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Topic: Tuberculin

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Mantoux test

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	Tuberculin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tuberculin is an antigen used to aid in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection.
		Tuberculin was discovered by German scientist and physician Robert Koch in 1890.
		The original tuberculin discovered by Koch was a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli and was developed as a remedy for tuberculosis, but it was ineffective in this role.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tuberculin (255 words)

	Tuberculin Summary
		Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
		Tuberculin is a mixture of antigens obtained from the culture of M.
		Tuberculin tests are used to detect the presence tubercle bacilli, the pathogen which causes tuberculosis (TB), a serious infectious disease that attacks the lung.
	www.bookrags.com /Tuberculin (1454 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Prevalence and predictors of tuberculin skin positivity in Hellenic Army recruits
		Tuberculin skin testing was performed on all study subjects upon enrollment, according to the routine procedures.
		Tuberculin skin testing was positive in 2.6% of natives (24/900) and 24.5% of repatriates (13/53).
		Finally, the tuberculin test is an imperfect test as it is highly "operator-dependent", requires two visits and skilled personnel for placement and interpretation, and does not reliably separate latent TB infection from prior immunization with BCG or infection with environmental mycobacteria.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2334/6/102 (2677 words)

	Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (Mantoux)--Tubersol® Connaught Tuberculin Test
		Tuberculin PPD 250 U.S. units (TU) per test dose (0.1 mL) is to be used only after the individual has been tested with, and failed to respond to the 5 TU dose, but is suspected of being infected with M. tuberculosis.
		The utility of the tuberculin test depends on the prevalance of infection with M. tuberculosis and to relative prevalence of cross-reaction with nontuberculous mycobacteria.
		Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative Tubersol for intracutaneous (Mantoux) tuberculin testing is prepared by the Connaught Laboratories Limited from a large Master Batch Connaught Tuberculin (CT68) which has been obtained from a human strain of M. tuberculosis grown on a protein-free synthetic medium.
	www.vaccinationnews.com /dailynews/July2002/TBTest27.htm (2553 words)

	DTBE \| Self Study Modules \| Archived Module 3 - Diagnosis of TB Infection: Tuberculin Skin Test
		Tuberculin is used for diagnosing TB infection; it is not a vaccine.
		Whether a reaction to the Mantoux tuberculin skin test is classified as positive depends on the size of the induration and the person's risk factors for TB (Table 3.1).
		This is because the tuberculin skin test detects the immune response to tuberculin, not the presence of tubercle bacilli in the body (see Diagnosis of TB Infection: The Tuberculin Skin Test).
	www.cdc.gov /nchstp/tb/pubs/ssmodules/module3/ss3infection.htm (3021 words)

	Tuberculin reaction and BCG scar in children vaccinated at birth
		The easiest and most practical way to conduct an epidemiological investigation for the estimation of tuberculosis risk in the community is to use the pattern of tuberculin reaction in children.
		Tuberculin testing was done using 5IU PPD provided by the Pasteur Institute, Teheran.
		Finally, in spite of widespread BCG vaccination, the tuberculin skin test can still be used as a useful measure in the epidemiology of tuberculosis.
	www.emro.who.int /Publications/EMHJ/0401/05.htm (1376 words)

	Tuberculin Purifed Protein Derivative (PPD)
		Tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is an extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis in humans.
		The tuberculin will be injected under the skin of the forearm, where it forms a pale wheal a few millimetres in diameter.
		People who have a negative response to tuberculin (do not show a skin reaction) and who may have had an airway or other viral infection at the time of testing, should be re-tested two to three weeks after they recover from the infection, before being given a BCG vaccination.
	www.netdoctor.co.uk /medicines/100003042.html (713 words)

	Targeted Tuberculin Testing and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
		Proper use of the tuberculin skin test requires knowledge of the antigen used (tuberculin), the immunologic basis for the reaction to this antigen, the technique(s) of administering and reading the test, and the results of epidemiologic and clinical experience with the test.
		Tuberculin reactivity caused by BCG vaccination generally wanes with the passage of time but can be boosted by the tuberculin skin test.
		Tuberculin skin testing is not contraindicated for persons who have been vaccinated with BCG, and the skin-test results of such persons can be used as described to support or exclude the diagnosis of M.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4906a1.htm (18107 words)

	NDI Terminology - tuberculin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Tuberculin was introduced in 1890 by Koch as a cure for tuberculosis, but proved to be an ineffective and dangerous treatment.
		Dosages are expressed in tuberculin units (TU), which measure biologic activity as compared with a standard tuberculin preparation.
		Three dosages are used: first strength tuberculin (1 TU), used for young children or persons in whom extreme hypersensitivity is expected, intermediate strength tuberculin (5 TU), the standard test dose, and second strength tuberculin (250 TU), used for retests.
	www.ndif.org /Terms/tuberculin.html (123 words)

