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Topic: Tughra

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	Tughra of Sulaiman the Magnificent \| Explore & Learn \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Tughra originally referred to the official mark of a ruler used at the beginning of a document, and later came to mean an emblem done in calligraphy.
		All tughras, however, consisted of high shafts and two ovals protruding to the left, with the names of the ruler and his father (and sometimes grandfather) in the lower center.
		The tughra was the collaboration of a calligraphy and an illuminator.
	www.metmuseum.org /explore/TUGHRA/tughra.html (271 words)

	Ottoman Campaign Medals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The medal is 29 mm, and bears the tughra of Sultan Abdulmejid I on the obverse, surrounded by two branches of laurel.
		The obverse bears the tughra of Abdulmejid I, and the reverse a calligraphic inscription that translates as "Commemorative of Yemen, 1263." The original ribbon for this medal is the standard narrow red with green border stripes used for almost all Ottoman medals of that time.
		It was 23 mm in diameter, with the tughra of Abdulhamid II on the obverse, and the inscription "Yemen Madalyasi" on the reverse (a considerably shorter inscription than on the second Yemen medal).
	www.turkishmedals.net /campmedals.htm (4180 words)

	The Ottoman Tughra (monogram, coat of arms, etc) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The tughra of the Ottoman sultans in the documents of the Ottoman Empire had the function of signature and seal together.
		The tughra was also often used like the European coat of arms or signet on coins and stamps.
		The tughra is composed of the caligraphically shaped letters of the reigning sultan's name and title.
	www.tughranet.f2s.com /tughraen.htm (293 words)

	Sister Wendy's American Collection \| Selected Works \| Tughra of Suleyman I the Magnificent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In Arabic, the word tughra means "enclosed garden." In Islamic culture, though, the tughra is the sultan's official monogram, the signature placed on all official documents issued from the court.
		While all tughras followed the same basic pattern of ovals, arabesques, and vertical lines, each sultan's was unique, listing his given titles, names, and father's name in beautiful, albeit usually illegible (to the untrained eye), calligraphy.
		Suleyman's tughra, used not only on official documents but also coins, has been a part of the Met's Islamic Art collection since 1938.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/sisterwendy/works/tug.html (299 words)

	Ottoman Sephardic Genealogy: An Introduction
		The tughras for three Sultans of the early 20th century are shown in Figure 1.2, 1.4 and 1.5.
		If the tughra consists of a smaller symbol to the right of a larger design (as in the tughras of Sultans Abdul Hamid II, and Mehmed V), then the smaller design is an "adjective" describing a virtue of the Sultan.
		The tughra in Figure 1.2 is that of Abdul Hamid II who reigned from 1876 to 1909.
	www.sephardicstudies.org /cal.html (2288 words)

	Turkish Silver - bali-sterling-silver.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Tugra (Tughra): The seal of the Ottoman ruler or sultan, rendered in near indecipherable calligraphy and used as assay mark on Turkish silver.
		Each Tughra includes the name of the reigning ruler and its documented use dates back to as early as the 1340s.
		The use of Tughra was discontinued with the establishment of modern Turkey after the Ottomans' defeat in WWI.
	www.bali-sterling-silver.com /about/glossary/Tugra.htm (132 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Tughra is a unique calligraphic device that is used as a royal seal.
		The nishanghi or tughrakesh is the only scribe specialized in writing Tughra.
		The emblems became quite ornate and were particularly favored by Ottoman officialdom.
	www.arabcin.net /areen/print_pages/25_english/cover3.htm (1193 words)

	Tughra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Each of the different Sufi Orders have an emblematic calligraphy called a "tughra" formed out of the name of their founding patron saint and often done up in the shape of something with which they identify.
		The words in a tughra follow the formula Ya Hazrat-i, the saint's name, and the eulogistic phrase Qadusa Allah Sirrahu.
		The winged heart is an old Sufi symbol from India and was chosen by Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan as the seal of the Sufi Order of the West at its founding in 1910.
	www.centrum-universel.com /tughrae.htm (186 words)

	Ottoman Orders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It apparently came in only one class, was awarded to only the highest state officials, and was not returnable to the state upon the recipient's death (although whether this means the next of kin of the recipient could wear the award is not certain).
		The Tughra of either Abdulmejid I or Abdulaziz, depending on the time of the award, is in the center of the medallion on a raised multi-pointed star.
		Badge: The badges are of silver gilt, with a red enameled center medallion bearing the tughra of Mehmed Reshad V, surrounded by a white enameled crescent with a star between the points at the top.
	www.turkishmedals.net /orders.htm (3172 words)

	The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - 'Art and Soul
		Consider, for example, the Tughra, a style most complicated and ornamental, in which letters are written one upon another: a sort of monogrammatic writing.
		Initially used for the seal-legends on royal orders— some of the Turkish imperial orders appear to be great works of art on this account alone— it continued to be experimented and played with as time went along.
		Among the most ingenious and ornamental examples of Tughra are those in which the letters of the text are so written as to outline the figure of a bird, an animal, a monument, some geometrical design, or the like.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2002/20021124/spectrum/art.htm (904 words)

