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Topic: Tubulin

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tubulin protein

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	Tubulin: Mystery of Vital Cell Protein Solved After 30 Years
		Tubulin is the protein that polymerizes into long chains or filaments that form microtubules, hollow fibers which serve as a skeletal system for living cells.
		Interest in tubulin structure heated up intensely in recent years when taxol, a natural substance found in the bark of the Pacific yew tree (the name "taxol" has been trademarked by Bristol-Myers-Squibb), was shown in clinical tests to be an effective treatment for a number of cancers including ovarian, breast, and lung.
		Tubulin is a "heterodimer" protein, meaning it is comprised of a pair of polypeptide chains -- called monomers -- that differ in the sequence of their amino acids.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/3D-tubulin.html (871 words)

	Tubulin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Tubulin is one of several members of a small family of globular proteins.
		γ-tubulin, another member of the tubulin family, is important in the nucleation and polar orientation of microtubule.
		Whether the β-tubulin member of the tubulin dimer is bound to GTP or GDP influences the stability of the dimer in the microtubule.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tubulin (311 words)

	Bacterial tubulin: a folding mystery - ESRF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Tubulin is essential for higher organisms as it plays a pivotal role in the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and is not normally found in bacteria.
		This seemed impossible because eukaryotic tubulin requires a complicated process to fold, machinery that is not present in bacteria.
		Between the subunits A (blue) and B (green) is a bend of 15° (intra dimer), and between the heterodimeric building blocks is a bend of 45°.
	www.esrf.eu /news/spotlight/spotlight27btub (315 words)

	Tubulin protein, lyophilized (>99% pure) (TL238)
		Tubulin protein has been purified from bovine brain by an adaptation of the method of Shelanski et al.
		The biological activity of TL238 is assessed by a tubulin polymerization assay.
		The increase in optical density indicates that >95% of the tubulin is polymerized.
	www.cytoskeleton.com /products/tubulins/tl238.html (672 words)

	Tubulin
		A filamentally shaped protein that is able to self-associate or self assemble with other similar tubulin proteins to form a well known biochemical structure called a microtubule.
		Tubulin is specially configured such that multiple tubulin protein molecules can bond in a complementary way to one another.
		Tubulin’s molecular configuration and binding properties are such that when enough tubulin molecules are combined, a cylindrical structure will result — the microtubule.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Tubulin (178 words)

	Tubulin activity encourages drug R&D
		The discovery is of use to drug researchers and developers as tubulin is a target for anticancer drugs, which can prevent the transition from growing to shrinking states.
		The new models of tubulin transitional states will be used to understand how microtubules explore their cellular environment - a process crucial to the deployment of spindles during cell division, - and how drugs can be designed and targeted to put a stop to the growth of cancer cells.
		Tubulin has long been a viable target in the fight against cancer and current drugs such as Taxol and the epothilones act as microtubule stabilisers.
	www.drugresearcher.com /news/ng.asp?n=60919-tubulin-cancer (868 words)

	Localization of the Vinblastine-binding Site on beta -Tubulin -- Rai and Wolff 271 (25): 14707 -- Journal of Biological ...
		Because of these uncertainties, we have re-examined VLB binding to tubulin using a photosensitive derivative that absorbed outside the protein wavelength range and that was also as small a substituent as possible because large spacers may lead to erroneous localization in tubulin (12).
		Ant-Vin and tubulin (at a mole ratio of 3:1) were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min and irradiated for 20 min in the absence or presence of a 10-fold molar excess of maytansine.
		However, in view of the fact that Taxol binds preferentially to polymerized tubulin (39), a trivial explanation may be that VLB- or colchicine-induced conformational changes hinder the capacity of tubulin to polymerize even in the presence of Taxol and hence reduce binding.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/25/14707 (4607 words)

	A2: Tubulin Biochemistry
		The homology existing among the tubulin classes strongly suggests that the folded structures for all three classes are similar, with the highly conserved regions being indicative of nucleotide binding sites.
		Tubulin is an example of a GTPase protein due to its ability to bind and hydrolyse GTP to GDP (Burns and Surridge, 1994; Lodish et al.
		From these studies it may be possible to model a partial structure for tubulin; that is, the tubulin heterodimer structure may contain the same GTP binding cleft that other GTPases have.
	www.chembio.uoguelph.ca /wisco/THESIS/A-INTRO/parta2.htm (1646 words)

	Tubulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Tubulin is regulated by the binding of the gamma phosphate of GTP and a coordinated Mg ion.
		The tubulin molecules are the bead like structures and combine to form long hollow, dynamic polymers, microtubules.
		Taxol stabilises microtubules by binding to a polymer of tubulin.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /local/projects/a_abowath/Tubulin.html (174 words)

