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Topic: Tubular bridge

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	Britannia Bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Britannia Bridge (Pont Britannia) is a bridge across the Menai Strait between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales, originally a tubular bridge of wrought iron rectangular box-section spans, and now a two-tier steel box girder and arch bridge.
		The opening of the Menai Bridge in 1826, a mile (1.6 km) to the east of where Britannia Bridge was later built, provided the first road link between Anglesey and the mainland.
		In spite of the heavier loadings placed on it in its later life, the bridge was "one of the most easily maintained and successful railway bridges" in the UK, and "as the first really large wrought iron bridge of the girder type it has unique significance in civil engineering history".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Britannia_Bridge (629 words)

	Covered bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Covered bridges are generally considered old-fashioned, and appeal to tourists, but the purpose is twofold: (1) covered bridges appear similar to barns and it is easier to transport cattle across them without startling them, and (2) to build a structure for weather protection over the working part of the bridge.
		Modern covered bridges are usually for pedestrians, for example to walk from one part of an office building to another part, to cross railway tracks at a station, or in a shopping center on an elevated level, crossing a road.
		Also, some highway bridges, such as the George Washington Bridge, have lower decks for additional capacity, and those decks, while generally open on the sides, can be enclosed with plastic from time to time during construction, thus rendering the lower decks as partially covered bridges.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Covered_bridge (999 words)

	Bridge inspection includes CCTV survey: News from Ashtead Technology Rentals
		The wrought-iron tubular bridge was built by Robert Stephenson, and is similar in construction to Stephenson's other famous tubular bridge, the Britannia Bridge, which crossed the Menai Strait.
		The bridge was designed at the same time as the much larger Britannia tubular bridge and the original intention was to use Conwy as a trial for erection methods at Britannia.
		This canopy caused the rapid spread of the fire that led to the demise of the tubular form for that bridge.
	www.qa-talk.com /news/ash/ash116.html (1132 words)

	Memoir of the Niagara Falls Bridge
		The practicability of suspended railway bridges of large spans, was a practical question of great importance to this peculiar country, intersected as it is by numerous large rivers and deep gorges, at a depression far below the general surface of the surrounding country.
		The tubular principle involves a great waste of material when compared to the suspension principle, and consequently, whenever great weights are to be supported over large spans, the first cannot successfully compete with the latter.
		The Niagara Bridge, of a span of 821 feet 4 inches from centre to centre of towers, forms a slightly curved hollow beam or box of a depth of 18 feet, width of bottom of 24 feet, and of top 25 feet.
	www.inventionfactory.com /history/RHAbridg/memoir/memoir.html (3504 words)

	Vehicle sliding roof construction - Patent 4056274
		In a known sliding roof construction of this type the tubular member is a metal tube which is welded or soldered to the transport bridge, whereby the driving cable is screwed to an extension of the transport bridge.
		To transport bridge or slide 4 is fixed a driving cable or core 5 which is rigid under pressure and guided in a longitudinally slotted guidance tube or tubular sheath 6 secured to the fixed roof portion, being the cable displaceable in one or other longitudinal direction by means of an electric motor or manually.
		In the area of transport bridge 4, guiding tube 6 is received in a tubular longitudinally slotted plastic body 8 which passes through the arms 4a and 4b of the transport bridge and is held therein so that it cannot twist or become axially displaced relative to the transport bridge 4.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4056274.html (1431 words)

	Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Stone bridge "Ponte dei Salti" at Lavertezzo (Ticino) near Locarno The arch was first used by the Roman Empire for bridges and aqueducts, some of which still stand today.
		Bridges may be classified by their use or by the structure employed in their design.
		For example, it may be a bridge carrying a highway and forbidden for pedestrians and bicycles, or a pedestrian bridge, possibly also for bicycles An aqueduct is a bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct.
	bridge.ask.dyndns.dk (736 words)