	Independent on Sunday, The: Our favourite shop: Kiosk of delights
		Tughra is not so much an Aladdin's cave, as the cliche has it, as Aladdin's attic.
		A rod spanning the width of the narrow room is hung with lanterns of pink glass, turquoise glass, blue-and-gold beads, and multi-colored enamel.
		The daughter of a diplomat and poet, Kabbani grew up in Damascus, where she was bitten early by the collecting bug.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_200312/ai_n12748447 (559 words)

	SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF THE CALLIGRAPHERS
		Mustafa Rakim was responsible for the definitive form acquired by the tughra, or Imperial monogram.
		The form of the tughra he composed for Mahmud II was adopted by all succeeding Sultans, changes being made only in the actual name from which the tughra was composed.
		The tughras to be seen on late Ottoman coins and on the fermans of the later Sultans were all in the form composed by Rakim.
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /Calligraphy/Calligraphy_3.htm (3148 words)

	TughraScript (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Under Ottoman patronage, a new and glorious chapter of Islamic arts and architecture was opened, especially the arts of the book and Arabic calligraphy.
		The most accomplished Ottoman calligrapher of all time was Shaykh Hamdullah al-Amsani who taught calligraphy to the Sultan Bayazid I (1481-520).
		The tughra script was used in the signatures of political potentates and was also a unique calligraphic device that was used as a royal seal.
	computingws1.gold.ac.uk /ma702ab/TughraPage.htm (192 words)

	Caravansaries in Tripoli - Lebanon
		The Ottoman Tughra on the eastern gate of the Khan.
		During the first half of the 18th century, it was restored for use by Ottoman troops.
		The two courtyards making the khan occupies 5200 m2 and are surrounded by two storeys of rooms behind arcaded corridors.
	tripoli-city.org /khan.html (578 words)

	Ethnographic Arms & Armour - A Sudanese dagger with a silver coin
		What you have on the dagger appears to be a coin minted in the Ottoman empire as it carries what appears to be a Tughra, in other words the Sultan's emblem in the shape of an elaborate calligraphic composition which contains his name and imperial titles.
		The Tughra may shed a light on the period the coin was minted but the picture is a bit too small.
		Nominally Egypt was a part of the Ottoman Empire until the WWI, thus Egyptian coins were Ottoman in fact, and decorated with tughras.
	www.vikingsword.com /vb/printthread.php?t=111 (1453 words)

	Ethnographic Arms & Armour - View Single Post - Yataghan
		Jim, tughra is the royal emblem of the sultan in charge.
		If they wish, gold or silversmiths could take their products to mint office and make them tested and tughra struck, to gain customer trust.
		if any antique is struck by tughra, it is usually significantly more expensive than a similar item without tuhgra.
	www.vikingsword.com /vb/showpost.php?p=4500&postcount=13 (150 words)

	Ottoman Empire: Flags depicted in National Geographic (1917)
		The flag, shown as #1018, is a red flag with white imperial tughra within a rayed ornament.
		The sultan at the time would be Mehmet V Reshat Gazi (ruling 1909-1918), whos tughra can be found on the tughra website and was used for the above image.
		The flag, shown as #1021, is similar to further versions of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy flag.
	www.fotw.net /flags/tr_ott17.html (383 words)

	Coins of bengal - Jalal al-din Muhammad
		in tughra characters: al-mu'ayyad bi-ta'yid al-rahman jalal al-dunya wa'l din abu'l muzaffar muhammad shah al-sultan
		in tughra characters: jalal al-dunya wa'l din abu'l muzaffar muhammad shah al-sultan
		khalifat allah nasir al-islam wa'l muslimin in tughra characters.
	www215.pair.com /sacoins/public_html/bengal/bengal_44_jmuh.html (189 words)

	colleen kane dot net: tughra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In the morning he left early as always, left her sleeping with the angels.
		He bent and pressed a kiss to her forehead, traced his tughra there.
		By the time she woke to the sirens, by the time she switched on his television, he was gone.
	www.colleenkane.net /site/archives/2005/01/tughra.html (540 words)

	Symbols can be useful in identifying stamps
		The first symbol is the tughra, the official signature used by the sultan.
		To western eyes they can all look the same, but the tughras of four sultans appear on Ottoman stamps: Abdul Aziz, Adul Hamid II, Mohammed V and Mohammed VI.
		The tughra of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the crescent moon and star of the Turkish Caliphate are seen on the
	www.linns.com /howto/refresher/symbols_20030310/refreshercourse.asp?uID= (1431 words)

