas of the Kornoukhy and Boris Godunov bells, which were destroyed in the 1930s, were cast and raised onto the bell tower last year.
		The Tsar Bell was made at St Petersburg's Baltiisky plant and brought to the monastery on January 14 in a special trailer.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2004/04/16/53442_.html (294 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Tsar Vladimir's bell rings out to repair Stalin's destruction
		The huge Tsar Bell, which is 4.55 metres high and weighs 72 tons, was hoisted into the tower of the Trinity St Sergius monastery in April after being blessed by Patriarch Alexei II, the head of the Russian Orthodox faith.
		Two other smaller bells were put in place at the monastery in 2002, both also bearing the president's name, in deference to a centuries old tradition when the tsar's name was engraved on the bell.
		The original bell was one of 40 destroyed at the monastery during Stalin's campaign to enforce atheism on Russia.
	www.guardian.co.uk /russia/article/0,2763,1228165,00.html (436 words)

	Bells
		Bell metal, or bronze, is an alloy of copper and tin.
		A bell is gradually swung back and forth until it reaches a nearly vertical balance position with the mouth of the bell uppermost.
		They were the first to tune the bells with precision, especially with regard to a bell's inner tuning (i.e., of the partial tones that make up a bell's complex sound), and thus to put fully into practice the results of research completed 200 years earlier.
	www.martinmdb.com /bells.html (3778 words)

	President of Russia \|
		The largest bell in the world, the Great Uspensky Bell, or the Tsar Bell, cast by Russian craftsmen Motorin and son, stands at the foot of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower.
		The Tsar Bell lay in the casting pit for over 100 years, and it was not put on a pedestal until 1836 by architect A. Monferrand.
		The decorations on the bell are amazingly rich: there are depictions of the Saviour, the Blessed Virgin and John the Baptist, and also portraits of royalty and their heavenly protectors.
	www.kremlin.ru /eng/articles/memorials07.shtml (256 words)

	Tsar Bell - Moscow Kremlin
		The Tsar Bell stands on a large pedestal in the Kremlin not far from the Ivan the Great Bell Tower.
		The bell was cast in a large ditch dug in Ivanovsky Square.
		For another century the monster lay in its casting pit, and it was only in 1836, on a second attempt, that the bell was at last raised from the pit and placed on its pedestal.
	www.moscow.info /kremlin/palaces/tsar-bell.aspx (298 words)

	Foundry Management & Technology - Ringing in the Future, and the Past (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		On January 28, the Tsar bell was thrown from the tower, though it survived the fall to the frozen ground.
		The Karnauchi bell was replaced by a 27-metric ton Pervenetz (“first born”) bell and the Godunov bell by a 35.5-metric ton Blagovestnik (“bearer of good news”) bell.
		The casting of the bell was rescheduled for September 10, 2004.
	www.foundrymag.com /full_story.php?WID=11885 (1692 words)

	The Tsar Bell and Tsar Cannon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Czar Bell At the foot of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, rests a monument to the grand days of the Romanov Dynasty.
		It was Czarina Anna I, who commissioned the bell in 1734, a fulfillment of the dream of her grandfather, Czar Alexei.
		The huge bronze bell was to be the biggest and clearest sounding bell in the world.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~powellm/tsar.html (133 words)

	Moscow Kremlin
		The cathedrals were looted and desecrated, tsars' treasury suffered greatly, and all the wooden constructions were demolished and burnt.
		Nowadays the Tsar Cannon is placed on the pedestal close to the Church of Twelve Apostles.
		Until 1836 the bell was in the founding pit, and then it was placed on the pedestal designed by architect Montferrand.
	www.moscow-hotels-russia.com /kreml.htm (1134 words)

	The Orthodox way to get the bell rolling - World - www.theage.com.au
		After a blessing ceremony led by Russian Orthodox Patriarch Alexy II, a huge crane raised the 72-tonne Tsar Bell to a platform near the spot where it is to hang in the tower at the Trinity St Sergius monastery in Sergiyev Posad, north-east of Moscow.
		The Tsar Bell - decorated with depictions of religious figures in relief and an inscription saying it was created during President Vladimir Putin's rule - was cast at a shipyard in St Petersburg and hauled slowly to Sergiyev Posad, hundreds of kilometres away, on a special truck.
		The Tsar Bell was hoisted to a platform at the second level of the tower, where it will be moved inside and hang at a height of 18 metres.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2004/04/17/1082140115204.html?from=storyrhs (369 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Exhibitions
		Table bells remained an invariable element in the furnishings of a Russian residential interior throughout the nineteenth century until the arrival of the electric bell.
		More often than not such bells were made from bronze or brass, a metal that can be finely worked while not costing a great amount, which also possessed the sonorous quality required of such items.
		Bells might draw on national exotica (taking the form of Chinese people or Russian peasants), might be inspired by a particularly literary or historical figure, or by some scene from a work of fiction.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/12/b2003/hm12_2_6.html (337 words)

	Russia - Moscow
		Tsar Cannon (Tsar-pushka)- cast by Andrei Chokhov in 1586, is one of the largest cannons ever made and was intended to defend the Savior Gate - but it has never been fired.
		Tsar Bell (Tsar-kolokol) is the largest bell in the world, cast in 1655.
		Ivan the Great Bell Tower (Kolokolnya Ivana Velikovo is the fourteenth-century the magnificent White Square provides a focal point for the entire Kremlin, being the tallest structure within its walls.
	www.russia-outlook.com /Moscow-194.html (317 words)

	Kolokola
		As western bells have been silenced by secularism, Russian bells were silenced for seven decades by communism, the ultimate secularism, and remained dead-silent until Mikhail Gorbachev lifted the ban on the practice of religion in 1989.
		The old Russian word for "bell ringer," zvonar', disappeared and appeared again in the Soviet Russian dictionary with the meaning "rumor-monger," or "gossip." After 1989, as the old bells were rediscovered and new ones founded, individual Russians began to revive the art of bell ringing.
		Andrei Mikhailovich Dorokhin is one of the new breed of Moscow bell ringers.
	www.struggler.org /kolokola.html (1592 words)

	First peal for replica Tsar Bell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The massive bell called thousands of worshippers to prayer at one of the country's holiest sites, a monastery near Moscow, for a Russian Orthodox religious holiday.
		The Tsar Bell, as it is known, is modelled on the 1748 bell of the same name, destroyed in the 1930s during Joseph Stalin's crackdown on religion.
		The Tsar Bell and Tsar Canon - moscow-taxi.com
	www.mirabilis.ca /archives/001780.html (104 words)

	Moscow: Tsar Bell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was cast in the Kremlin by the foundry man Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail in 1733-35.
		A fire that swept Moscow in 1737 also engulfed the Kremlin, and when water was poured on the hot bell it cracked and an 11.5 ton piece broke off.
		The bell stands 6.14 m (20 ft) high and has a diameter at the base of 6.60 m (22 ft).
	www.russiamoscow.info /?p=6&a=5&=TsarBell (235 words)

	MOSCOW, KREMLIN (VIRTUAL OUTDOOR TOUR): TSAR BELL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Return briefly to the southeast corner of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower to inspect the gargantuan "Tsar Bell" (1733-1735).
		At a weight of 200 tonnes, and with a height and diameter of greater than six meters, it is probably the largest bell in the world.
		Sadly, however, it was never rung: An eleven-and-a-half-tonne piece broke away during a fire in 1737 when water was poured into its huge throat, effectively silencing this magnificent instrument before it had ever sung a single tone.
	www.newmusicclassics.com /tsar_bell.html (83 words)

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