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Topic: Tunicate

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	tunicate - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		The soft body is surrounded by a thick test, or tunic, often transparent or translucent and varying in consistency from gelatinous to leathery.
		The tunic (for which the tunicates are named) is secreted by the body wall of the adult animal.
		Larvaceans have no tunics, but secrete gelatinous containers, called houses; these are used to filter food from the water and are continuously discarded and replaced.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-tunicate.html (634 words)

	Tunicates
		Some of them may be tunicate eggs which, if they have been fertilized and if you conserve them in a favorable environment, larvae will hatch and begin their development.
		The thick external wall is called the tunic and the inside layer is pierced by gill slits which circulate water.
		When they are young, the tunic - which is made from a material near to cellulose (an unusual material in the animal kingdom) - remains transparent and all internal organs can be seen easily.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artdec00/tunicp1.html (1095 words)

	Pelagic Tunicate References
		Tunic morphology and cellulosic components of pyrosomas, doliolids, and salps (Thaliacea, Urochordata).
		Feeding association of the copepod Rhincalanus gigas with the tunicate salp Salpa thompsoni in the southern ocean.
		Diel patterns of migration, feeding, and spawining by salps in the subarctic Pacific.
	jellieszone.com /tunicatereferences.htm (1003 words)

	Tunicates
		Tunicates, commonly called sea squirts, are a group of marine animals that spend most of their lives attached to docks, rocks or the undersides of boats.
		Tunicates are part of the phylum Urochordata, closely related to the phylum Chordata that includes all vertebrates.
		One clue that tunicates are related to vertebrates is found in the tunicate larva, or tadpole.
	members.aol.com /thepliedes/Tunicates.html (526 words)

	Tunicate Summary
		However, a larval tunicate cannot eat because both ends of its digestive tract are covered by a skinlike tissue called the tunic.
		Tunicates have two openings in their body cavity: an incurrent and an excurrent siphon.
		The tunicate's pharynx is covered by miniature hairs called ciliated cells which allow the consumed plankton to pass down through to the esophagus.Tunicates are also the only animals able to create cellulose.
	www.bookrags.com /Tunicate (905 words)

	Propagation of Bulbs - Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Tri River Area
		Tunicate Bulbs: The onion, hyacinth, squill, amaryllis, snowdrop, tulip and daffodil are examples of tunicate or nonscaly bulbs.
		These are called tunicate bulbs because the outer layer of leaves dry and form a protective "tunic" covering the bulb.
		A white mold growing on the tunic is an indicator of this disease.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/CoopExt/TRA/PLANTS/bulbprop.html (899 words)

	Tunicates
		Tunicates are the closest relative in the intertidal to humans.
		Tunicates are slimy blobs, opposites of humans, but tunicates are our closest relatives in the intertidal.
		Tunicates filter plankton out of the water for food through their siphon.
	www.prel.org /picturingscience/intertidal/tunicate.asp (250 words)

	tunicate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tunicate heart has the unusual habit of beating about 100 beats during which the blood flows in one direction.
		Tunicate larvae do not feed and are essentially a dispersal form.
		Tunicates will "flinch" if there is sudden movement in their area.
	borntoexplore.org /aquarium/tunicate.htm (302 words)

	Growfish - Gippsland Aquaculture Industry Network (GAIN)
		Now it appears two new types of tunicate are in the water.
		Tunicate does not hurt humans, the various species attach themselves to the mussels and need to be cleaned away before the seafood can be sold.
		Richard Gallant, who is with the province's aquaculture department, said the recently discovered green star tunicate, and violet tunicate form a leather-like covering on the mussels.
	www.growfish.com.au /content.asp?ContentId=3712 (302 words)

	Pelagic Tunicate: Front Porch Reef, Bonaire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pelagic Tunicates are a type of tunicate that live in open water.
		Other types of tunicates live attached to objects underwater, such as the calcium-based skeletons of hard corals.
		We saw this Pelagic Tunicate at Front Porch Reef on the island of Bonaire in the Netherlands Antilles.
	www.reefnews.com /reefnews/photos/ptunicat.html (142 words)

	JoT Ev Tunicate
		A tunicate looks like a little white blob, soft and shiny like a jellyfish.
		The field guide to tidal animals said that they are among the most advanced animals found in the tidal zone.
		Therefore tunicates are more advanced than crabs, sea stars, anemones, and snails.
	www.jonathantweet.com /jotevtunicate.html (209 words)

