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Topic: Tumulus culture

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	Bronze Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Unetice culture is followed by the middle Bronze Age (1600 - 1200 BC) Tumulus culture, which is characterised by inhumation burials in tumuli (barrows).
		The late Bronze Age urnfield culture, (1300 BC - 700 BC) is characterized by cremation burials.
		The Middle Mumun pottery period culture of the southern Korean Peninsula gradually adopted bronze production circa [700-600?] BC after a period when Liaoning-style bronze daggers and other bronze artefacts were exchanged as far as the interior part of the Southern Peninsula (circa 900-700 B.C.).
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Bronze_Age (1713 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Urnfield
		The Urnfield culture followed the Tumulus culture and was succeeded by the Hallstatt culture.
		The Urnfield culture grew from the preceding tumulus culture.
		The Urnfield culture is found from western Hungary to eastern France, from the Alps almost to the coast of the North Sea.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Urnfield (3096 words)

	[Projekat Rastko] Dr Draga Garasanin: Bronze Age in Serbia
		Culturally as well as economically, and historically the Bronze Age represents, therefore, an especially important stage in the development of Europe, the accent of which falls on its southeastern part, which due to its geographic situation was earmarked to play a very important role.
		Culturally and historically it is difficult to believe, that these two groups no matter how similar they are to each other (some of the sites are only a few kilometers of each other) could have developed on the same territory next to each other and still retain their own distinct characteristics.
		Finally, in the already mentioned tumulus from Debark, in one of the graves, a tanged arrowhead was inbedded in the spinal chord of the deceased and it is evident that this was the reason for death.
	www.rastko.org.yu /arheologija/dgarasanin-the_bronze.htm (8744 words)

	Thracian tumulus from the Roman period near Sofia.
		Our knowledge about the material and spiritual culture of the Thracians is based to a great extent on investigating the tumuli which are the closed archaeological complexes.
		A notable deceased was burnt on the funeral-pile situated in the center of the tumulus.
		The um was situated at the tumulus periphery near the second burial made by laying the dead body.
	www.kroraina.com /thracia/serdica/serdica_en.htm (1389 words)

	JapanCorner - The Benihana Guide to Japan
		Japanese culture of this period was influenced by the Tang Dynasty in China.
		The nation's political and cultural center moved back to Kyoto and the warrior class began adopting aspects of the aristocratic and Buddhist culture which had continued to flourish in Kyoto during the Kamakura period.
		The Momoyama period marks the end of a long period of civil strife (as feudal clans fought for control during the latter half of the 15th century) and the beginning of a era of unification under Oda Nobunaga.
	www.japancorner.com /cultural-history.asp (1416 words)

	The Etruscan Tombs at Tarquinia
		The above photo is of the tumulus mounds which form the outer shell of the famous Etruscan tombs at Tarquinia.
		Overall, the frescoes in the Tomb of the Bulls celebrate several aspects of Etruscan life and knowledge: knowledge of epic mythology, contact with Greek culture through artistic depictions of men and women, and the importance of fertility in Etruscan culture.
		All of these help to define and understand Etruscan culture, and as such the frescoes in the Tomb of the Bulls are an invaluable firsthand source.
	oncampus.richmond.edu /academics/classics/students/belanger/tarquinia.html (1146 words)

	Tumulus culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tumulus culture which followed the ÃnÃªtice, and from which they descended, dominated central Europe during much of the second part of the 2nd millenium BC.
		As the name implies, the Tumulus culture is distinguished by the practice of burying the dead beneath burial mounds.
		The Tumulus culture flourished without any disruption of local peoples by large-scale immigration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tumulus_culture (129 words)

