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Topic: Tuareg languages

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	Omnipelagos.com ~ article "Tuareg languages"
		Tuareg () or Tamasheq/Tamajaq/Tamahaq is a Berber language or family of closely related languages spoken by the Tuareg, in parts of Mali, Niger, Algeria, Libya and Burkina Faso (with a few speakers, the Kinnin, even in Chad[1].)
		No simple adjectives exist in the Tuareg languages; adjectival concepts are expressed using a relative verb form traditionally called 'participle'.
		Tamahaq - Language of the Kel Ahaggar, spoken in Algeria and in the north of Niger by approximately 57 000 people.
	www.omnipelagos.com /entry?n=tuareg_languages (735 words)

	Tuareg languages
		They are traditionally written in the indigenous Tifinagh alphabet; however, the Arabic alphabet is commonly used in some areas (and has been since medieval times), while the Latin alphabet is official in Mali and Niger.
		The Tuareg languages have very heavily influenced Northern Songhay languages such as Tasawaq, whose speakers are culturally Tuareg but speak Songhay varieties; this influence includes points of phonology and sometimes grammar as well as extensive loanwords.
		Tawallammat Tamajaq language - Language of the Iwellemmeden, spoken in Mali and Niger by approximately 670 000 people.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/t/tu/tuareg_languages.html (642 words)

	Dr. Madjid Alaoua: Tamazight dialects and the insertion of the Tamazight language in the educational system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Tamazight language, wherever it exists and is spoken, has systematically been denied institutionalization, and all claims of its recognition have been fiercely fought, and the authors of these claims treated as separatists.
		In fact, no language exists in which the written version corresponds fully to the spoken one, for simple reasons: the written language has a tendency to be conservative, which is not the case for the spoken language, which changes all the time.
		When for political reasons a language is held back and is forbidden any elevation to a language of instruction and education, this surely becomes handicapped and ceases then to bring forth necessary values to the construction of a democratic and egalitarian state.
	www.waac.info /amazigh/language/alaoua_tamazight-dialects.html (6278 words)

	African Languages - MSN Encarta
		Languages in the Mande subgroup are spoken in Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
		Bambara, spoken in Mali, is the principal language in this subgroup.
		Languages of the Adamawa East subgroup are spoken in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), and the Central African Republic.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565449/African_Languages.html (1766 words)

	Berber languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Among the Berber languages are Tarifit or Riffi (northern Morocco), Kabyle (Algeria) and Tashelhiyt (central Morocco).
		The berber language also has two types of states or cases of the noun, organized ergatively: one is unmarked, while the other serves for the subject of a transitive verb and the object of a preposition, among other contexts.
		Subclassification of the Berber languages is made difficult by their mutual closeness; Maarten Kossmann (1999) describes it as two dialect continua, Northern Berber and Tuareg, and a few peripheral languages, spoken in isolated pockets largely surrounded by Arabic, that fall outside these continua, namely Zenaga and the Libyan and Egyptian varieties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Berber_languages (2370 words)

	Amazon.com: tuaregs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Tuareg Jewelry:Traditional Patterns and Symbols by Helene E. Hagan and Lucile Myers (Paperback - Jun 6, 2006)
		Tuareg - The Desert Warrior by Mark Harmon, Paolo Malco, Luis Prendes, and Aldo Sambrell (DVD - Jul 1, 2003)
		The Tuareg: Nomads and warriors of the Sahara by Sonia Bleeker (Unknown Binding - 1964)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=tuaregs&index=blended&page=1 (392 words)

	Minorities At Risk (MAR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Tuareg nomads have wandered the Sahara since before the arrival of the Arabs in the eighth century.
		Tuaregs were also drastically affected by the desertification of the Sahel during the droughts of 1968-74 and 1984-85, with the resulting diminished sources of goods and income from trading.
		At the heart of the 1990 Tuareg uprising in Mali and Niger was the protection of Tuareg culture, and the nomadic way of life which sustains that culture.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/nigertua.htm (1742 words)

	Contact Languages in the Bantu Area
		Apparently only those who knew the neighboring lan‚guages, or were accompanied by such speakers, would venture outside their homelands, communicating with the people that they visited in their own local languages or in a lingua franca that was not significantly restructured.
		Nonetheless, in both cases an indigenous language was adopted by exogenous populations who were kept on the margins and precluded by the circumstances of their immigration from participating in the regular lives of the natives.
		Many of their speakers are educated and experience the normal challenges of language contact in diglossic situations in which it is tolerated to mix the lower language with elements from the higher language, viz., English, French, or another European language, depending on the country.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/mufw_bantucon.html (6659 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles
		Tuareg country ranges from Savannah in the south, with 10-20 inches of rain per year, to barren desert in the north, dominated by the mountains of Ahaggar, Tassilin-ajjer, Adrar-n-Foras and Air.
		Tuareg attitudes to etiquette are not easily described in words, for gait, gestures and postures all express qualities of elegance, arrogance, refinement and strength.
		The Udalan Tuareg of Burkina Faso and Mali; The Tamasheq of Mali; and the Tuareg of Nigeria.
	www.global12project.com /2004/profiles/clusters/tuareg.html (2911 words)