	International Notes Tuberculin Reactions in Apparently Healthy HIV-S
		All tuberculin tests were applied and read by the same trained technician who did not know the HIV status of participants.
		Of the 33 HIV-seronegative women, 27 (82%) had tuberculin skin test reaction sizes greater than or equal to 3 mm (the diameter the Ministry of Health selected as a cutpoint), and the median reaction size for this group was 10.6 mm (Figure 1).
		Tuberculin skin testing in asymptomatic HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative intravenous-drug users in Switzerland and in prisoners in Italy also detected lower rates of PPD reactivity among those with HIV infection (7,8).
	wonder.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/m0001775/m0001775.asp (1396 words)

	Defra, UK - Animal health & welfare - TB - Tuberculin skin test
		Tuberculin is injected into the skin; the upper site is used for the avian tuberculin (or the left hand side on small calves).
		If the reaction to bovine tuberculin is between 1 to 4mm greater than the reaction to avian tuberculin, the animal is considered an 'inconclusive reactor' and will be retested after 60 days.
		Inconclusive reactors may also be tested after a 60-day interval as part of a herd test (if the herd is already under TB restrictions) or subject to a gamma interferon blood test (if the herd is in a 1 or 2-year testing parish and the animal remains an inconclusive reactor after the first re-test.
	www.defra.gov.uk /animalh/tb/control/tuberculin.htm (1083 words)

	Tuberculin Test Conversion Among Employees of a
		Background: The objective of this study was to determine the tuberculin skin test conversion rate, as well as the course and outcome of the converters, among employees of a tertiary care hospital.
		used the parameter of a positive tuberculin test of 10 mm or more in the first comprehensive and nationwide survey with urban/rural stratification in Saudi Arabia, and found that in the general population, 33% of subjects were infected, peaking to 56% in those aged 45 years and older.
		Five tuberculin units of purified protein derivative were administered by intradermal injection on the volar surface of the left arm.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/193/98-146.html (1948 words)

	Tuberculin skin test
		Besides culturing in the laboratory, the two most common types of tests to screen for exposure to this disease are the Mantoux PPD tuberculin skin test, which is generally considered more reliable, and the older TB tine test, which is now rarely used.
		For this reason, the tine test is not as widely used as the Mantoux test and is considered to be less reliable; as of 2000, it is no longer recommended for general use.
		A TB skin conversion is defined as an increase of 10 mm or greater of induration within a two year period, regardless of age.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/tuberculin_skin_test_pr.jsp (2088 words)

	Nebraska Department of Agriculture - Cattle Tuberculosis Statutes
		All cattle shall be considered under supervision of the department so long as such county is maintained as an area, and all tuberculin tests shall be made under rules and regulations of the department.
		Whenever any bovine animal has reacted to the tuberculin test, or has otherwise been determined by the Department of Agriculture to be affected with tuberculosis, such animal shall be branded, quarantined, and slaughtered pursuant to the rules and regulations promulgated by the department.
		Furthermore, no compensation may be paid unless all lawful quarantine regulations of the Department of Agriculture have been complied with, nor until the premises contaminated by the tuberculous animal or animals have been properly cleaned and disinfected in accordance with the rules and regulations approved by the department.
	www.agr.state.ne.us /regulate/bai/actan.htm (682 words)

	Tuberculin Reactions Among Attendees at a Methadone Clinic
		A single tuberculin test was administered since the Clinic administrators were skeptical of the study team's ability to perform all the tests in one day and did not want to jeopardize the project's success by attempting to administer multiple tests.
		Similar frequencies of tuberculin reactions have been reported recently for addicts in New York City [13], for addicts in Baltimore [14], and for the cohort of the multicenter Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group [15].
		Thus, in the setting of our tuberculin testing program we found the urine test for antibody to HIV to be a simple and highly effective method for mass screening, with the proviso that positive tests should be confirmed with use of serum.
	www.chronicillnet.org /news/tb_reactions.html (3416 words)