	Tumulus
		A tumulus ( plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves.
		A tumulus composed largely or entirely of stones is usually referred to as a cairn.
		The method of inhumation may involve a cist, a mortuary enclosure, a mortuary house or a chamber tomb.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/t/tu/tumulus.html (464 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith
		The culture's pottery was distinctively dark and highly burnished, and decorated with incised and punctuated bands filled with white inlay.
		DEFINITION: A culture of northwest Afghanistan with range of pottery, seals, metal work, ornamented stone vessels, stone statuettes, etc. It was identified from materials looted from graves and appeared in Baluchistan and the Iranian plateau as far west as Susa.
		The heartland of the Tumulus culture was Bavaria, Württemberg, and the area previously occupied by the Unetice culture, but distribution extended into north Germany and west as far as Alsace.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=bronze (1223 words)

	Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Archaeology is an approach to understanding lost cultures and the mute aspects of human history, without a cut-off date: in England, archaeologists have uncovered the long-lost layouts of medieval villages abandoned after the crises of the 14th century and the equally lost layouts of 17th century parterre gardens swept away by a change in fashion.
		Cultural resources management (CRM) (also called heritage management in Britain) is a branch of archaeology that accounts for most research done in the United States and much of that in western Europe as well.
		Cultural historians employed the normative model of culture, the principle that each culture is a set of norms governing human behaviour.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Archaeology (5318 words)

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		C-Group burials were characterized by a tumulus, i.e., a circular structure faced with stone and filled with rubble; later it was fronted by an enclosed chapel.
		The development of the culture at Kerma was originally spurred by the arrival of a people from the west who may have had some relationship to the Lower Nubian C-Group.
		Characteristic of Kerma burials was the tumulus (similar to that of the C-Group), a circular mound, faced with rocks (sometimes enclosing long corridors or galleries) and filled with rubble and sand.
	www.sahar7.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /5.htm (15197 words)

	Research and Excavations At The Phrygian Necropolis in Ankara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As is commonly acknowledged, tumulus type burials, with a timber burial chamber into which the body of socially significant individuals were neatly placed with valuable burial gifts and later covered first with stone rubble and then with soil to form a small hill, are typical of the Phrygian culture.
		Excavations in a third tumulus, which was the largest of the group, were however abandoned due to the collapse of a tunnel trenched to find the burial chamber.
		This tumulus was not indicated in the sketch map by Thompson.
	www.metu.edu.tr /home/wwwmuze/phrygian.html (976 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey
		With the start of the Kaman Kale tumulus archaeological excavations, the gowth of the museum accelerated and in the same year first listing of the archeeological items was started.
		The lower floor of what formerly was Fine Arts Gallery within the Cultural Center was opened to visits in 1997 as Archaeological Museum and a large section of the upper floor as the Ethnography Museum.
		In the archeology section the findings of the Kaman Kale Tumulus excavations are exhibited, which cover a period range in chronological order from the period of Assyrian Trade Colonies to the Ottomans period.
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/bakanlik/b-a-kirsehir.html (1417 words)

	Untitled Document
		Around 1,200 B.C. the tumulus inhumations give way to a new funerary rite in which the dead were cremated and their remains deposited in pottery urns buried in cemeteries without tumuli.
		Cultural and technological innovations are assumed to have arisen at random in this undifferentiated mass, before spreading in slow-moving ripples from these various centers.
		Likewise, an overall cultural unity was maintained over great distances by the fact that the aes dana were excepted from the requirement to remain in their tribal territory.
	geocities.com /odinistlibrary/OLArticles/Articles/CELTS.htm (13693 words)

	Kofun - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Much of the material culture of the Kofun period is barely distinguishable from those of the contemperaneous Southern Korean Peninsula, demonstrating that at this time Japan was in close political and economic contact with continental Asia through Korea.
		The Kofun Period of Japanese culture is also sometimes called the Yamato Period by some Western Scholars, since this local Chieftain ship eventually rose up to become the Imperial Dynasty at the end of the Kofun Period.
		But some at the Yamato court--such as the Nakatomi (later known as Fujiwara) family, which was responsible for performing Shinto rituals at court, and the Mononobe, a military clan--were set on maintaining their prerogatives and resisted the alien religious influence of Buddhism.
	www.free-definition.com /Kofun.html (785 words)

