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Topic: Tumor cells

	Tumor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tumor meaning swelling is one of the five classical characteristics of inflammation.
		Tumors are caused by mutations in DNA of cells.
		An accumulation of mutations is needed for a tumor to emerge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tumor (450 words)

	Tumor Grade: Questions and Answers, Cancer Facts 5.9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Nuclear grade refers to the size and shape of the nucleus in tumor cells and the percentage of tumor cells that are dividing.
		Tumor grade should not be confused with the stage of a cancer.
		However, the importance of tumor grade in planning treatment and estimating a patient’s prognosis is greater for certain types of cancers, such as soft tissue sarcoma, primary brain tumors, lymphomas, and breast and prostate cancer.
	cis.nci.nih.gov /fact/5_9.htm (756 words)

	Brain tumor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Brain tumors are usually located in the posterior third of the brain in childhood and in the anterior two-thirds of the brain in adulthood.
		Primary or secondary, brain tumors may cause herniation of the brain (displacement of one part of the brain tissue due to mass effect of a lesion, usually causing the compression of the neurons controlling the respiratory system in the brainstem and eventually death) and permanent neurologic changes including intellectual decline.
		Tumors may affect brain cells from a distance by consuming too much food and energy that is crucial for neurons, by secreting endocrine substances altering nerve cell functions or – in the majority of the cases – by causing the immune system of the body to develop antibodies (autoantibodies) directed against nerve cells.
	phatnav.com /wiki/index.php?title=Brain_tumor (910 words)

	► Metastatic brain tumor
		Metastatic (secondary) brain tumor occurs when there is a tumor in an area of the body, most commonly the lungs or the breast, and cells from that tumor break off, travel in the bloodstream (metastasize), and lodge in the brain.
		Tumors may be localized to a small area or invasive (spread to nearby areas).
		Tumors may directly destroy brain cells or indirectly damage cells from inflammation, compression from growth of the tumor, cerebral edema (brain swelling), and increase in intracranial pressure (the pressure within the skull).
	www.umm.edu /ency/article/000769.htm (335 words)

	How are tumor cells banked? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Tumor tissue is collected at the time of biopsy or during the surgical procedure to remove the tumor, then shipped fresh to Cryoma Labs in a special transport medium designed to keep the tumor cells alive.
		When tumor tissue is received, a small portion of the fresh tissue is put into culture to attempt to increase the number of live (viable) cells and establish a cell line.
		The establishment of a cell line may allow for the growth of more tumor cells after the cell line is frozen and thawed.
	www.cryoma.com /whatis/process.htm (402 words)

	What's New
		Of those women, 30 percent still had higher numbers of circulating tumor cells three to five weeks after beginning a new treatment and their cancer progressed very rapidly compared to women whose tumor cell levels dropped during that time or who never had elevated circulating cell levels.
		At the current time, circulating tumor cell levels should not be used as a standard test to change therapy, but they may be considered within the context of other clinical, radiographic and blood testing, says Hayes, a professor of internal medicine at the U-M Medical School.
		He also cautions that circulating tumor cells cannot be used as a screening test for breast cancer, nor does the study have any implications for women diagnosed with non-metastatic cancer.
	www.acor.org /news/get_item.html?id=2432 (855 words)

	Cancer Drug Targets Tumor Cells
		A novel anticancer drug is preferentially taken up by tumor cells as compared to normal cells, according to a group of researchers led by scientists from the Keck School of Medicine of USC.
		In a study of zebularine’s effect on the division of cancer cells, Jones and his colleagues showed that zebularine slows growth by as much as 68 percent in cancer cells, but only by 21 percent or less in normal cells.
		The difference between tumor cells and normal fibroblasts is that the growth of tumor cells tends to continue unchecked.
	www.usc.edu /uscnews/stories/10464.html (595 words)

