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Topic: Tunisia Campaign

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Battle of Tunisia

North African Campaign

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	Tunisia Campaign - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tunisia Campaign was a series of World War II battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African Campaign of the World War II, between forces of the German/Italian Axis, and allied forces consisting primarily of U.S., British and small numbers of Vichy French.
		Most of Tunisia lies on the western edge of the Gulf of Sidra, the inland western border with Algeria being defined by the western line of the roughly triangular Atlas Mountains.
		In the center was a new U.S. II Corps, to be commanded by Lloyd R. Fredendall, eventually consisting of the majority of six divisions: the 1st, 3rd, 9th, and 34th Infantry and the 1st and 2nd Armored.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tunisia_Campaign (3065 words)

	North African Campaign - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During World War II the North African Campaign, also known as the Desert War, took place in the North African desert from September 13, 1940 to May 13, 1943.
		The Northern African Campaign, was a strategical advantage for both Allies and Axis-Powers, Allies could use the land as a second front against the Axis Powers that were in Fortress Europe, and help the Russian front.
		After victory in the North African Campaign, the stage was set for the Italian Campaign to begin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_African_Campaign (966 words)

	Tunisia - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Amendments to the electoral code introduced in 2003 restricted the use of the media to national public channels, which were dominated by the government, thus severely limiting the electoral campaign of the opposition.
		Tighter controls of Tunisia’s territorial waters and of ships that could be used to carry migrants to Europe illegally were established.
		He was arrested on arrival in Tunisia and taken to the State Security Department of the Ministry of the Interior where he was held in secret detention for several days and reportedly tortured.
	web.amnesty.org /report2005/tun-summary-eng (1705 words)

	TUNISIA AND KASSERINE PASS
		To counter the Allied advance into Tunisia, the German garrison in there was massively reinforced and reorganized, as XC Corps (90th Corps) under the command of General Walther Nehring, the former commander of the Afrika Korps.
		The German buildup went unopposed by the French in Tunisia, whose government under General Henri Giraud was in political chaos, leaving airfields and ports open to German use.
		Tunisia was the first time American soldiers confronted well-trained, battle-tested enemy units equipped with the most modern weapons and tactics.
	www.olive-drab.com /od_history_ww2_ops_battles_1943tunisia.php (1575 words)

	BBC SPORT \| WORLD CUP \| Tunisia \| Tunisia's road to the finals
		Tunisia displayed efficiency and a ruthless streak in front of goal in securing their World Cup place, finishing unbeaten in their African qualifying group and racking up a total of 20 points.
		Tunisia scored 23 goals in the process, led by the youthful strike-force of Ziad Jaziri and Ali Zitouni and managed to shrug off the pressure from Cote d'Ivoire, who kept snapping at their heels throughout the campaign.
		Tunisia's preparations have always been well organised in stark contrast to most of their fellow African countries, with the side often going to Rome for training camps to take the players away from the domestic spotlight and all the media attention.
	news.bbc.co.uk /sport3/worldcup2002/hi/team_pages/tunisia/newsid_1910000/1910640.stm (491 words)

	Tunisia
		Tunisia was founded by the Phonecians as Carthage in the 8
		Tunisia was controlled by Vichy France, and was returned to France after the Second World War.
		The Destour Socialist Party (PSD) founded in 1934 by Habib Bourguiba led Tunisia’s campaign for independence from France.
	www.ssn.flinders.edu.au /global/africa/jedodermatt/countries/Tunisia.htm (161 words)

	Hamma Hammani on the situation in Tunisia
		But from 1991-92, there was a wide-scale campaign of repression, on the one hand against the Islamists, which concluded in 1992 with mass trials of people before a military tribunal, and on the other hand against the Tunisian left, and especially against the Communist Party of the Workers of Tunisia.
		Tunisia today is living through one of the harshest periods in its history.
		It is for this reason that at the present time all the democrats and revolutionaries in Tunisia feel the need to create their form of independent organization.
	www.mltranslations.org /Tunisia/hammani.htm (2426 words)