	Invasive Sea Squirt Alive and Well on Georges Bank
		Sea squirts are tunicates, a type of sea life with a primitive spinal cord and a firm, flexible outer covering called a "tunic," from which the name derives.
		Tunicate fragments were also found in the stomachs of haddock and winter flounder collected in the area, but they did not appear to be digested.
		Samples of the tunicate will be evaluated to determine its nutritional value to predators and to confirm the species through DNA analysis.
	soundwaves.usgs.gov /2005/01/fieldwork4.html (948 words)

	Invasive Tunicate — Washington Invasive Species Coalition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While Puget Sound has native sea squirts, or tunicates, this species is native to Europe and has infested waters on the East Coast of the United States and in San Franscisco Bay.
		The invasive tunicate was discovered growing on the hull of a sunken boat near Edmonds.
		It is unclear if this will work; the chlorine may not kill the tunicate, and/or it may have already spread beyond the area.
	www.invasivespeciescoalition.org /BallastWater/tunicate/document_view (258 words)

	Aquatic Invasive Species - 2.4 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR TUNICATE-INFESTED PRODUCT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Currently, the installation of 25 mesh (750 microns) screening in processing plants is considered to be an acceptable measure to protect receiving waters from the potential infestation for the clubbed and vase tunicate species, but the ability of viable larvae to pass this screening is unknown.
		Similarly, 25 mesh screening assists in the removal of colonial tunicate species, but may be ineffective in containing fragments which have the potential to regenerate into new colonies.
		Examples include the bay management approach adopted by growers in March Water to slow the spread and growth of the clubbed tunicate and the co-operation of growers in Rustico Bay in response to the identification of the violet tunicate.
	www.glf.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /ais-eae/2_4-e.html (729 words)

	Tunicate removal in Puget Sound
		Invasive tunicate populations were found in 19 of the 22 surveys with the highest densities located between 40 to 65 feet.
		In most cases, the transparent tunicate is the predominant species in the surveyed areas.
		The State Invasive Tunicate Caucus met in September to review its draft invasive tunicate response plan, and group members are now fine-tuning the plan and formulating their agency work plans for July 2006 to June 2007.
	www.psat.wa.gov /Programs/ANS/tunicate_update_100606.htm (467 words)

	Tunicate Bulbs by Seed
		A tunicate is a true bulb and as such consist of a shoot and a basal plate.
		Some tunicate bulbs will form new little bulbs, called offshoots (also known as splits or spoons).
		This section concentrates on a specific type of tunicate bulb that flowers and when successfully pollinated will produce numerous, large, but thin seeds.
	www.landspro.com /page8.htm (533 words)

	DBTGR - DataBase of Tunicate Gene Regulation
		Tunicates, which include the sedentary ascidians, or sea squirts, Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi, are lower chordates and share basic gene repertoires and many characteristics, both developmental and physiological, with vertebrates.
		Therefore, decoding regulatory systems of tunicates will contribute toward elucidating the genetic regulatory systems underlying the developmental and physiological processes of vertebrates.
		DBTGR provides information on tunicate gene regulation, including the location of expression, the identified regulatory elements present in the promoter sequence and the transcription factors involved.
	dbtgr.hgc.jp (393 words)

	Nonindigenous Tunicates
		Tunicates, also called sea squirts, (Phyum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata) have all the characteristics of a chordate but lack a backbone, so they are invertebrates.
		Tunicates go through a free swimming larval stage before settling on the substrate.
		By 1949, it was one of the two dominant tunicates in the bay.
	nas.er.usgs.gov /taxgroup/Tunicates/default.asp (196 words)

	Forums - post your messages here - FYI - The invasive colonial tunicate species - Didemnum lahillei
		D. lahillei is a non-native, colonial tunicate species that is an aggressive invader and a threat to a variety of marine life including our commercial shellfish fisheries.
		Description: As a colonial tunicate the individual animals are connected by a membrane - the tunic.
		The colonial tunicate discovery comes at a time when the Washington State Legislature has directed state agencies to develop a rapid response planto address discoveries of invasive species.
	www.mossbaydiveclub.org /forums/showthread.php?t=239 (1609 words)