	Minorities At Risk (MAR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Tuareg of Mali, despite their recent history of rebellion in the early to mid-1990s, are unlikely to engage in large-scale violence in the near future.
		Tuaregs were drastically affected by the desertification of the Sahel during the drought of 1968-74, with the resulting diminished sources of goods and income from trading.
		Thousands of Tuaregs had their lives shattered by the 1973 and 1984-85 droughts and famines which decimated their goat herds and forced them to become refugees throughout north and west Africa.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/malituar.htm (1564 words)

	Resources on the Tuareg
		Among Tuareg, the work of pastoralism was specialized according to social class: warrior-aristocrats who organized group defense, livestock raids, and the long-distance caravan trade; vassal-herdsmen who pastured and tended most of the confederation's livestock; and flsmith-clients who fabricated and repaired the saddles, tools, household equipment and other material needs of the community.
		Tuareg broadswords were no match for the cannons and automatic rifles of French squadrons, and after numerous massacres, the Tuareg were subdued and required to sign treaties in Mali 1905 and Niger 1917.
		The language is called Tamasheq by western Tuareg in Mali, Tamahaq among Algerian and Libyan Tuareg, and Tamajaq in the Azawagh and Aïr regions, Niger.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/african/Tuareg.html (2221 words)

	TUAREG
		The Tuareg are a mainly nomadic people who live in the semi-arid Sahel and arid Sahara in an area that overlaps with the modern nations of Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Algeria and Libya.
		Tuareg society is composed of a multitude of individual tribes with different languages and varying customs depending on location.
		Desertification is defined by the UN as “the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas.” The cause of the desertification of the semi-arid land in Mali and Niger is a contentious issue.
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/tuareg.htm (3330 words)

	Algeria - ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES
		In addition to their own language, many adult Berbers also speak Arabic and French; for centuries Berbers have entered the general society and merged, within a generation or two, into the Arab group.
		They are organized into tribes and, at least among the Ahaggar Tuareg, into a three-tiered class system of nobles, vassals, and slaves and servants, the last group often being of negroid origin.
		In the past, the Tuareg were famed as camel and cattle herdsmen and as guides and protectors of caravans that plied between West Africa and North Africa.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/51.htm (1474 words)

	Berber Branch
		It is estimated that there are between 14 and 25 million speakers of Berber languages, but exact numbers are difficult to ascertain, since most Maghreb countries do not record language data in their censuses, and many people who speak these languages are hard-to-reach nomads.
		In addition, these languages go by different names in their respective language communities -- a factor that confuses the issue of whether these are dialects of one language or different languages.
		It is used by the nomadic Tuareg people who inhabit a large part of the Sahara desert and the north-central part of Sahel.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/july/berber.html (962 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Culture \| Desert passions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Born in 1948 in Ghadames Oasis, al-Koni was brought up on the tradition of the Tuaregs, popularly known as the veiled men or the blue men.
		Thus desert dwellers -- Bedouins, Tuaregs, or nomads in general -- are commonly perceived as primitive and backward.
		The desert of Wadi al-Hayat (literally, the Valley of Life) is as voluptuous in its curves as it is intriguing in its vastness marked by sand dunes, resembling in their repetition a natural arabesque.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2005/773/cu5.htm (971 words)

	Language
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
		A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as Greek within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but such cases are usually clarified.
	www.angindia.com /biographyland/biography_language.html (462 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Tuareg
		Tuareg males wear blue veils, while the women are unveiled.
		The Tuaregs traditionally maintained a feudal system consisting of a small number of noble families, a large majority of vassals, and a lower...
		It was founded by the Tuareg people in the 11th century, and soon became a centre of Muslim learning.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Tuareg (731 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Festival to sell Tuareg culture
		One gorgeously dressed woman who had travelled from near the Libyan border said she wanted to see Tuareg culture and show it to the world.
		Tuareg leader Issa Dikko hopes the festival can open up the region to the outside world, after suffering drought and conflict in recent times.
		Some think that the Tuareg's nomadic culture is no longer feasible in the 21st Century.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/4596094.stm (519 words)

	african sahara desert people taureg
		The peoples of Africa are often described in terms of their ethnic background or their languages.
		The Tuareg are known for their men's practice of veiling the face with a blue, indigo-dyed cloth." - From Minnesota state University - http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/tuareg.html
		Tuareg camel caravans played the primary role in trans-Saharan trade until the mid-20th century when European trains and trucks took over." You will find material related to art, culture, history, religion, political structure and more.
	www.archaeolink.com /african_sahara_desert_people_tau.htm (366 words)