	Welcome to Tunisia Online News Updates : The latest news from Tunisia.
		Tunisia 's successful candidacy was strongly endorsed by the African group.
		Tunisia to play in group B in forthcoming African Handball Cup of Nations.
		The ceremony which is organized jointly by the British embassy in Tunisia and some of the countries of the Commonwealth (South Africa, Canada, India, Malta, Nigeria and Pakistan), will honor the memory of Commonwealth soldiers fallen in Tunisia during the second world war.
	www.tunisiaonlinenews.com (8974 words)

	Tunisia
		The following essay is one of a series of campaign studies highlighting those struggles that, with their accompanying suggestions for further reading, are designed to introduce you to one of the Army's significant military feats from that war.
		In the latter stages of the campaign a formula was laid down: one tank battalion in the attack should have three artillery battalions in support.
		Readings on the Tunisia Campaign are to be found in both broader studies of Operation TORCH and the European Theater of Operations, as well as in autobiographical accounts by key participants and analyses of the battle for Kasserine Pass.
	www.army.mil /CMH-PG/brochures/tunisia/tunisia.htm (8784 words)

	North Africa, Algiers, Tunisia, Longstop, Algeria, Louisberg, Avorio, Asteria, Erica, U205, Paladin, Isis
		Major areas for discussion include the European invasion in 1944, landings in Sicily and Italy after the Tunisian campaign, the bombing of Germany and the continuation of the war in Burma and the Pacific.
		Tunisia - In the south, before his final recall from Africa, Field Marshal Rommel attacks Eighth Army positions in front of the Mareth Line, but is easily held.
		Tunisia - The Battle of Gabes in southern Tunisia starts on the 5th when Eighth Army attacks the Wadi Akarit defences.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2CampaignsNorthAfrica2.htm (1396 words)

	CHAPTER 22 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		As a result of this campaign, the Allies obtained airfields useful for strategic bombardment of Germany and the Balkans, and conquest of the peninsula further guaranteed the safety of Allied shipping in the Mediterranean.
		In the second campaign, the combined bomber offensive that U.S. and British chiefs at Casablanca had directed, the demands of the war in the Pacific and the Mediterranean slowed American participation.
		From the first, unity of command was present in every campaign, not just at the tactical level but also in the combined staff system that afforded the U.S. and Britain a unity of command and purpose never approached on the Axis side.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/AMH-22.html (8855 words)

	Second World War Books Review
		The campaign in French North Africa in 1942-1943 in many ways stands as one of the most interesting of the war, involving as it did relatively small but potent forces representing the armies of several nations spread over a wide area and fighting in some unusual terrain.
		Judged by its original objectives, the Allied campaign in Tunisia was a failure.
		The timing of the Tunisian campaign was always under severe pressure because of the contingency of other plans waiting upon it; as it turned out, the Allies kept to their revised schedule in North Africa with just two days to spare.
	stonebooks.com /archives/010607.shtml (1941 words)

	443rd AAA Bn - World War II - 1st Armored Division Offensive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		During the "Mouse Trap" action it was reliably reported that midnight visits to a winery in the vicinity would find British, German and American G.I.s filling their five gallon water cans at the wine vat spiggots — "friends" for the moment but bitter, shooting enemies the next day.
		The final operation in Tunisia from 3 to 9 May was the first time the 1st Armored Division had been able to operate as a unit and on a mission for which it was designed.
		During the Tunisian Campaign the 443rd operated mainly with the 1st Armored Division.
	www.kwanah.com /txmilmus/36division/archives/443/44339.htm (778 words)

	[No title]
		In the northern phase of the campaign, II Corps was thus supported by three 400-bed and three 750-bed evacuation hospitals, in contrast to the campaign in the south where one 400-bed unit and two 750-bed units had served substantially the same troop strength.
		In Tunisia, invaluable experience was gained in the management of wounds, in the equipping and staffing of facilities for forward surgery, and in the handling of psychiatric cases.
		In the Bizerte phase of the campaign, division surgeons were made responsible for the initial treatment, and psychiatrists for the follow-up were attached to the 9th, 11th, 15th, and 128th Evacuation Hospitals, all functioning in the forward area.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/wwii/medsvcsinmedtrnmnrthrtrs/chapter3.htm (16248 words)

