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	Lazar of Serbia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lazar was born in Prizren in 1329, the son of a minor vlastelin (noble).
		Lazar left Prizren in the early 1370s, and devoted himself to the consolidation of his power in the northern Serbian regions around his court in Krusevac.
		In the myth, Lazar is portrayed as having been visited by an angel of God on the night before battle, and offered a choice between an earthly or a heavenly kingdom, which choice would result in a victory or defeat, respectively, at the Battle of Kosovo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prince_Lazar (868 words)

	Tsar
		Even though the word tsar connoted the same as emperor, it was used, indifferently of both emperors and kings, being regarded as the equivalent of the Slavonic krol, kral and Russian korol as well as the Magyar, kiraly, all meaning King, which had been adopted from the name of Charlemagne (Germ.
		Since this use was being equivocal, the last officially so styled Russian Tsar, Peter the Great, at the peace of Nystad (November, 1721), assumed the Latin (to the Orthodox exotic) style of imperator, intended to symbolize his imperial dignity as the equal of the western emperor.
		However, in all official uses, Tsar is merely the equivalent of the lower rank of King, as attested by the non-use of that word in foreign languages.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/t/ts/tsar.html (1684 words)

	Battle of Kosovo
		Lazar[?] chose to fight and raised an army amounting to about one half of the total Turkish force.
		Lazar[?] had gathered not just a Serb army but attempted a Balkan "coalition".
		The battle started with Serbian noble and Lazar's son-in-laws General Vuk Brankovic on one wing, Lazar in the center, and Captain Milosh Obilich and Lord Ivan Kosanchich[?] commanding the third wing of the Christian army.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Battle_of_Kosovo.html (352 words)

	Wikipedia: Battle of Kosovo
		The Ruling Knez (Prince) of Serbia, Lazar Hrebeljanovic, was given a powerful ultimatum.
		Lazar Hrebeljanovic chose to fight and raised an army amounting to about one half of the total Turkish force, which gathered not just a Serb army but a real Balkan coalition.
		This army was being beaten so badly that Lazar was caught in the melee and then, after being enslaved, was slain in front of Sultan Murad I. Upon knowledge of this, Vuk Brankovic retired from the field with his 12,000 knights, betraying his King and his people.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/b/ba/battle_of_kosovo.html (457 words)

	Holy Prince-Martyr Lazar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		The life of St. Lazar is unlike that of most other Orthodox saints, not in the piety of his life, but in the character of his martyrdom.
		The holy prince Lazar (affectionately known as Tsar to his people) and those who perished with him are numbered among the martyrs of the S e r hi a n Orthodox Church.
		Through St. Lazar and those with him on the field of Kosovo, the entire Orthodox Serbian people laid down their lives for their Faith-submitting themselves to continuous martyrdom and slavery for over 500 years, rather than..
	www.roca.org /OA/15/15f.htm (331 words)

	Vuk Brankovic
		His family was always on the right-hand of the Tsar.
		Vuk tarnished the family name when he betrayed Lazar at the battle of Kosovo, in 1389.
		He might have been justified in his retreat, but he will be forever remembered by his people as a traitor and as a coward.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/vu/Vuk_Brankovic.html (76 words)

	kosovo.net: The Saga of Kosovo, by Alex N. Dragnich and Slavko Todorovich
		Lazar's frantic efforts to obtain help from allies such as the king of Hungary, failed because it was difficult, if not impossible, to organize it on such short notice.
		Prince Lazar could have taken some moral comfort from the fact that he and his people were defenders of Christian civilization, and that the forthcoming battle would probably be the last chance for Balkan Christians to repulse the Moslems.
		Tsar Lazar's relics were taken to Belgrade and now rest in front of the altar of the main Orthodox Cathedral.
	www.kosovo.net /history/kosovo_saga/saga03.html (2883 words)