	ABTA's Dictionary for Brain Tumor Patients
		Symptom common to tumors of the dominant cerebral hemisphere, particularly the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.
		The appearance of the nucleus is used as a criterion to determine the malignant potential of a cell or tissue.
		Tumors may be benign or malignant by cell type, or life-threatening (malignant) by their location.
	neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu /abta/diction.htm (4517 words)

	Cancer Immunity 2:2 (2002)
		In order to increase the capability of tumor cells to present tumor antigens in an immunogenic way to T cells, tumor cells have been submitted to mutagenic treatments (1) or transfected with genes encoding molecules involved in the development of T cell responses such as lymphokines or costimulatory molecules (2).
		In this last situation, immunizations were performed either with mixtures of peptides eluted from tumor cells expected to present tumor antigens (26, 27, 28) or with synthetic antigenic peptide(s) (29, 30, 31).
		Protected mice were sacrificed 2 months after the tumor challenge and their spleen cells assessed for their ability to generate CTL responses against immunizing as well as non-immunizing tumor antigens expressed by the tumor cells used for the challenge.
	www.cancerimmunity.org /v2p2/020302.htm (5539 words)

	Detection of transcription factor motifs in Tumor cells
		The continuous division of these cells is propagated by the absence of appropriate signals and inhibitors, characteristic of mutated genes that control mitosis and the cell cycle.
		During the third stage of colon cancer, the malignant cells suffer inactivation of the p53 gene (another tumor suppressor gene) and acquire the ability to metastasize, carcinoma.
		cells) the cells within the tumor develop a lack of nourishment and begin to die, thus preventing the tumor from growing in size and the ability to mutate.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/pghosh/images/BioProj.htm (929 words)

	Tumor Immunology - A Short Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In addition, these cells, together with the socalled dendritic cells, via the process of antigen presentation, serve as a crucial link between innate and aquired immunity, the second part of our immune system, which is constituted by antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes.
		In fact, it has become clear only recently, that macrophages and dendritic cells actually control the induction of specific, T-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses and thus also govern specific immunity against tumor antigens, which is essential for final, long term eradication of tumor cells in the body.
		This is due to the suppression of immune functions exerted by the tumor, again primarily involving the control of macrophage activity both at the step of tumor cytotoxicity as well as antigen presentation, finally leading to specific immunological tolerance for the tumor cells and tumor progression.
	www.sbg.ac.at /che/tim/timintro.htm (386 words)

	Circulating tumor cells in blood indicate more aggressive breast cancer
		Cristofanilli and his M. Anderson colleagues have long been working with circulating tumor cell technology and were the first to recognize the potential prognostic implications of its detection in women with metastatic disease.
		Other future plans, says Cristofanilli, are to collect the circulating tumor cells, look at gene expression and see how it is representative of the primary tumor - perhaps, then doing away the need for a biopsy in the metastatic setting with the ability to evaluate how the patient is responding to therapy.
		It is the first of its kind to automate the detection and enumeration of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood, and works by detecting cancer cells that detach from solid tumors and enter the blood stream.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-08/uotm-ctc081704.php (1033 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Metastatic brain tumor
		A metastatic brain tumor is a mass of cancerous cells in the brain that have spread from another part of the body.
		An examination of tissue removed from the tumor during surgery or CT scan-guided biopsy is used to confirm the exact type of tumor.
		Tumors that are deep or that infiltrate brain tissue may be debulked (removing much of the tumor's mass to reduce its size).
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000769.htm (948 words)

	Metastatic growth Akt kinase "fuels" migration of tumor cells
		In contrast, when tumor cells acquire the capacity to move around and invade other tissues, there is a risk that metastases will develop, thus rendering the treatment of cancer more difficult.
		The route taken by "circulating" tumor cells and the organs they target generally vary according to the nature and location of the primary cancer.
		However, when the cells acquire the capacity to disseminate through the body, the tumor is then considered to be metastatic and is more difficult to eradicate.
	www.cnrs.fr /cw/en/pres/compress/AKT.htm (1164 words)

