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Topic: Tsunesaburo Makiguchi

	Soka Gakkai International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (1871-1944) was a reformist educator, author and philosopher who founded the Soka Kyoiku Gakkai (the forerunner of the Soka Gakkai) in 1930.
		Makiguchi's views completely contradicted the logic of the militarist government, which sought to use education to mold obedient, unquestioning servants of the state.
		This happened as Makiguchi and Toda became increasingly convinced that Nichiren's philosophy, with its focus on the transformation of society through the individual's transformation, was the means to achieving the fundamental social reform that they had been trying to accomplish through their educational efforts.
	www.sgi.org /english/SGI/makiguchi.htm (501 words)

	Soka Gakkai--EDUCATION: Related Organizations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Makiguchi was advocating a shift away from a worldview predicated on military, political and economic values to one which embraces "humane competition." We believe that such farsighted vision is more important today than ever, now that the human race is about to embark upon an epic voyage into largely uncharted waters.
		Makiguchi felt that matters pertaining to education should be left to the schools and parents, and therefore he ignored the practice followed by other principals of fawning over a community's political boss.
		Makiguchi refused to compromise his educational principles in the face of a sinister group of ambitious parents, he was forced to transfer to Niibori Elementary School in 1931.
	www.sokagakkai.info /html3/education3/related_ed3/makig-spec3.html (2330 words)

	Critical Comments on Brian Victoria's "Engaged Buddhism: A Skeleton in the Closet?"
		Makiguchi was merely voicing what was then the accepted understanding of the geopolitical motives for Russia's expansionist policies, a view held not only by the Japanese government, but shared by the British, with whom Japan had formed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
		While Makiguchi did view the state as having an important role to play, this is entirely different from holding the ultra nationalist view of education that people should be educated to ensure their uncritical acceptance of the policies of the state.
		Thus, Makiguchi directly opposed the militarist ideology of imperial fascism for its religious policies, and because this opposition constituted an impediment to conduct of the war by the military regime, there is no doubt that he was persecuted for implicitly anti-war activities.
	www.globalbuddhism.org /3/miyata021.htm (2191 words)

	TsunesaburoMakiguchi
		Makiguchi's encounter with the highest school of Buddhist thought took his life onto an even deeper and broader dimension, resulting in the establishment of the Soka Kyoiku Gakkai (Value-Creation Education Society), the predecessor to today's Soka Gakkai.
		Makiguchi created and developed a grassroots movement as the foundation of a lasting peace, an objective he perceived at the very heart of Nichiren's Buddhism.
		Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, Soka Gakkai's first president, was born in Kashiwazaki, a small village in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, on June 6, 1871.
	www.eddiv.homestead.com /TsunesaburoMakiguchi.html (560 words)

	Soka Gakkai
		Makiguchi had already attempted with some success to apply his 'theory of value' to the education of children.
		When Makiguchi discovered Nichiren Buddhism late in life he came to the conclusion that the chanting of the powerful daimoku provided a key to the creation of value which had been missing hitherto.
		The society crumbled under government pressure to conform to wartime religious legislation, and Makiguchi died in prison during World War 2 following his refusal to compromise his religious beliefs by merging his association with other Nichiren sects he believed to be heterodox.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/easia/soka.html (662 words)

	Soka Gakkai International Summary
		Makiguchi Tsunesaburo (1871–1944), the founder of Sōka Gakkai, was a primary school teacher who sought to establish an educational movement based on a new educational method.
		Makiguchi Tsunesaburo, while serving as a primary school teacher and principal, sought a type of education that would lead his pupils to voluntarily make efforts to develop their abilities and live a better life.
		Makiguchi was jailed in 1943 for refusing to venerate the symbol of the Ise Shrine.
	www.bookrags.com /Soka_Gakkai_International (6061 words)