	North Africa
		Meanwhile, the Germans had moved into Tunisia in force by water from Sicily, and were able to stop the Allied drive short of the Tunisian capital (Tunis).
		Having consolidated a giant beachhead in Tunisia, Rommel assumed the offensive on 14 February 1943.
		Powerful German armored units moved out from passes in south central Tunisia on the front of the U.S. II Corps, in an attempt to turn the south flank of the British First Army, commanded by Lt. Gen.
	www.worldwar2history.info /North-Africa (1042 words)

	Australian Military Units
		The Tunisian campaign of early 1943 was the final stage of the fighting that had raged back and forth along the North African coast since the first Italian drive into Egypt in 1940.
		The combined American and British 1st Army advancing into Tunisia from Algeria hoped to move quickly through Tunisia to meet up with the British and Commonwealth 8th Army advancing across Libya after the victory at El Alamein, thereby crushing the Axis forces between them.
		This was prevented, however, by the rapid reinforcement of Tunisia with German troops from Sicily and a series of skilfully executed defensive operations.
	www.awm.gov.au /units/event_211.asp (228 words)

	Tunisia
		Tunisia is a constitutional republic dominated by a single political party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD).
		The National Council for Liberties in Tunisia (CNLT) reported that other inmates were instructed to stay away from political prisoners and were punished severely for making contact with them.
		Opposition candidates and other observers also cited voter intimidation, restrictions on disseminating campaign materials and organizing campaign events, the ruling party's domination of state institutions, and political activity which precluded credible and competitive electoral challenges from unsanctioned actors.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41733.htm (13088 words)

	TheFA.com - Flying start for England
		Peter Taylor's England Under-20s have beaten Tunisia in the opening match of their Toulon Tournament campaign.
		Tunisia proved to be a good test for Taylor's side and in the first half, England
		If England thought they would have it all their own way, they were given a rude awakening after six minutes when centre-back Oualid Hichri hit a 25-yard volley past Young only to see his effort strike the crossbar.
	www.thefa.com /England/U20s/NewsAndFeatures/Postings/2005/06/EngU20_vTunisia_MR.htm (703 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		TUNISIA 1943 (Vac Victis premier issue game) The campaign in Tunisia during 1943 was a complex one and is certainly difficult to translate into game terms.
		Furthermore, this is a relatively simple, quad sized game that nevertheless tries to simulate the campaign in an accurate and worth while manner.
		There is no campaign game linking the two and in this way it steers clear of many situations that would have led to making the game much more complex.
	grognard.com /reviews/tun1943.txt (828 words)

	Mediterranean, Torch, Malta, convoys, Algeria, Gabes, Tunisia, Sicily, Husky, Messina, Salerno, Kos, Leros, Aegean, ...
		Tunisia - On news of the 'Torch' landings, the first German troops are flown across from Sicily to Tunisia on the 9th and within two days start a large build-up.
		By the 29th the Mareth Line is broken and the Germans and Italians have retreated to a strong position north of Gabes at Wadi Akarit.
		The cost of this abortive campaign to the Royal Navy can now be added up - four cruisers damaged with one never repaired, six destroyers lost or permanently out of action and others damaged.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2CampaignsRNMed3.htm (5351 words)

	443rd AAA Bn - World War II - Northern Tunisian Campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In Tunisia, the C-Ration, which came in tin cans, was the mainstay of the troops.
		Although General Alexander had planned to pinch out the U.S. II Corps in Central Tunisia as the British 8th Army advanced northward, General Eisenhower intervened and Alexander’s 18th Army Group revised its plans, giving II Corps an operating zone of its own on the north flank with the 1st British Army in support.
		As the Afrika Corps withdrew to the northeastern part of Tunisia it made prolific use of mines and booby traps to delay Allied forces.
	www.kwanah.com /txmilmus/36division/archives/443/44338.htm (538 words)