	Chromosome instability in colorectal tumor cells is associated with defects in microtubule plus-end attachments caused ...
		Chromosome instability in colorectal tumor cells is associated with defects in microtubule plus-end attachments caused by a dominant mutation in APC -- Green and Kaplan 163 (5): 949 -- The Journal of Cell Biology
		(SW480) tumor cells were fixed and stained with DAPI to visualize chromosomes; width and height of the chromosome mass was measured as indicated in the diagram, and the congression index was calculated by dividing the chromosome width by height.
		cells and a corresponding increase in prometaphase cells (Fig.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/163/5/949 (6518 words)

	Tumor Immunology
		Tumors vary greatly in their immunogenicity, and even tumors with antigens which can be recognized by the host immune system can evade immune elimination.
		Tumor cells often lack co-stimulatory molecules like B7 or adhesion molecules that are necessary for them to interact with CD8 T cells.
		Introduction of irradiated tumor cells transfected with genes for cytokines that stimulate immunity or antisense genes for inhibitory cytokines are undergoing clinical trials.
	microvet.arizona.edu /Courses/MIC419/Tutorials/tumor.html (1260 words)

	Why bank tumor cells? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Tumor cell-based cancer immunotherapy, a process that stimulates an individual's immune system to recognize, target, seek out, and help destroy cancer cells, will likely be an innovative and highly effective means of treating cancer.
		Since many tumor antigens vary from person to person and from tumor to tumor, an effective way to stimulate an individual's immune system is by utilizing his/her own tumor cells or antigens to produce the vaccine.
		In the future, it may even be possible to develop a library of live cancer cells for the generation of specific cancer vaccines tailored to the patient's specific cancer subtype.
	www.cryoma.com /whatis/whycell.htm (407 words)

	Tumor cells made more sensitive to radiation by blocking a key cellular molecule
		This was accomplished in colorectal tumor cells by two experimental interventions aimed at blocking activation of a cellular protein, NF-kappaB.
		The team investigated colorectal tumor cells in lab dishes and in tumors grown on mice.
		The researchers also studied the effects of infusing tumor cells with a type of IkappaB that is a super-repressor of NF-kappaB.
	cancer.med.unc.edu /news/externalnews-archives/research_10252000.htm (568 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Tumor markers
		Tumor markers are substances, such as proteins, biochemicals, or enzymes, produced by tumor cells or by the body in response to tumor cells.
		Tumor marker levels are used to screen for and diagnose cancer, predict a person's prognosis, monitor treatment, and watch for cancer recurrence.
		Tumor marker tests usually are done by combining a sample of blood with a substance containing antibodies to the tumor markers.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0014/ai_2601001410 (964 words)

	Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute - Cancer Vaccine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A therapeutic cancer vaccine is designed to attempt to enhance the immunogenicity (the immune stimulating capability) of tumor cells.
		The three tumor cell lines have been selected from a large number of cell lines tested to contain key antigens of glioma tumors, as well as to produce insignificant levels of suppressive molecules such as TGF-Beta and interleukin 10 (IL-10).
		When injected into the skin, the GM-CSF, which is continually secreted by the fibroblasts, is intended to help orchestrate the presentation of tumor antigens contained in the vaccine to cells of the immune system.
	www.csmc.edu /pf_1148.html (150 words)

	105 PREPARATION OF TUMOR CELLS AS ANTIGEN FOR DENDRITIC CELL BASED IMMUNOTHERAPY OF HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		We evaluated an enzyme based digestion method for isolation of a tumor cell suspension to be used in DC based immunotherapy.
		The tumor was incubated for 2-3 hours in an enzyme mixture consisting of Blendzyme 3 (collagenase, 14 Wunsch units), and DNAase (Pulmozyme 15,000 Units).
		The variability in NC obtained per gram of tissue and the percent of CD45 negative cells may be due to the variety of tumor sources or differing ratio of tumor to enzyme.
	www.celltherapy.org /2001abstracts/PosterPresentations/105__preparation_of_tumor_cells.htm (283 words)