	Holy Right-believing Serbian Prince Lazar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Saint Lazar lived in the fourteenth century, at that time when the Turks, having conquered the neighboring lands, were preparing also to attack Serbia.
		In 1371, Saint Lazar was proclaimed king of all Serbia, and he labored much to relieve the country's situation.
		Saint Lazar obtained the Constantinopolitan Patriarch's consent to recognize the Archbishop of Serbia as a patriarch.
	www.stjohndc.org /russian/saints/e_9706c.htm (191 words)

	Tsar - Gurupedia
		Tsar (Russian царь; often spelt Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the
		Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Khersones, Tsar of Grusia, Lord of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and
		Tsar was the title of the rulers of Bulgaria in 893 - 1014, 1085 - 1396 and 1908 -
	www.gurupedia.com /t/ts/tsar.htm (881 words)

	Story - The Real James Twyman Story!
		In addition to being a great leader, Tsar Lazar was also a very spiritual and holy man. In a story told to every Serbian schoolchild for countless generations, an extraordinary event is recounted.
		Tsar Lazar's choice of a great spiritual victory led eventually to the flowering of diverse religious and ethnic cultures, all living together in peace and harmony.
		In their denial and misunderstanding of this, and ultimately the building of Gazi Mestan in Kosovo, a monument symbolizing Serbian ethnic and religious nationalism, the values Tsar Lazar had repudiated in his choice for a spiritual victory were lost.
	www.crystal-reflections.com /stories/story_62.htm (1307 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Servia (Serbia)
		Taking advantage of the civil war in the Eastern Empire he was able, in 1336-40 and in 1345, to conquer Albania, Macedonia, Epirus, and Thessaly, and undertook thirteen campaigns against Constantinople in which he advanced as far as the imperial capital itself.
		Lazar and a large number of the most distinguished Serbs were taken prisoners and were beheaded during the night after the battle.
		Amurath's successor, Bajazet, divided the country between a son and a son-in-law of Lazar, both of whom were obliged to Pay tribute to the Turks and to take part in the Turkish military expeditions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13732a.htm (4845 words)

	From the Bookshelf - The Mystery and Meaning of the Battle of Kosovo
		Parts two and three, written by Bishop Nikolai Velimirovich, are "The Tsar's Testament" and "Saint Lazar's Victory." The saintly authors present, in the first two sections, moving narratives of Saint Lazar's life and of his vision of the heavenly realm prior to his martyrdom.
		During his reign, the holy Lazar pondered his duty and considered, "Is there anything greater for an earthly ruler than to do what is pleasing to God?" His foremost goal was to achieve reconciliation with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, from which the Serbian Church had become estranged when Tsar Dusan established the Serbian Patriarchate.
		Lazar and his soldiers received the Holy Mysteries and entered into the struggle against the Turks, Lazar having chosen the heavenly kingdom.
	www.roca.org /OA/158/158q.htm (836 words)

	Prolog: June 15
		Lazar was one of the Serbian noblemen who ruled the Serbian empire after the death of Tsar Dushan.
		Lazar sent a delegation to Constantinople with the monk Isaiah to implore the patriarch to lift [remove] the anathema from the Serbian people.
		Lazar restored the monasteries of Hilendar [Mt. Athos] and Gornjak.
	www.westsrbdio.org /prolog/my.html?day=15&month=June (1497 words)

	Baltimore Independent Media Center: LEGEND OR NOT
		In short, a valiant Serbian King (tsar) Lazar was warned by real life spies and mythical premonitions both, that the vastness of the Turkish forces would ensure his certain defeat.
		His (tsar Lazar’s) smaller army was composed of the local noblemen who were all sworn to defend their native land and the last vestiges of Christianity as they were the first generation of Christians after the split of the Roman empire into the Western Roman (today’s Roman Catholic) and Eastern Roman (that day’s Byzantium).
		It is also vital to know that tsar Lazar was schooled in Prilep during the rule of tsar Dusan where the Kingdom of Serbians and Greeks (as it was called) stretched from the Bosphorus to the gates of Vienna and Budapest in the North/West and Black sea to the East.
	baltimore.indymedia.org /newswire/display/12111/index.php (1132 words)