	TB Policies: Skin testing
		In this situation, the initial tuberculin skin test is negative or weakly reactive but the immune system is "boosted" by the tuberculin, and subsequent skin test reactions increase in size sufficiently to be classified as positive.
		If the tuberculin skin test and all antigens from the anergy panel are non-reactive, and if there is still a strong likelihood that this individual is truly infected (because the individual is from an area where a much of the population is infected with TB), this individual should continue preventive treatment.
		A negative tuberculin skin test result in a healthy individual who has no medical problems or is not a known contact of a case of active TB, is probably truly negative, and there is, therefore, no need to proceed with anergy testing.
	www2.dmi.columbia.edu /resources/tbcpp/ii-tst.html (3239 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Tuberculin tine test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The tuberculin tine test is used to determine whether someone has been exposed to tuberculosis.
		Note: The tuberculin skin test is more accurate than the tine test and is the preferred method of determining exposure to tuberculosis.
		People with dermatitis or other skin irritations on their arms may need to have the test performed at a different spot on the body.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/003384.html (482 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Tuberculin, Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) (Injection ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Tuberculin (too-BER-kyu-lin), purified protein derivative (PPD) is used as a test to help diagnose tuberculous infection.
		Tuberculin PPD is to be used only by or under the supervision of a doctor.
		Children—Although there is no specific information comparing use of tuberculin PPD in children with use in other age groups, this diagnostic test is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in children than it does in adults.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202761.html (658 words)

	Statens Serum Institut - Products - Tuberculin - Tuberculin Core Summary
		A positive reaction to Tuberculin PPD RT 23 SSI is defined as a flat, uneven, slightly raised induration having a diameter of at least 6 millimetres, surrounded by a more or less defined area of redness.
		Tuberculin PPD RT 23 SSI should not be administered to patients known to be hypersensitive to any component of the medicinal product or to patients who previously have experienced a severe skin reaction to Tuberculin products.
		Repeated tuberculin skin testing in patients previously vaccinated with BCG vaccine may be complicated by a booster phenomenon.
	www.serum.dk /sw46139.asp (906 words)

	Tuberculosis Skin Test (PPD Skin Test) Information on MedicineNet.com
		Reaction in the skin to tuberculin PPD begins when specialized immune cells, called T cells, which have been sensitized by prior infection, are recruited by the immune system to the skin site where they release chemical messengers called lymphokines.
		The standard recommended tuberculin test is administered by injecting 0.1mL of 5 TU (tuberculin units) PPD into the top layers of skin (intradermally, immediately under the surface of the skin) of the forearm.
		A tuberculin reaction is classified as positive based on the diameter of the induration in conjunction with certain patient-specific risk factors.
	www.medicinenet.com /tuberculosis_skin_test_ppd_skin_test/article.htm (711 words)

	Mono-Vacc Online, Description, Chemistry, Ingredients - Tuberculin (mono-vaccine) - RxList Monographs
		It provides a convenient and reliable method for determining tuberculin sensitivity of individuals in tuberculosis screening programs or for office or clinical use.
		A plastic cap provides an airtight seal over the points assuring sterility of the points and tuberculin until the unit is used.
		Tuberculin color variation may occur between different lots without alteration of potency or stability.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic/monovacc.htm (135 words)

	Interpretation of Repeated Tuberculin Tests . Boosting, Conversion, and Reversion -- MENZIES 159 (1): 15 -- American ...
		The tuberculin skin test is one of the few tests developed in the 19th century that is still in present use in clinical medicine.
		tuberculin test averaged 37 d and ranged from 19 to 57 d (56).
		Dahlstrom, A. The instability of the tuberculin reaction: observations on dispensary patients, with special reference to the existence of demonstrable tuberculous lesions and the degree of exposure to tubercle bacilli.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/159/1/15 (4283 words)

	PPD (Mantoux) Tuberculin Test Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Student teachers must be able to provide proof to the school nurse on the first day of student teaching.The results of the test should be reported as positive or negative, recorded in millimeters (mm.), and certified by a health care provider.
		New students must be able to provide proof of a negative tuberculin test that was administered within 12 months of the beginning of their placement.
		Students may have the PPD Tuberculin test administered by their physician, a public health clinic, or at Student Health Services (Laurel Hall) on campus.
	www.udel.edu /teachered/sttch/forms/ppd.html (515 words)

	Tuberculin Skin Tests
		A tuberculin skin test is done to see if you have ever had tuberculosis (TB) (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
		A tuberculin skin test cannot tell how long you have been infected with TB or if the infection can be passed to others (active TB).
		A positive tuberculin skin test does not mean you have a contagious (active) infection.
	www.webmd.com /hw/health_guide_atoz/hw203560.asp (1608 words)

	UpToDate Tuberculin skin testing and other tests for latent tuberculosis infection
		By the 1930s, tuberculin skin testing was in widespread use for the diagnosis of asymptomatic infections with M. tuberculosis.
		This skin test continues to be the only widely used test for detecting asymptomatic infection, currently termed latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI); culture of a variety of types of biological specimens is the primary means of diagnosing active disease [1,2].
		Tuberculin testing programs are discouraged in those at low risk (the general population) because of the higher rate of false-positive results due to the low prevalence of disease.
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=tubercul/7414 (576 words)

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