	Tuareg languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tuareg (Arabic: طوارق‎) or Tamasheq/Tamajaq/Tamahaq is a Berber language or family of closely related languages spoken by the Tuareg, in parts of Mali, Niger, Algeria, Libya and Burkina Faso (with a few speakers, the Kinnin, even in Chad[1].)
		The Tuareg languages have very heavily influenced Northern Songhay languages such as Tasawaq, whose speakers are culturally Tuareg but speak Songhay varieties; this influence includes points of phonology and sometimes grammar as well as extensive loanwords.
		Tamahaq - Language of the Kel Ahaggar, spoken in Algeria and in the north of Niger by approximately 57 000 people.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tuareg_languages (837 words)

	The Tamazight (Berber) language profile, par Karim Achab.
		The question as to whether these languages started in Africa or the Middle East along with the Semitic languages is still controversial and goes beyond the field of linguistics since it involves archaeology, as well as pre-history and paleontology.
		Given the similarities, the possibility that the substrata of these languages are African with an important eastern influence from Semitic languages is the most plausible, although a western influence of Semitic languages from the African branch, namely Egyptian, is not to be excluded.
		Land of the Tuareg: The Tuareg are among the few Amazigh people to have kept using the name Tamazight, which as we said earlier is the original name of the language, although it is sometimes phonologically altered to Tamachaq, Tamajaq or Tamahaq depending on the area.
	isegh.tripod.com /the_tamazight_language_profile_karimachab.htm (2973 words)

	Berber
		"The three Berber languages researched for this project are: Kabyle (Taqbaylit), spoken in northern Algeria; Tamazight (Berber), of central Morocco; and Tuareg, the indigenous name of which varies according to the dialect (Prasse 1972): Tamahaq in southern Algeria, Tamashaq in Mali, Tamajeq in Niger and in Libya (Ghat, where it may also be called Tamaziq).
		Tuareg is also spoken by small groups in western Chad and in the north of Nigeria and Burkina Faso.
		However, the main languages and domains are identifiable from the many dialect studies and from the arrangement by region of entries in the bibliographical resources used here: A. Basset, LLB, 1952, and the chronicles entitled "Langue et litérature berbère" (LELB) by Basset and Chaker, in AAN.
	www.isp.msu.edu /AfrLang/language.php?id=7 (872 words)

	EJAB 10: North Africa
		Tuareg is a Berber languages spoken in Algeria, Libya, Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso.
		One source of this serious problem is the language contact between Tuareg and other local languages as well as foreign languages such as Arabic and French.
		This process of acculturation was facilitated by the disadvantaged conditions in which the local languages found themselves: there was no written tradition in North Africa and the population was living in rural areas.
	sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu /ejab/10/cnorthafrica.html (2150 words)

	ETRAN FINATAWA - Nomad's Blues from Niger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Among them the tuareg people and the wodaabe people, both groups are nomadic groups, herding their cattle, their camels, sheep and goat in wide sahelian savanna.
		Tuareg people have always used instruments, violins and drums to animate their songs and dances.
		Etran Finatawa combines the two rich cultures: Their songs are in two languages, tuareg language (tamasheck) and Wodaabe language (fulfulde).
	geocities.com /etranfinatawa (1170 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Tuareg
		Finally, Tuareg territories were taken under French governance and their confederations were largely dismantled and reorganized.
		Many Tuareg today are either settled agriculturalists or nomadic cattle breeders; though there are also flsmiths and caravan leaders.
		Among their products are: Tanaghilt or Zakkat (the 'Agadez Cross' or 'Croix d'Agadez'); the Tuareg Takoba, a nearly one meter long sword, with red leather cover; many beautiful gold and silver-made necklaces called 'Takaza'; and earrings called 'Tizabaten'.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Tuareg (1841 words)

	ETRAN FINATAWA - Nomad's Blues from Niger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Among them the tuareg people and the wodaabe people, both groups are nomadic groups, herding their cattle, their camels, sheep and goat in wide sahelian savanna.
		Tuareg people have always used instruments, violins and drums to animate their songs and dances.
		Etran Finatawa combines the two rich cultures: Their songs are in two languages, tuareg language (tamasheck) and Wodaabe language (fulfulde).
	www.geocities.com /etranfinatawa (1170 words)

	Tuareg language and culture
		AlgeriaCulture Language Arabic is the primary language of around 82% of the populace.
		The Tuareg nation is composed of several nomadic groups scattered throughout Eastern Mauritania, Northern Mali, Southern Algeria and Western Niger.
		For centuries, the Tuaregs (also known as Tamacheks or Blue Men of the Desert) have been the lords of the Western Sahara desert.
	www.lonweb.org /link-tuareg.htm (594 words)

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