	The Bronze Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Expansionist people of Tumulus Cultures are traditionally blamed for destruction of massive fortified power centers, however internal factors may have been even more important factor, as general destruction horizon is missing.
		Cultural zenith of tumulus cultures is represented by urnfield cultures of Younger Bronze Age, locally classified as Middle-Danubian urnfields.
		Now it seems clear that in the area of Western Slovakia Tumulus cultures originated from major social, military and economical turmoil at the end of Old Bronze Age, consequence of which was downfall of Old Bronze Age fortified settlements and it’s rulers.
	mujweb.cz /veda/archaeology/bronze_04.htm (3508 words)

	:: CYBER MUSEUM OF DAEGAYA ...
		The Tumulus is, in large scale, an immolated burial tomb which was first identified in Korea.
		They are arranged in a radial pattern, centered around the main outer coffin (where actors are buried) and the two subordinate outer coffins for funerary objects (which function as a storehouse belonging to the main outer coffin).
		The pavilion enables visitors to identify the sophisticated culture of Daegaya, preparing an exhibition corner to view around 130 relics excavated in the Jisan-dong Mounded Tomb Group and the relics found in other mounded tombs, such as pottery, helmet, harness, coffin and personal ornament.
	www.daegaya.net /english/A/a11.htm (481 words)

	Celts - Crystalinks
		The Hallstatt culture was succeeded by the La Tène culture, and during the final stages of the Iron Age gradually transformed into the explicitly Celtic culture of early historical times.
		Stonehenge and the other megalithic monuments long predate the Iron Age Celtic culture, but Genetic evidence indicates that the Celtic populations of the Atlantic Archipelago have been relatively stable for at least 6,000 years, in which case the modern Celts would be the direct descendants of their builders.
		Later research indicated that the language and culture had developed gradually and continuously, and in Ireland no archaeological evidence was found for large intrusive groups of Celtic immigrants, suggesting to historians such as Colin Renfrew that the native Late Bronze Age inhabitants gradually absorbed influences to create "Celtic" culture.
	www.crystalinks.com /celts.html (1898 words)

	Ancient Celts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		These people, whose culture at its peak influenced a geographical area ranging from the Middle East to the Atlantic, were the people known as the "Celts" (pronounced 'kelts').
		The La Téne culture, named for a major archeological find of Celtic artistry and wealth (which is significant in its own right), found its way to Ireland in 300 BC, and is the source from which such epic Irish stories as The Story of Mac Da Thò's Pig or Bricriu's Feast come.
		Thus, the feisty and violent temper that had so permeated the people and culture survived in some way or another, and was (at least in part) the root of conflicts to come....
	home.snu.edu /~dwilliam/f97projects/ireland/AncientCelts.html (534 words)

	Ataman Hotel - The Tumulus of Çeç
		In addition to these places, "Tumulus of Çeç" which is in the west of Avanos is very famous in these areas.
		A tumulus which is excavated by Mehmet Eskioğlu and the tumulus of Beştepe, by Hamdi Kodan is dated to the Hellenistic period in Kayseri.
		When you look at this tumulus of Çeç, it is understood that it was built for an important man or thing and also that the death anniversary was very important in those times.
	www.atamanhotel.com /cec.html (478 words)

	The Peoples
		It was these who founded the Mycenean culture in the Mediterranean; this culture, with its eastward and southward orientation, would form the root from which would grow the classical culture of Greece and Rome.
		Populated by diverse and frequently migratory cultures, the predominant characteristic of European life in the prehistoric and classical periods is one of multiculturalism, migration, and frequent population disruptions.
		The classical cultures along the northern fringe of the Mediterranean largely looked to the east and the south for their cultural identity.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/PEOPLES.HTM (1365 words)

	Elkin Vanaeons Index to the IndoEuro Cultures
		The Únêtice culture became the pre-eminent culture in Central Europe by the middle of the second millennium B.C.E..
		As the name implies, the Tumulus culture is distinguished by the practice of burying the dead beneath burial mounds.
		Were actively involved in the political and military expansion of the Achaemenid empire, the fall of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, and the formations of Parthia and later the Kushan empire.
	members.aol.com /tammuz69/home/Index/History/IndoEuro_3k-1k.html (877 words)