	Menai Strait Bridges
		One of the design requirements for the bridge was that it needed to have 100 feet of clear space under the main span, to allow for the passage of the tall sailing ships that plied the strait.
		In the autumn of 1999 the bridge was closed for several weeks to completely replace the road surface and strengthen the bridge.
		When first conceived, the tubular bridge was to have been suspended from cables strung through the openings at the tops of the towers.
	www.anglesey-history.co.uk /places/bridges (1844 words)

	Hale Bridge Moved
		The tubular top arch ends “rest” in, but are not fastened too the notch located in the iron endplates that are bolted to the bottom cord.
		He found that the Bowstring Bridge is not as ridged as the “standard” bridge, which is a box type design.
		Once the bridge was on the truck bed, the bridge was supported at each endplate with some additional cribbing placed in the center.
	www.kingbridgeco.com /hale_bridge_move.htm (1227 words)

	Weaver Engineering Tubular Bridge Structure FEA
		The above bridge connects the land based SR 104 Highway to the floating section of the hood canal bridge.
		Thirty tubular connections were evaluated for 24 load cases of extreme loading and 21 load cases of fatigue loading using FEWeld per the criteria in API RP 2A-LRFD and AASHTO
		The upper nodes were used for the validation of the FEA model against the API requirements because the lower nodes had the floorbeam connection which, first, introduced most of the load that caused the higher stresses, and second, is not a classical tubular joint and difficult to analyze classically.
	www.weavereng.com /FEA/Bridge/Bridge.html (296 words)

	BikePro.com / Buyer's Guide / Archival Review of IRD Brake Bridge < - Bicycle Parts at discount prices / the Buyer's ...
		The inner height of the bridge is 97mm.
		The question remains about how the bridge can be adjusted to fit mounting studs placed at distances of other than 85.5mm IRD includes instructions on how the user can custom bend the tube to a narrower or wider dimension.
		The IRD Bridge weighs 103 grams, with the 16 gram of the bolts, the total weight is 119 grams.
	www.bikepro.com /arch_products/brakes/abrakeboost/a_ird.html (223 words)

	TEES BARRAGE BRIDGE, CLEVELAND
		The bridge had to carry the highest standard loading specified by the Department of Transport (45 units of HB loading) so that future industrial development would not be restricted by the capacity of the bridge.
		The form of the bridge means that the combination of pinned supports and a continuous deck is necessary.
		The combination of tubular steel, solid castings and thick plates in such unusual shapes was a challenge for fabricator Westburv Tubular Structures.
	www.civl.port.ac.uk /britishsteel/media/photos/CSTees.HTM (1277 words)

	McGonagall Online: The Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay
		It is certainly the longest bridge of its kind in the world, and that is a thing of which its projectors and makers are quite entitled to be proud.
		The cost of the Britannia tubular bridge, which, however, has a double line of rails, was £601,865.
		Of course, both the bridge and the poem were soon to be overshadowed by the events of 28th December 1879 - The Tay Bridge Disaster.
	www.mcgonagall-online.org.uk /poems/pgbridge.htm (1155 words)

	OTUA - Launching - Recent developments in tubular bridges and the fatigue design of their joints
		The hot-spot stress method was found to be the only current method for the fatigue design of tubular joints that is both scientifically acceptable and practical for use by design engineers.
		The DIN 1690-2 quality levels of cast steel nodes can be less than actually employed in existing tubular bridges (S1V1 for stub ends and S3V3 for the centre part of the node).
		The SCF due to differences in thickness and diameter of the tubular members and cast stubs should be taken into account.
	www.otua.org /steelbridge2004/launching8.html (798 words)