	Tubulin Introduction
		The main constituent of microtubules is the tubulin, which is a globular protein.
		Disassembly was induced after 30 min by shifting the temperature from 37° C to 2° C. On the basis of the reversibility of cold-induced microtubule disassembly, tubulin can be easily purified by so-called temperature-dependent disassembly/reassembly cycles.
		Because of the dimeric character of tubulin and the strong alternation of alpha and beta, one end of the protofilament is terminated by an alpha subunit and at the opposite one by a beta subunit.
	www.fli-leibniz.de /~kboehm/Tubulin.html (610 words)

	Salmon Lab Protocols: Porcine Brain Tubulin Prep
		Tubulin is sensitive to proteases and easily denatured, and keeping extra homogenate for one hour during the following centrifugation step does not significantly increase the final yield.
		Monitor the elution of tubulin either with the UV monitor by absorption at 280 nm or by adding 100 ul of each aliquot to 1 ml of freshly prepared Bradford reagent (Biorad) and looking for blue color.
		During this time, determine the tubulin concentration by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm (be sure to blank the spectrophotometer against the same PM buffer containing 0.5 mM MgGTP) using the extinction coefficient of tubulin = 115,000 Mol/cm ([tubulin] = (A280 x dilution factor)/extinction coefficient)).
	www.bio.unc.edu /faculty/salmon/lab/protocolsporcinetubulin.html (2114 words)

	Stanford Encyclopedia article
		The tubulins in microtubuli are the substrate which, in Hameroff's proposal, is used to embed Penrose's theoretical framework neurophysiologically.
		As will be discussed in more detail in Section 4.5, tubulin states are assumed to depend on quantum events, so that quantum coherence among different tubulins is possible.
		Further, a crucial thesis in the scenario of Penrose and Hameroff is that the (gravitation-induced) collapse of such coherent tubulin states corresponds to elementary acts of consciousness.
	www.hameroff.com /StanfordEncyclopediaarticle.htm (8846 words)

	Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Modifies Tubulin Participation in Phospholipase Cbeta 1 Signaling -- Popova et ...
		Tubulin associated with the membrane in the absence of carbachol represents the control.
		translocation of tubulin from the cytosol to the membrane in response
		Caron JM (1997) Posttranslational modification of tubulin by palmitoylation: I. In vivo and cell-free studies.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/5/1668 (5572 words)

	Tubulin (alpha and beta) antibodies from RDI Divison of Fitzgerald Industries Intl
		Mabdoes not inhibit polymerization or depolymerization of platelet tubulin in vitro.
		The antiserum was produced in sheep by repeated immunizations with the tubulin antigen.
		The antibody cross reacts with tubulin is human, monkey, hamster and rat.
	www.researchd.com /rdiabs/tubulin.htm (518 words)

	InterPro: IPR000217 Tubulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Microtubules are polymers of tubulin, a dimer of two 55-kDa subunits, designated alpha and beta [ 1, 2 ].
		Fluorescent labelling studies have suggested that tubulin is oriented in microtubules with beta-tubulin toward the plus end [ 3 ].
		Gamma tubulin is found at microtubule-organising centres, such as the spindle poles or the centrosome, suggesting that it is involved in minus-end nucleation of microtubule assembly [ 5 ].
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR000217 (3058 words)

	Microtubules
		tubulin heterodimers present in centriolar triplet microtubules are modified by polyglutamylation.
		If the concentration of tubulin heterodimers is low, dissociation of tubulin-GTP may expose tubulin-GDP at the plus end, causing that end to become unstable.
		MCAK promotes plus-end dissociation of tubulin dimers, as kinetochore-linked microtubules shorten during anaphase of mitosis.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/microtub.htm (1324 words)

	Pfam 20.0 : Tubulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This family includes the tubulin alpha, beta and gamma chains, as well as the bacterial FtsZ family of proteins.
		This domain is found in all tubulin chains, as well as the bacterial FtsZ family of proteins.
		Tubulin is the major component of microtubules, while FtsZ is the polymer-forming protein of bacterial cell division, it is part of a ring in the middle of the dividing cell that is required for constriction of cell membrane and cell envelope to yield two daughter cells.
	pfam.wustl.edu /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=Tubulin (238 words)

	Microtubules
		Structurally, they are linear polymers of tubulin which is a globular protein.
		The tubulin molecules are the bead like structures.
		A protofilament is a linear row of tubulin beads.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /CELLBIO/microtub.htm (441 words)

	Fluorescein tubulin (T332M)
		The protein purity of the tubulin used for labeling is determined by scanning densitometry of Coomassie Blue stained protein on a 4-20% polyacrylamide gel.
		The biological activity of T332M is assessed by a tubulin polymerization assay.
		This is comparable to unlabeled tubulin under identical conditions.
	www.cytoskeleton.com /products/tubulins/t332m.html (343 words)