	MENAFN - Middle East North Africa . Financial Network News: Arab News daily reported that Tunisia has begun a campaign ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Financial Network News: Arab News daily reported that Tunisia has begun a campaign to attract tourists from Saudi Arabia and other GCC states.
		Arab News daily reported that Tunisia has begun a campaign to attract tourists from Saudi Arabia and other GCC states.
		Tunisia, in north Africa with a Mediterranean coast, has spent $5 billion on tourism infrastructure projects that include 800 hotels with a total of 220,000 beds, 400 restaurants and a number of recreation centers across the country.
	www.menafn.com /qn_news_story_s.asp?storyid=50794 (137 words)

	[No title]
		Tunisia p.2 Howe, George F. Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West.
		Tunisia p.3 - ARTILLERY Bush, Richard D. "Forward Observation in Africa." Fld Arty Jrnl 33 (Oct 1943): pp.
		Tunisia p.11 Kellett, Donald T. "El Guettar: Victory or Stalemate?" Mil Rev XXXI (Jul 1951): pp.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/history/marshall/military/mil_hist_inst/w/ww2mto2c.asc (1449 words)

	ScienceDaily: Sahara's Edge Studied From Ground, Air And Space To Improve Water Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		From November 7, a week-long campaign in southern Tunisia known as the AquiferEx Airborne, Optical and Radar Campaign was overseen by ESA's dedicated Campaign Unit.
		At the same time as the Dornier was flying out of Tunisia's Djerba International Airport, Tunisian and European participants on the ground gathered information including the size and position of fields, local topography, the soil surface characteristics and vegetation type, distribution and parameters such as leaf area index and wet and dry biomass.
		As with similar campaigns, the results from AquiferEx – which are superior in geometric resolution and the number of channels or polarisations to the capability of presently orbiting satellites - will also be used to anticipate the performance and usefulness of future satellite sensors.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/01/060102122314.htm (1787 words)

	North African Campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The result of the campaign was a crushing humiliation for Mussolini, as well as a heavy dimunition of his military strength.
		British and American troops hastened towards Tunisia, as Montgomery was doing from the other end of the North African coast in pursuit of Rommel, and the bulk of the French garrison concentrated inland, but the Germans were able to land the advance guard of an expeditionary force under General Nehring.
		On 25 November the First Army struck at Tunisia and reached to within ten miles but was counter-attacked by Nehring whose troops enjoyed air superiority and drove the British Army back to its start line.
	www3.sympatico.ca /ergrenier/Africa.html (3646 words)

	HyperWar: Reader's Guide to the U.S. Army in World War II Series--The Mediterranean Theater of Operations
		After campaigns which began with amphibious assaults in both Africa and Sicily, the Allies were hoping that the invasion of Italy would be an equally successful endeavor.
		It was also a campaign replete with controversy, as might have been expected in a theater where the presence of many nationalities and two fairly equal partners imposed considerable strain on the process of coalition command.
		Just as the campaign began on a note of covert politico-military maneuvering to achieve the surrender of the Italian forces, so it ended in intrigue and secret negotiations for a separate surrender of the Germans in Italy.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USA/USA-Guide/Guide-MTO.html (2006 words)

	Human Rights in Tunisia: The Grip Tightens in the Lead up to The WSIS / WSIS [Tunisia & CR] / Newsroom / Root ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The schedule included a session on the 8th of September with LTDH members to discuss the situation and options, meetings with government officials to listen to their positions, followed by attendance as observers at the Sixth Congress of the League.
		But messages of support from the German ambassador, the Canadian Attaché and EU diplomats were encouraging; and the news that the President of the European Parliament had issued a strong statement in their favour, drawing attention also to the WSIS, was greeted with some appreciation.
		Their efforts to use the WSIS to project a picture globally of a modern liberated state that values and respects human rights is an insult to all those who know and try to disseminate the truth.
	www.crisinfo.org /content/view/full/944 (1886 words)

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