	EVANS FAMILY Ev1-a (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Conwy tubular bridge and the Britannia tubular bridge across the Menai Strait were both designed by Robert Stephenson for the Chester and Holyhead Railway Company and were the first of their type.
		An earlier suspension bridge designed by Thomas Telford was built in 1826 to carry road traffic but is now closed, having been replaced in 1958 by a modern concrete structure.
		During the progress of the construction of the tubes for the Britannia Bridge, the machine work was found (according to the opinion of Mr Mare, the contractor) both expensive and inconvenient on account of the size and great weight of the plates, and the difficulty of suspending them over the machine.
	users.bigpond.net.au /ghjmbest/Evans/Ev1-a.htm (766 words)

	Today@Arcosanti - 2004 - 2005 SOLERI BRIDGE MODEL EXHIBITION - GENOA, ITALY
		The theme of the exhibition is to gather and document the lines that were crossed by artists, directors, designers, writers, photographers in the area of architecture and by architects in the visual arts, disciplines united by the project of a complete aesthetic transformation of reality.
		The Tubular Bridge model was cast in bronze and aluminum at the Cosanti foundry in 1976.
		Tubular Bridge drawing, in charcoal and pencil, by Paolo Soleri, 1959.
	www.arcosanti.org /today/2004/09/03/1094231652000.html (170 words)

	Aerial photograph of Britannia Tubular Bridge, Menai Straits, 1989 :: Gathering the Jewels
		Britannia bridge was designed by Robert Stephenson, son of the locomotive pioneer George Stephenson, and was built during the 1840s to carry trains from the mainland to Anglesey.
		The construction of this 'tubular bridge' posed a number of difficult engineering challenges.
		In 1970 the bridge was almost destroyed by fire and was rebuilt as a two-level bridge, carrying both train and road traffic.
	www.gtj.org.uk /en/item1/7886 (201 words)

	The Britannia Tubular Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the mid-nineteenth century, the Britannia Bridge was constructed to provide trains a passageway across the Menai Strait.
		Design of the bridge "evolved by successive considerations of failure".
		Unfortunately, the Britannia Bridge design concentrated so much on failure avoidance, preventing collapse under the load of a train, that cost and environmental concerns were overlooked.
	www.cs.virginia.edu /~sullivan/685f98/writing-1G2.htm (211 words)

	Structurae [en]: Britannia Bridge (1850)
		The bridge was originally designed to be a suspension bridge where cables would have supported the tubes and passed through the holes in the pylon tops.
		The bridge was considerably damaged by fire in 1970 and has since be rebuilt as an arch bridge, although the original piers remain intact.
		Beasley, Elizabeth The Menai suspension bridge, 1819-26 and Britannia Bridge, 1845-50, in "Ancient Monuments Society Transactions", 1985 v.
	en.structurae.de /structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000009 (341 words)

	TTDPatch Manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		And if you need to build a bridge 3 tiles long, you can't use the tubular one, you can only use a steel girder bridge with its speed limit of 160 mph.
		For example, if the percentage is 98%, and the fastest monorail vehicle (the Millennium Z1) has a top speed of 210 mph, the speed limit on monorail tubular bridges would be set to 98% of 210 mph, or 205.6 mph.
		For the steel girder bridges, the limit is always 90% of the limit for tubular bridges, also rounded to a multiple 10 mph; in this case it would be 190 mph.
	www.ttdpatch.net /Manual/Bridge-Speed-Limits.html (334 words)

	Tubular Bridge - historical thriller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Tubular Bridge, historical thriller from the Victorian era of railway and bridge building, only available from Infinity Junction dotcom
		Our hero retraces his father's footsteps, last seen alive in Bangor, North Wales, and uncovers an international criminal gang, hiding themselves in the 'foreign' throng of navvies, builders, engineers etc involved in the ambitious extension of the London-Chester railway to the Irish Sea port of Holyhead.
		One of the cleverest engineering feats of all time, the original tubular Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait, is less well documented than many and Neil Gee has made a thorough study to ensure the backdrop to this story is as authentic and as vivid as possible.
	www.infinityjunction.com /tubularbridge.html (238 words)