	Chemicon - Product #AB3203 - Anti-Tubulin, delta 2
		Tubulin, the dimeric subunit of microtubules, is submitted to post translational modifications including cyclic tyrosine removal and addition at the COOH terminus of the alpha subunit.
		The cycle involves two enzymes, TTL (Tubuline Tyrosine Ligase) and Tubulin carboxypeptidase, and generates two major forms: tyrosinated tubulin and detyrosinated tubulin (Glu-tubulin).
		Peptide corresponding to the C-terminal of delta 2 tubulin.
	www.chemicon.com /browse/productdetail.asp?ProductID=AB3203 (222 words)

	Tubulin and ftsZ:
		Since tubulin is basic to eukarya and ftsZ is basic to bacteria, and since both eukarya and bacteria may have been among that consortium (or separated by two distinct seeding events), ID may be lurking in the background.
		The interesting thing then is the structure of tubulin is not merely a function of amino acid sequence, but also is dependent on a whole set of eukaryal chaperones.
		Polymerization of Ftsz, a bacterial homolog of tubulin.
	www.idthink.net /biot/tub/index.html (2438 words)

	Invitrogen - Molecular Probes - Section 11.2 - Probes for Tubulin and Other Cytoskeletal Proteins
		Our fluorescent tubulin preparation typically contains one or two Oregon Green 514 fluorophores per tubulin dimer, and it is subjected to three cycles of temperature-dependent polymerization/depolymerization to select for functional subunits prior to packaging.
		As an alternative to chemically modifying tubulin with a reactive fluorophore, a published method describes the use of these BODIPY paclitaxel derivatives to generate fluorescent microtubules that are stable at room temperature for one week or longer.
		Bis-ANS was used to investigate structural changes in tubulin monomers and dimers during time- and temperature-dependent decay.
	probes.invitrogen.com /handbook/sections/1102.html (1882 words)

	Tubulin ligand competition assay (CDS15)
		SPA technology requires a close association between a solid phase scintillant (the beads) and the radio-ligand for a signal to be emitted and subsequently detected.
		As shown in Figure 1, biotin tubulin is the reagent that brings the radio-ligand and the scintillant into close association.
		Cold colchicine and paclitaxel in concentrations between 0.01 and 100 µM were allowed to compete with tritiated colchicine in binding to tubulin.
	www.cytoskeleton.com /products/hts/cds15.html (496 words)

	Labeling Tubulin and Quantifying Labeling Stoichiometry
		We have used it successfully to derivatize tubulin with succinimidyl esters of biotin, digoxigenin, and a wide range of fluorochromes such as tetramethylrhodamine, X-rhodamine, fluorescein, Oregon Green, Cy3, Cy5 and C2CF (bis-caged carboxyfluorescein).
		The labeling is performed at high pH to optimize the reaction with the succinimidyl esters and functional tubulin is selected after the labeling reaction by one or more cycles of polymerization and depolymerization.
		Take care to keep the tubulin warm during the resuspension and continue resuspending till no chunks of tubulin are visible.
	mitchison.med.harvard.edu /protocols/label.html (1522 words)

	MIT Department of Biology: Frank Solomon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		We are testing the hypothesis that the relationship between tubulin expression and a defect in protein folding represents feedback regulation of tubulin synthesis.
		Prospects: These analyses of cellular regulation of tubulin reveal important quantitative and qualitative regulation that can not be recapitulated by in vitro approaches.
		Our next goals are to identify the mechanisms by which cells regulate tubulin expression; to characterize the earliest steps in microtubule morphogenesis, those that lead to heterodimer formation; to pursue a structure-function analysis of the tubulins; and to understand the mechanism of
	web.mit.edu /biology/www/facultyareas/facresearch/solomon.shtml (1021 words)

	A beta -Tubulin Leucine Cluster Involved in Microtubule Assembly and Paclitaxel Resistance -- Gonzalez-Garay et al. 274 ...
		The tubulin containing region of the autoradiograms is shown.
		G418-resistant colonies were then selected and screened for production of the HA-tagged tubulin using immunofluorescence with an antibody specific for the HA tag.
		cells are diploid for expression of multiple tubulin genes (40).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/34/23875 (6102 words)

	Protein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Structural proteins confer stiffness and rigidity to otherwise fluid biological components.
		Most structural proteins are fibrous proteins; for example, actin and tubulin are globular and soluble as monomers but polymerize to form long, stiff fibers that comprise the cytoskeleton, which allows the cell to maintain its shape and size.
		Collagen and elastin are critical components of connective tissue such as cartilage, and keratin is found in hard or filamentous structures such as hair, nails, feathers, hooves, and some animal shells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Protein (5912 words)

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