	Pacific Adventuer invasive tunicate page
		Divers have been reporting a species of tunicate by the name of Botrylloides violaceous, thinking it could be Didemnum sp.
		While Botrylloides is a non-native colonial tunicate, it has been in our waters for at least 25 years and does not worry scientists as much as Didemnum.
		Each little hole in the tunicate that you see in both sets of photos is the intake syphon of a tiny tunicate zooid (these animals are like corals, lots of little critters sharing a common structure).
	www.pacadventure.com /invasive.htm (564 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Online Field Guide
		Predatory tunicates live anchored along the deep sea canyon walls and seafloor, waiting for tiny animals to drift or swim into their cavernous hoods.
		Predatory tunicates are simultaneous hermaphrodites—each animal produces both eggs and sperm.
		If conditions are poor or there are no other tunicates nearby, each tunicate can reproduce by itself.
	www.mbayaq.org /efc/living_species/default.asp?inhab=168 (203 words)

	Porcine relaxin, a 500 million-year-old hormone? The tunicate Ciona intestinalis has porcine relaxin -- GEORGES and ...
		Capillary HPLC separation of a prepurified tunicate extract showing tunicate protein and radioimmunoassay (RIA) activity against anti-porcine relaxin antibody and a control (pure porcine relaxin).
		The structure of tunicate relaxin was determined by sequencing cDNA and genomic DNA; the first 15 residues of the A chain were determined by protein microsequencing of material extracted from tunicate ovaries.
		molecule is expressed in tunicates during the reproductive cycle.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/13/10/1269 (2977 words)

	Digimorph - Jaekelocarpus oklahomensis (urochordate)
		Both these features were probably primitive for the chordates and, since parsimony suggests that they were absent in the latest common ancestor of living tunicates, they probably imply that Jaekelocarpus was a stem-group tunicate, not a crown-group tunicate.
		The whole animal was built on the plan of a tunicate tadpole, with clearly distinct head and tail.
		Since this was fixed down to the substrate rather than tunicate-tadpole-like, we think it probably belonged to the tunicate crown group rather than the stem group, although it came from much older rocks than Jaekelocarpus (it is from the Lower Cambrian of southern China, perhaps 560 million years old; see Shu et al., 2001).
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Jaeckelocarpus_oklahomensis (681 words)

	MIT Sea Grant \| Introduced Species Descriptions
		This solitary tunicate grows to about 5.0 cm and is grayish green although the tunic or outer covering is often covered with mud and hairs.
		It has a rough, leathery, reddish tunic, is about 1 inch long, and is found in southern New England.
		This stalked tunicate was introduced from Japan, can grow to about 6 inches long, and has been observed from Maine to New Jersey.
	massbay.mit.edu /exoticspecies/exoticmaps/descriptions_intro.html (1758 words)

	Tunicate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		tunicates possess a notochord during their early stages of development.
		They have appeared from the Jurassic to the present, with one proposed Neoproterozoic form, Yarnemia.
		Once grown, adults can develop a covering, called a tunic, to protect themselves from enemies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tunicate (695 words)

	Invasive Species of Tunicate found on Georges Bank
		Researchers have just identified an invasive species of sea squirt on the northern edge of Georges Bank, colonizing at least a 6.5 square mile area at a depth of just over 150 feet.
		This sea squirt or tunicate has been identified as Didemnum cf.
		These siphon-feeding animals form dense mats on the seabed, made of many thousands of individuals, encrusting the hard bottom and organisms attached to it.
	sh.nefsc.noaa.gov /tunicate.htm (415 words)

	tunicate — FactMonster.com
		Sea grapes are clusters of the greenish colonial squirt,
		species; the bright yellow individual animals are grouped in starlike clusters in a flat, encrusting, greenish tunic.
		species form colonies of minute animals embedded in a grayish, gristly tunic; chunks of such colonies, often washed ashore, are known as sea pork.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0849688.html (458 words)

	The first tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China -- Chen et al. 100 (14): 8314 -- Proceedings of the National ...
		The first tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China -- Chen et al.
		be interpreted as a tunic as in the extant tunicates.
		to extant tunicates in the tunic and mantle, the large perforated
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/14/8314 (2433 words)

	tunicate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Tunicates are in the phylum Chordata—which might lead you to expect this sea squirt to be a vertebrate, although it's obviously not.
		Members of the class Ascidiacea are common in the reef, but rarely recognized for what they are: the invertebrates most closely related to vertebrates.
		This specimen, of the genus Rhopalaea(?), is perhaps a bit over an inch long.
	space.mit.edu /~kenton/Micronesia_2004/pohnpei/html/tunicate_1.html (60 words)

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