	Adiyaman - All About Turkey
		The Nemrud Mountain tumulus in the National Park, Karakus Hill, Cendere Bridge, Samsat, Arsameia, Dikilitas, Kahta, Göksu Bridge, and rock graves are other sites in the province worth seeing.
		Upon the completion of GAP Project, fish culture, cotton textile plants and facilities processing feed, milk and meat will gain weight in the province.
		Being a melting pot socially and culturally, it has valuable features related to customs about different periods of life, hospitality, folk dancing, carpets and kilims etc.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /adiyaman.htm (690 words)

	e-Keltoi: Volume 6, The Celts in Iberia: An Overview, by Lorrio and Ruiz Zapatero
		Thus, the appearance of certain material culture elements, settlements, funeral rites and socio-economic structures, which were characteristic of the Celtiberian world throughout its evolutionary process, enable us to pinpoint when and where that process began: around the seventh or sixth centuries BC in the highlands of the eastern Meseta (Lorrio 1997a: 261).
		Similarly, it is worth highlighting the cultural proximity between the Celts and other populations in the central and western Peninsula, as is possibly the case with the Vettones, Vaccaei, Cantabri or the Astures, which confirms the linguistic and onomastic evidence.
		The emergence of the Vaccean culture was marked by the appearance of the first cremation cemeteries (which had not previously existed), a settlement pattern based on the oppida (true cities on a grand scale), and the widespread use of iron metallurgy and ceramics decorated on a potter's wheel.
	www.uwm.edu /Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_4/lorrio_zapatero_6_4.html (17663 words)

	Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture and Tourism - Adýyaman - Nemrut Daðý National Park (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The tumulus is at an altitude of 2150m and overlooks the River Firat and the neighbouring plains.
		It is thought that the king’s bones or ashes were put inside the room carved into the main rock, then covered by the tumulus which is 50m high and 150m in diameter.
		Karakus Peak Tumulus, in which the women of the royal family were buried, is a 21m tall tumulus 10km south-west of Arsameia.
	goturkey.turizm.gov.tr /turizm_en.asp?belgeno=10152 (429 words)

	Adena Culture: Woodland Period, Woodland Culture Area in the Eastern US
		Culture Area, especially in the central part of the State of
		The tumulus underwent a salvage excavation in 1901 and has been eradicated to facilitate agriculture, a fate similar to that suffered by many mounds throughout the World.
		The Archaic Glacial Kame and Red Ochre cultures, located just to the north and west of the Adena, foreshadow their development by burying their dead in the natural mounds.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /USWoodlandAdena.htm (661 words)

	Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture - Alacahöyük (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This tumulus, or mound, was first introduced to the world of science by W.C. Hamilton in 1835 and after that time, it became a place frequented by scientists who visited Central Anatolia.
		In 1893, E. Chantre came to the tumulus and found the square corridors among the sphinx, the second door at the end and the door frames.
		After drilling a few places in the tumulus, he saw the poterni (entrance) on the northern edge of the tumulus and he compared this to the potern in Boðazköy.
	www.kultur.gov.tr /portal/arkeoloji_en.asp?belgeno=5966 (1062 words)

	METU Industrial Engineering Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Phrygians built the largest mound (tumulus) in Gordion known as the Tumulus of Midas; it is 53 meters high and 300 meters wide.
		Apart from their capital Gordion were you can visit the Tumulus of King Midas and nearby small museum, Pessinus was also a major Phrygian settlement.
		The Arslantas rock monument near Afyon and the ruins of Midas near Eskisehir are among the most important Phrygian monuments in Anatolia, and are where the Phrygians worshipped their major deity Cybele and her lover Attis.
	www.geocities.com /anadolu_muzesi/urartu/phrigya.html (1177 words)

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