	A HISTORY OF THE CALLIGRAPY
		When, in the tenth century, the Turks migrated to the West from their original home in the steppes of northwest China, they came into contact in Turkestan, Afghanistan and Iran with the religion and culture of the Islamic world.
		A very important place in the history of Turkish calligraphy is occupied by another member of this school, the great calligrapher Hafiz Osman, who gave Naskhi script its finest form and was rightly known as "Seyhi-Sani" or the "second Sheikh".
		It was also Rakim who gave the tughra of the Ottoman Sultans its definitive form, so that although the actual name of the Sultan might change the form of the tughra remained constant.
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /Calligraphy/Calligraphy.htm (3480 words)

	Welcome to The Bangladesh Overserver (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The varieties of Tughra available here are—plain Tughra, Tughra with detached Ya and Feh.
		Another Tughra style had detached letters like Ya, Ha, NVN hung on the high vertical shafts.
		Such Tughra work is absent in the contemporary Delhi school and is considered to be Bengal's contribution to this art.
	www.bangladeshobserveronline.com /tuesday/ent.htm (1052 words)

	Mavi Boncuk: 13/06/04
		A calligraphic form unto itself, the tughra developed over many years, eventually taking on the swirling form so commonly seen on Turkish medals and orders, as well as stamps, coins and government documents.
		Each sultan had his own tughra, but actually reading and identifying them is a challenge.
		The Tughra of Sultan Abdülaziz (1861-76) by Andreas Birken ©
	maviboncuk.blogspot.com /2004_06_13_maviboncuk_archive.html (14868 words)

	Welcome to Nubian Nile Cruises
		The Tughra, graceful monogram of the Ottoman sultans, has been a powerful symbol for centuries.
		The Tughra recalls a splendid time when good service was literally fit for a king.
		Now when you see the Tughra, symbol of Nubian Nile Cruises, you'll know that it stands for the best: a top-rank organization dedicated to the highest standards of quality and service.
	www.nubiannilecruises.com (462 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Flag of the Ottoman Empire after the reforms of 1844 standardized this flag as the sole flag of the Ottoman state.
		Every sultan of the Ottoman Empire had his own monogram, called the tughra, which served as a Coat of Arms.
		A motto is a phrase or a short list of words meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group or organization.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ottoman-Empire (10019 words)

	Emblems -- Lee's Illustrated Stamp Listopedia
		Elizabeth II Regina, is found on stamps of the British Commonwealth.
		Until the Ottoman Empire ended in 1920, many stamps of Turkey included the tughra or calligraphic sign of the ruling Sultan.
		This 1916 stamp is marked with the tughra of Sultan Mohammed V. Lexicon of Turkish Philately, Tughra
	www.filbert.com /stamplistopedia/emblems (362 words)

	Dyckman Antiques ancient asian rugs tribal islamic bronzes ceramics miniatures thangkas
		In the lower half of the painting a subject, seated on a horse, is adorned in a an orange tunic and orange boots and holds a red quran in his left hand and stirrups in the right.
		The horse, proportionately oversized, is filled with calligraphic prose written in gold leaf and of Tughra script.
		He rides gallantly through a sea of gold leaf flowers submersed within a green field.
	www.dyckmanantiques.com /mm.html (154 words)

	RESULTS
		5g and 1/2g Tughra of King Abdul Aziz with 1/8g Postal Tax c1950 [Dhahran] Airmail to New York, N.Y. with red sl Stamps Must Not be Removed.
		5g (2) and 1/2g (2) Tughra of King Abdul Aziz with 1/8g Postal Tax (2) c1950 [Ras Tamura] Airmail to New York, N.Y. with red pointing hand sl T W A and red sl Stamps Must Not be Removed.
		10g Tughra of King Abdul Aziz, 1g Airspeed Ambassador Airliner and 1/8g Postal Tax c1955 [Abqaiq] Airmail to Niagara Falls, N.Y. Cancel unreadable.
	www.postalhistory.com /results.asp?group=20&cs=sa (471 words)

	The Turkish Cultural Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The tughra has a long history, from at least as early as the state of Oghuz Turks in Central Asia.
		Some scholars maintain that it was a calligraphic form of a bird.
		The logo of the Turkish Cultural Foundation is a modern interpretation of this very Turkish symbol.
	www.turkishculture.org /tughra.html (82 words)

	An Ottoman Embroidered Leather Document Case with the Tughra of Sultan Abd Al- Aziz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An Ottoman Embroidered Leather Document Case with the Tughra of Sultan Abd Al- Aziz
		AN OTTOMAN EMBROIDERED LEATHER DOCUMENT CASE, TURKEY, WITH THE TUGHRA OF 'ABD AL-'AZIZ (A.H. London, New Bond Street 3,000—5,000 GBP Session 1
		of rectangular form embroidered in silver thread with the tughra of 'Abd al-'Aziz above crossed spears, pennants and other trophies framed within an undulating band with floral sprays, the back with a central motif of military paraphernalia and crescent moon cornerpieces, the interior of red morocco
	www.sw-asia.com /Rugs/Turkish/Turk968.htm (96 words)

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