	Tsunesuburu Makiguchi
		Makiguchi was born on June 6, 1871 in a small, impoverished fishing village on the Sea of Japan, in the village of Arahama, in isolated Niigata prefecture.
		Makiguchi had been struck by the meaning of the Lotus Sutra, the key text of Mahayana Buddhism, and Nichiren’s interpretation of it, Makiguchi was struck by how fully these accorded with his rationalist principles.
		Makiguchi and Toda became increasingly convinced that Nichiren's philosophy, with its focus on the transformation of society through the individual's transformation, was the means to achieving the fundamental social reform that they had been trying to accomplish through their educational efforts.
	www.geocities.com /chris_holte/Buddhism/IssuesInBuddhism/makiguchi.html (4196 words)

	Soka Gakkai Internacional - Tsunesaburo Makiguchi
		Makiguchi se rehusó a seguir estas prácticas corruptas y desanimaba fuertemente a otros maestros a seguirlas.
		Makiguchi fue acusado de violar la ley de la preservación de la Paz, así como de no mostrar el debido respeto al emperador.
		Makiguchi le pedía a la gente una y otra vez que se hicieran sabios, que despertaran, que encontraran coraje y unieran fuerzas.
	www.galeon.com /puentesdepaz/makiguchi.html (1104 words)

	The Lotus Sutra and Tsunesaburo Makiguchi and Josei Toda
		And Makiguchi formulated a plan of value science whose aim was to find the law of cause and effect concerning human happiness and to provide guiding principles for people to attain the greatest happiness, based on the assumption that in order to achieve the same effects, one must generate the same causes.
		Makiguchi thought that the existence of religion was justified only when it provided the value of fulfilling people's prayers for happiness in their lives.
		The Soka Kyoiku Gakkai was oppressed organizationally in 1943 and Makiguchi died in prison in 1944.
	ccbs.ntu.edu.tw /FULLTEXT/JR-JOS/jos94086.htm (6135 words)

	History and Development of the SGI
		Makiguchi asserted that the purpose of education is the development of the unique creative potential of each child - not the "manufacture" of obedient servants of the state.
		Makiguchi's relentless critique of existing philosophies in his search for a basis for his educational views eventually led him to take faith, in 1928, in the Buddhism of Nichiren.
		In 1943, Makiguchi, Toda, and other leaders of the organization were arrested and imprisoned as "thought criminals." In prison, Makiguchi endured brutality and privation, but refused on all counts to compromise his convictions.
	www.sgi-usa.org /thesgiusa/aboutsgi/histsgi.html (505 words)

	Daniel A. Metraux Book Review of Brian Victoria - JGB Volume 5
		Victoria strongly asserts that Makiguchi (1871-1944), a career educator, was an avid supporter of Japanese militarism and that his perception of the role of education was the creation of loyal subjects to the state who would support the Emperor and the government in its militarist agenda.
		Makiguchi, who died in prison in 1944, has become the martyr for the Soka Gakkai movement, which today touts its peace and antiwar themes in all of its writings and teachings, and which stresses the suffering of its founders as evidence of the movement's long and sincere record of pacifism.
		Thus, Makiguchi and Toda defied the government and went to prison not necessarily for anti-war beliefs, which the Soka Gakkai preaches today, but because it was against their deeply felt religious principles to adopt Shinto practices or to merge with another religious sect, even if it had Nichiren connections.
	www.globalbuddhism.org /5/metraux04.htm (4218 words)

	Excerpt -- Soka Gakkai
		Founder Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (1871-1944) died of malnutrition in prison at age seventy-three.
		From then on religion would be as important to Makiguchi as pedagogy, and from this new perspective the school master revisited the question of the purpose of teaching.
		As Makiguchi had written in 1930: "Human beings do not have the ability to create material; but they can create value, and it is in the creation of value that the unique meaning of human life lies" (Bethel 1984, 49).
	www.signaturebooks.com /excerpts/soka.htm (3890 words)

	New Religious Movements Page: Soka Gakkai
		Founder: According to a 1960 group publication entitled The Sokagakkai, Makiguchi Tsunesaburo is considered co-founder of the movement along with the second president, Toda Josei (27).
		Makiguchi established the early form of the group called Soka Kyoiku Gakkai and made fundamental connections with Nichiren Shoshu (1930's), and Toda Josei, his protege, reestablished the group after World War II (Metraux, History 22).
		Makiguchi, out of his secular concern for Japan's education system, published a magnum opus on value judgement, and he stressed the importance of value judgements that vary among individuals (Metraux, History 25).
	religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu /nrms/soka.html (2464 words)