	FRP: Displacing precast?
		This new prestressed FRP tubular deck system replaced a deck on an existing steel-truss and wood-deck bridge in Delaware County, Ohio, through the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Innovative Bridge Research and Construction (IBRC) Program, which supports field research in FRP bridge decks (http://ibrc.fhwa.dot.gov/).
		The bridge was disassembled, steel elements were regalvanized and reassembled with the FRP deck.
		Possible solutions to these remote bridge replacements are limited by restrictions on the type of equipment available in a given area and able to be transported to a particular site, the overall project cost, and the desired long-term durability of the structure, they say.
	concreteproducts.com /mag/concrete_frp_displacing_precast/index.html (2448 words)

	Wales on the Web Conwy — A Movie of the Town (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As eye-catching as the castle, are the bridges that span the estuary.
		Thomas Telford's suspension bridge was completed in 1826 to carry the A5 road through to Holyhead and ultimately Dublin.
		Not only did he repeat the motifs of Telford, allowing both bridges to harmonise with each other and their environment, but he built so well that his bridge still carries rail traffic today.
	www.worldwidewales.tv /html/movie-83.php (532 words)

	Long Itchington to Cubbington
		Cross bridge, leaving farm on R. Continue ahead up field bearing a little L to avoid large hollow in field.
		After bridge take kissing gate on L and walk river bank to exit onto another small road.
		The track is joined eventually by a similar track coming in from R. At junction, turn R onto this and in 400 mtrs reach a road bridge.
	walking.41club.org /longtocub.htm (1115 words)

	The Earthquake Engineering Online Archive
		Tubular bridge to right is 412 ft. single span version of bridge in GoddenA40, and also by Stephenson.
		Designed as concrete box girders, these bridges were cast in place and post-tensioned.
		One of the 39 bridges in the 12.5-mile project under construction.
	nisee.berkeley.edu /elibrary/getpkg?id=GoddenA40-50 (421 words)

	Trailers Trail
		This will be published probably in 2006 or maybe 2007, but preview office prints will be available live on-line through the Infinity Junction website in 2005.
		Adapted from Chapter 8 of the pre-release version of Tubular Bridge by Neil Gee.
		This fictional but factually inspired story is set mostly in North Wales during the period 1846 to 1850 at the time of the building of the unique and amazing Britannia (tubular) Bridge.
	www.inter-read.com /trailerstrail.html (1127 words)

	Science and Society Picture Library - Search
		The Britannia Tubular Bridge under construction, 3 December 1849.
		The Britannia Tubular Bridge over the Menai Straits, Wales, 1923-1947.
		Invitation card for the official opening of the Forth Bridge, 1890.
	www.scienceandsociety.co.uk /results.asp?x9=BRIDGES (133 words)

	Find in a Library: Conway tubular bridge--With the preparations for raising the second tube
		Find in a Library: Conway tubular bridge--With the preparations for raising the second tube
		Conway tubular bridge--With the preparations for raising the second tube
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/30900bf4bd5ac96fa19afeb4da09e526.html (69 words)

	Canadian Corporate News: Parks Canada: Media Advisory - Victoria Tubular Bridge.@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Parks Canada: Media Advisory - Victoria Tubular Bridge.
		Parks Canada and the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada invite you to the unveiling of a plaque commemorating the national historic significance of the Victoria Tubular Bridge.
		A colossal structure of more than 2 km long, built from 1854 to 1859, the Victoria Tubular Bridge allowed the advancement of major technologies.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:94678403&refid=ink_tptd_np (180 words)

	walespage1
		The first group of Carnarvon Castle, to the horizontal line, are from the same unknown early photographer.
		There are also views of Britannia and Menai Bridges, Llanberis and Capel Curig by the same photographer in the relevant sections.
		Capel Curig, Bettws-y-Coed, Miners' Bridge, Pont-y-Pair, Views on the Llugwy, Fairy Glen, Swallow Falls, Glen Lledr, Devil's Bridge, etc.
	www.worldofstereoviews.com /walespage1.htm (273 words)

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