	The Saga of Kosovo
		Tsar Dusan (1331-1355), whose formative years were spent in Constantinople during his father's exile there, conquered half of it (Macedonia, Epirus, and Thessaly), and made Serbia the strongest empire in the Balkans.
		Among Serbian medieval patriarchs, the best of the literati was Danilo III (elected at the Council of Zica, 1390), who, together with Lazar's widow Milica and her children, transported the body of the beheaded prince from Pristina to the Ravanica Monastery and canonized Lazar.
		Prince Lazar could have taken some moral comfort from the fact that he and his people were defenders of Christian civilization and that the forthcoming battle would probably be the last chance for Balkan Christians to repulse the Muslims.
	www.srpska-mreza.com /bookstore/kosovo/kosovo1.htm (7648 words)

	Milosevic
		Lazar opts for the kingdom of heaven, which is to say, truth and justice.
		The myth tries to explain their plight by insisting that Lazar made the morally correct decision; dealmaking, maneuvering, flexibility are to be spurned.
		The NATO ultimatum, with its uncanny echoes of the mythical message brought to Lazar by the gray falcon, presented Milosevic with an agonizing choice: he could accept a plan giving Kosovo Albanians home rule with a NATO force on the ground to supervise it (and virtually ensuring their secession after three years).
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/b/branson-milosevic.html (3051 words)

	A Historical View of the Conflict in Kosovo - War Crimes Evidence Library
		The letter offered Lazar a choice between an "earthly kingdom" and a "heavenly kingdom." If he wanted an earthly kingdom, the prince should build up his armies; if he wanted a heavenly kingdom, he should build a monastery.
		In 1988, a coffin purported to contain Lazar's mummified remains was taken on a triumphal tour around Serbia.
		On the 600th anniversary of Lazar's defeat, in June 1989, Milosevic was hailed as the reincarnation of the fallen prince at a rally on Kosovo Field attended by more than one million Serbs.
	pbosnia.kentlaw.edu /projects/warcrimes/history.html (1261 words)

	July 13, 2004 : David and Saul VII ~ The Death of Saul
		Already the dead bodies of three Serbian generals were lying there; and before these bodies the Turks held the Tsar standing straight upright over his comrades allowing his blood to flow from his wounds.
		As the Tsar stood waiting for death, an angel appeared to him amidst jeers, curses, and laughter.
		The final, spiritual heroes of the battle at Mt. Gilboa, in addition to Jonathan and Saul's other sons who were loyal even to the death by combat, were the men of Jabesh-Gilead who took the bodies of Saul and "his sons from the wall of Beth-shan; and...buried them under the tamarisk tree in Jabesh" (vss.
	www.antiochian.org /dynamis/1089691200.html (620 words)

	Balkan Repository Project - A PILGRIMAGE TO KOSOVO TODAY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Situated at the mouth of a picturesque river gorge, whose caves were once inhabited by hermits, the Patriarchate of Pec was founded in the 13th century, and was the ancient center of the hierarchs of Serbia.
		Repentant, Tsar Dusan crawled on his knees from the village of Decani to the Monastery, begging the forgiveness of God.
		The new sons and daughters of suffering Serbia are slowly coming to this place of martyrdom, seeking to attain the cutting edge in the place where the battle is fiercest and the crowns are eternal.
	www.balkan-archive.org.yu /politics/kosovo/html/pilgram96.html (6406 words)

	HISTORY: Myth and Memory - The curse of Kosovo
		According to the ‘classic’ Serb version, the defeat on Kosovo Field had a spiritual cause: Tsar Lazar’s conscious preference for a ‘heavenly’ rather than an ‘earthly’ empire.
		There, on Kosovo, its Tsar spoke to God the night before the battle and chose the heavenly kingdom as the only eternal empire, thus making himself and hence also his people eternal...
		Tsar Lazar’s bones were dug up and carried in procession through the cities and villages of Serbia, where they were waited upon by Communist functionaries.
	www.newint.org /issue247/curse.htm (1408 words)