	SGI-UK East Midlands HQ - The Buddhism of Nichiren Daishonin
		Makiguchi's views completely contradicted the logic of the militarist government, which sought to use education to mould obedient, unquestioning servants of the state.
		Makiguchi staunchly opposed these actions and refused to renounce his faith in Nichiren's teachings.
		In 1944, at the age of 73, Makiguchi died in prison of malnutrition, refusing to the end to compromise his beliefs.
	www.chantingbuddhas.co.uk /makiguchi.php (419 words)

	SOKA GAKKAI/SOKA GAKKAI INTERNATIONAL/SGI-RELATED WEBSITES AND LINKS
		Makiguchi declared that the goal of education should be "to make students HAPPY, not only in the class room but also for the rest of life." He emphasized "Wisdom" is more important than "Knowledge" in order to become happy.
		Makiguchi further elaborated that students are happy when they are CREATING something in their work.
		Makiguchi and Toda were imprisoned as thought criminals during WWII, and Makiguchi died in 1944 for his protest against militarism and Shintoism.
	members.aol.com /watchbuddh/mottos.htm (1416 words)

	Tsunesaburo Makiguchi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Makiguchi and his close friend and disciple, Josei Toda, began to practice the Buddhism of Nichiren Shoshu.
		Makiguchi's encounter with this school of Buddhist thought took his life onto an even deeper and broader dimension, resulting in the establishment of the Soka Kyoiku Gakkai (Value-Creation Education Society), the predecessor to today's Soka Gakkai.
		Makiguchi is remembered and revered by members of Soka Gakkai International to this day.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tsunesaburo_Makiguchi (636 words)

	SGI-ITALIA.ORG: Tsunesaburo Makiguchi
		Secondo Makiguchi l'educazione deve essere pratica, stimolare l'indipendenza e la creatività degli studenti, in aperto contrasto con quanto propone il sistema educativo giapponese di allora.
		Nel 1928, insieme a Josei Toda, un giovane insegnante che ammira profondamente le sue idee, Makiguchi abbraccia il Buddismo di Nichiren.
		Makiguchi muore in carcere il 18 novembre 1944 all'età di 73 anni, a causa degli abusi subiti e della malnutrizione.
	www.sgi-italia.org /chi/Makiguchi.html (267 words)

	The Richard Causton Lectures-War Habit
		The model of the teacher that Makiguchi presents is of one who prepares the learning environment and the opportunities for the learner, encouraging spontaneous learning and self-reliance in the learner.
		Makiguchi asserted that the purpose of education must be the lifelong happiness of learners.
		Makiguchi outlined three types of value: economic value - being personal or private gain; moral value - which he says is benefit to society, or that which is good; and aesthetic value - that which is beautiful.
	www.eaglepeak.clara.co.uk /education.html (4558 words)

	Soka Gakkai Internacional - Paraguay
		Makiguchi, siempre estuvo al lado del pueblo, y se interesa por los niños pobres, utiliza su propio dinero para ayudarlos.
		Makiguchi los rechaza y abandona el Templo Principal ya que considera que la responsabilidad principal de las autoridades del Templo Principal, tendría que haber sido proteger el Dai-Gohonzon y la pureza de las enseñanzas de Nichiren Daishonin.
		Makiguchi, cuando asistía a una reunión de diálogo en Shimoda, y Toda en su domicilio; y dos semanas más tarde veintiún dirigentes de la organización también fueron arrestados, acusados de “Violación a la ley, que mantiene la paz social” y por “falta de respeto hacia el Emperador y el Shintoismo”.
	www.sgiparaguay.org /sgi/makiguchi.php (1220 words)