	Stressed apoptotic tumor cells stimulate dendritic cells and induce specific cytotoxic T cells -- Feng et al. 100 (12): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Role of tumor cell apoptosis in tumor antigen migration to the draining lymph nodes.
		A receptor for phosphatidylserine-specific clearance of apoptotic cells.
		Tumor immunogenicity is determined by the mechanism of cell death via induction of heat shock protein expression.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/100/12/4108 (4868 words)

	Center News - 11/21/02 - Tumor cells that evade immune system
		Among the attackers are natural killer cells, charged with decimating cancer and virus-infected cells.
		NKG2D resides on the surface of T cells and natural killer cells, helping them detect ailing cells, be they cancer-ridden or virus-infected, by seeking molecular clues.
		But the studies showed low levels of the receptor, not only in T-cells residing in tumors, but also in those circulating in the blood of tumor patients, weakening their anti-cancer defense.
	www.fhcrc.org /pubs/center_news/2002/nov21/sart6.html (688 words)

	Anticancer drug Zebularine specifically targets tumor cells
		A novel anticancer drug that inhibits a process known as DNA methylation is preferentially taken up by tumor cells as compared to normal cells, according to a group of researchers led by scientists from the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California.
		In addition, this drug--a methylation inhibitor called zebularine--is better at inhibiting cell growth and promoting gene expression in cancer cells, notes Peter Jones, Ph.D., director of the USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and the principal investigator on the study.
		In a study of zebularine's effect on the rate of division of cancer cells, Jones and colleagues showed that zebularine slows growth by as much as 68 percent in cancer cells, but only by 21 percent or less in normal cells.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=12440 (635 words)

	Tumor Types: Gliomas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A brain tumor that develops from glial cells is called a glioma.
		These tumors can be located anywhere in the brain, but the most common location is in the frontal lobe.
		We are dedicated to promoting a cure for brain tumors, improving the quality of life and giving hope to the brain tumor community by funding meaningful research and providing patient resources, timely information and education.
	www.braintumor.org /patient_info/surviving/tumor_types/gliomas.html (772 words)

	Researchers define mechanism that enables stem cells to track migrating brain tumor cells
		Furthermore, cancer cells migrate away from the main tumor to form satellites that often escape treatment and lead to recurrence.
		Specifically, he said, the candidate cells appear to be at an advanced stage of differentiation but are not yet mature astrocytes, a subcategory of glial cells.
		Astrocytes are comparatively large, star-shaped cells that influence the activity of neurons and provide structure for the cells of the brain.
	www.brightsurf.com /news/may_04/CSMC_news_050504.php (1009 words)

	Human Dendritic Cells & Tumor Apoptosis
		We report that monocyte-derived, CD1a+ immature DCs (iDCs) significantly inhibit the growth of breast tumor cells in coculture and transwell experiments in the presence of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), LPS or both.
		The growth inhibition effects correlated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of breast tumor cells.
		The effects were associated with morphological changes of tumor cells from a round shape to a flat, spindle shape.
	www.annieappleseedproject.org /humdenceltum.html (285 words)

	Cytoskeleton, Cell Motility & Motors - Virtual Library of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
		Cell Mobility and Cytoskeleton - A primer on cell locomotion and the cytoskeleton.
		Collective Migration of an Epithelial Cell Sheet and Single-Cell Migration of a Neutrophil Chasing a Bacterium - QuickTime movies comparing the migration of an cell sheet during epithelial wound closure to the chemotaxis of a human polymorphonuclear leukocyte or neutrophil, an immune cell.
		Cell movement, extracellular matrix deposition, local tissue contraction and remodeling, cell proliferation and differentiation are all part of the complex process of wound healing, which can involve many different types of cells, including blood platelets, lymphocytes and leukocytes (especially neutrophils and macrophages), fibroblasts, epithelial cells and endothelial cells.
	www.biochemweb.org /cytoskeleton.shtml (993 words)

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