	Unholy Alliance ?
		A key moment came in 1987, two years before Serbs marked the 600th anniversary of the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, in which Serbian Tsar Lazar perished and the Serbs lost their autonomy to the Turks.
		Tsar Lazar's bones were taken from their repository in the Patriarchate in Belgrade and carried on tour throughout the regions claimed as historic parts of Serbia.
		The pilgrimage included stops in Bosnia and Croatia, before Tsar Lazar's remains were reburied in Kosovo.
	www.exorthodoxforchrist.com /unholy_alliance_.htm (1251 words)

	BattleKosovo
		In 1389, a Serbian leader, Lazar, raised an army to drive the Turks from the Balkans.
		Sultan Murad was assassinated behind his lines by a Serbian knight, Milos Obilic, and Lazar was captured and beheaded by the Turks.
		Serbian epic songs give two contradictory reasons for the Serbian defeat: the treachery of Vuk Brankovic-- which seems to have no basis in fact--and Lazar's decision before the battle to sacrifice his earthly kingdom for a heavenly kingdom, to lead his men into battle knowing what the tragic outcome was to be.
	www.warchronicle.com /serbia/Battle_of_Kosovo.htm (663 words)

	The Battle of Kosovo
		Great Tsar Lazar also perished on that day And with him died a good and ancient Empire- With him died the Kingdom of this Earth.
		Glorious Lazar, Prince of all the Serbs, Is next to pass, and when he sees his queen He weeps, and tears flow down his cheeks.
		At length she comes to Pavle Orlovich, Standard-bearer of his lord the Tsar, And finds him still alive, though torn and maimed: His right hand and his left leg are cut off And his handsome chest is crushed and broken So that she can see his lungs inside.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/795244/posts (4688 words)

	The Mystery and Meaning of the Battle of Kosovo
		which describes the wounded Tsar Lazar and his soul's turmoil and confusion over the calamity and the testament.
		in which the Tsar asks why his country was destined to fall, and receives the answer.
		in which Lazar receives the answer to his question of why unbaptized Asia was permitted to conquer his people, who had fought for the honorable cross.
	tzarlazar.tripod.com (204 words)

	GARRETT LAZAR SWEARINGEN born August 22, 2000, in Sydney, Australia
		It is a common practice in the Orthodox Church for a person being baptized to take the name of a ‘‘patron saint,’’ one whose life of Christian faith and devotion to God is an example worthy of emulation.
		Garrett’s patron is Saint Lazar, Prince of Serbia, who, together with his entire army, perished at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, defending the Orthodox Christians of Serbia against invasion and conquest by the Muslim Turkish army of Sultan Murat.
		This spiritual tradition of Lazar is as necessary for people today as ever.
	www.ephesus.com /Garrett/Birth.html (1347 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Battle of Kosovo
		The Ruling Knez (Prince) of Serbia, Lazar Hrebeljanović raised an army amounting to about equal of the total Ottoman force, which gathered not just a Serb army but a real Balkan coalition.
		The battle started with Serbian noble and Lazar's sons-in-law General Vuk Branković on one wing, Lazar in the center, and Captain Miloš Obilić (a.k.a.
		The new sultan, Beyazid I, reconciled with the Serbs by marrying princess Olivera, daughter of Lazar.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Battle_of_Kosovo (526 words)

	Balkan Repository Project - 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		The poems tell of the great battle on the plain of Kosovo between the Serbian prince Lazar and the forces of the Turkish invaders under Sultan Murad in 1389.
		The poems teem with characters: Lazar himself, his rivals, his fellow warriors, his wife, the sisters and mothers of the fallen warriors.
		Impossible to convey the sweep of the cycle in a short space, but here, a story of Lazar, is one of its best-known episodes.
	www.balkan-archive.org.yu /kosovo_crisis/Jul_26/4.html (708 words)

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