	TIME on Soka Gakkai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Makiguchi wanted to reform the school system by introducing not Nichiren's teachings, but through such liberal approaches as apprenticeships, intercultural studies, and a de-emphasis on rote memorization that still plagues much of Japan's education system.
		Makiguchi looked to the writings of John Dewey for much of his influence, and his most of his educational theory was developed before his conversion to Nichiren Buddhism.
		Moreover, Makiguchi was not imprisoned for his educational theories, but for his resistance to the suppression of all religions other than State Shinto and for his outspoken criticism of Japan's war effort.
	www.sokafacts.net /documents/7c.html (2097 words)

	SGI-USA-STUDY
		For this purpose, let us experiment by replacing the phrase "development of personality" with the word "happiness." The first president of the Soka Gakkai, Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, who was an outstanding educator, never ceased to stress that the purpose of education is ensuring children's happiness.
		Makiguchi's pedagogy is gradually gaining international recognition today, but it was originally conceived under the prewar militarist regime in Japan, which mobilized every educational institution to foster obedient imperial subjects.
		In other words, he was a farsighted individual who, during a period of fanatical militarism, held fast to his belief that society should serve the authentic needs of humanistic education and that education must never be sacrificed to nationalist goals.
	www.sgi-usa-study.org /aboutstudy13.htm (1275 words)

	Sokaspirit.com - Darkness Before Dawn
		On July 6, 1943, President Tsunesaburo Makiguchi and General Director Josei Toda were arrested on account of their disobedience to Japan’s Peace Preservation Law.
		On November 18, 1944, President Makiguchi died in the Tokyo prison at the age of 73.
		Makiguchi, and I are not merely a mentor and his disciple in this lifetime alone.
	www.sokaspirit.com /content/darkness-before-dawn/part_19.html (3251 words)

	Resources: Suggested Reading
		This bibliography was prepared by the Publications Department of the Boston Research Center for the 21st Century in hopes of furthering awareness and study of Makiguchi's philosophy of education.
		Makiguchi Tsunesaburo no Sekai Vision-Jinsei Chiragaku no Message (The world view of Tsunesaburo Makiguchi: Messages from The geography of human life).
		Tsunesaburo Makiguchi’s view of religion: A modern approach to Nichiren Buddhism, T. Kano, trans.
	www.brc21.org /resources/res_makiguchi.html (608 words)

	[No title]
		Makiguchi made a habit of paying for food out of his pocket and preparing lunches to feed poverty-stricken students.
		Makiguchi was an elementary school teacher and principal, and he proposed revolutionary changes in education. He denounced the “force-feeding of knowledge,” and he called for “education to have the happiness of children as its fundamental purpose.”
		Makiguchi, increasing numbers of educators today are not nurturing the growth of children but acting more often as law enforcement agents. According to such teachers, teaching children to obey rules is the most important aspect of teaching.
	www.thenurturingmother.com /Educators.html (1717 words)

	Mentor and Disciple
		At the time, Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, the first Soka Gakkai president, stood up resolutely to initiate the widespread propagation of the True Law in precise accord with the Daishonin’s teachings.
		President Makiguchi made the Gosho his mentor, facing great persecution and revitalizing Buddhism in an age when the law was threatened with extinction.
		Tsunesaburo Makiguchi was, without doubt, a true teacher of Buddhism in modern times.
	www.sgidc.com /2003study/MD.html (2842 words)

	Bharat Soka Gakkai - The Indian chapter of Soka Gakkai International (SGI)
		Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (1871-1944) was a reformist educator, author and philosopher who founded the Soka Gakkai (Society for the Creation of Value), in 1930, along with Josei Toda, a teacher and entrepreneur.
		Originally called Soka Kyoiku Gakkai (Value Creating Education Society), the name was taken from Makiguchi’s education theory, which defines the principal purpose of education as the creation of Value.
		Makiguchi was a man with righteous anger and active tolerance.
	www.bharatsokagakkai.org /bsg_makiguchi.asp (479 words)

	Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The system of Soka education was first developed by Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, a Japanese educator in the early decades of this century.
		Makiguchi, the founding president of the Soka Gakkai, and an unequivocal pacifist, died in 1944 in a Japanese prison during World War II as one of the few voices for peace in that nation at that time.
		Makiguchi's pedagogy, as described in his 1930 work, The Theory of Value Creating Education.
	calabasas.soka.edu /Makiguchi.html (230 words)

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