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Topic: Tunneling protocol

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	Tunneling protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A tunneling protocol is a network protocol which encapsulates one protocol or session inside another.
		Protocol A is encapsulated within protocol B, such that A treats B as though it were a data link layer.
		Tunneling may also be used to provide various types of VPN functionality such as private addressing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tunneling_protocol (394 words)

	RFC 2637 - Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
		Informational [Page 17] RFC 2637 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) July 1999 Identifier A value set by the sender of the Echo- Request that is used to match the reply with the corresponding request.
		Informational [Page 18] RFC 2637 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) July 1999 Error Code This field is set to 0 unless a "General Error" condition exists, in which case Result Code is set to 2 and this field is set to the value corresponding to the general error condition as specified in section 2.2.
		Informational [Page 51] RFC 2637 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) July 1999 Some definitions: Packet Processing Delay (PPD) is the amount of time required for each side to process the maximum amount of data buffered in their receive packet sliding window.
	www.packetizer.com /rfc/rfc2637 (11847 words)

	[No title]
		Tunnel A tunnel is defined by a PNS-PAC pair.
		Protocol Overview There are two parallel components of PPTP: 1) a Control Connection between each PAC-PNS pair operating over TCP and 2) an IP tunnel operating between the same PAC-PNS pair which is used to transport GRE encapsulated PPP packets for user sessions between the pair.
		Tunnel Protocol Operation The user data carried by the PPTP protocol are PPP data packets.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc2637.txt (11165 words)

	Windows NT: Understanding PPTP (Windows NT 4.0)
		Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that enables the secure transfer of data from a remote client to a private enterprise server by creating a virtual private network (VPN) across TCP/IP-based data networks.
		Tunneling is the process of sending packets to a computer on a private network by routing them over some other network, such as the Internet.
		However, tunneling enables the routing network to transmit the packet to an intermediary computer, such as a PPTP server, that is connected to the both the routing network and the private network.
	www.microsoft.com /technet/archive/winntas/plan/pptpudst.mspx (3556 words)

	L2TP: Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Overview RFC 2661
		This protocol may also be used to solve the "multilink hunt-group splitting" problem.
		If an Assigned Tunnel ID has not yet been received from the peer, Tunnel ID must be set to 0.
		Once an Assigned Tunnel ID is received, all further packets must be sent with Tunnel ID set to the indicated value.
	www.networkdictionary.com /protocols/l2tp.php (741 words)

	[No title]
		Tunnel IDs are selected and exchanged as Assigned Tunnel ID AVPs during the creation of a tunnel.
		Before the Assigned Tunnel ID AVP is received from a peer, messages MUST be sent to that peer with a Tunnel ID value of 0 in the header of all control messages.
		When a tunnel is being shut down for reasons other than loss of connectivity, the state and reliable delivery mechanisms MUST be maintained and operated for the full retransmission interval after the final message exchange has occurred.
	www.rfc-editor.org /rfc/rfc2661.txt (16097 words)

	How to Configure IPSec Tunneling in Windows 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Kerberos is technically possible if both ends of the tunnel are in trusted domains, and that trusted domain's IP address (IP address of a domain controller) is reachable on the network by both ends of the tunnel during IKE negotiation of the tunnel (before it is established).
		Outbound tunnel traffic leaves on one interface, and the inbound tunnel traffic is received on a different interface.
		Outbound tunnel traffic leaves on an interface that is different than the interface that has the tunnel endpoint IP address.
	support.microsoft.com /kb/q252735 (3221 words)

	Tunneling - Proprofs
		This type of remote access technology allows a user to securely dial in or otherwise access a remote network over an encrypted and difficult-to-intercept connection known as a “tunnel.” These protocols are therefore usually referred to as tunneling or secure remote access protocols.
		PPTP, or Point-to-point tunneling protocol, is a commonly implemented remote access protocol that allows for secure dial-up access to a remote network.
		L2TP, or Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol, is an alternative protocol to PPTP that offers the capability for VPN functionality in a more secure and efficient manner.
	www.proprofs.com /mwiki/index.php?title=Tunneling (861 words)

	VPN Tunnels - GRE Protocol 47 Packet Description and Use
		The Generic Route Encapsulation (GRE) protocol is used in conjunction with Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) to create virtual private networks (VPNs) between clients or between clients and servers.
		The data or payload that is going to pass through the tunnel is given a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) header and then placed inside a GRE packet.
		After the GRE packet has arrived at the final destination (the endpoint of the tunnel), it is discarded and the encapsulated packet is then transmitted to its final destination.
	support.microsoft.com /?kbid=241251 (934 words)

	PPTP: Point to Point Tunneling Protocol
		Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) can also be used to tunnel a PPP session over an IP network.
		PPTP specifies a call-control and management protocol which allows the server to control access for dial-in circuit switched calls originating from a PSTN or ISDN, or to initiate outbound circuit switched connections.
		Key functions of the Microsoft PPTP have been covered by L2TP, which is the IETF standard protocol for tunneling.
	www.javvin.com /protocolPPTP.html (552 words)

	Roxen Community: RFC 2637 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) (Informational) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		This document specifies a protocol which allows the Point to Point Protocol (PPP) to be tunneled through an IP network.
		The sliding window protocol used on the PPTP data path is used for flow control by each side of the data exchange.
		One feature of the PPTP sliding window protocol is that it allows the acknowledgment of multiple packets with a single acknowledgment.
	community.roxen.com /developers/idocs/rfc/rfc2637.html (10640 words)

	L2TP - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the voluntary tunnel model, a tunnel is created by the user, typically by the use of an L2TP enabled client which is called as LAC client.
		In the compulsory tunnel model-remote dial the home gateway (LNS) initiates a tunnel to an ISP (LAC) (outgoing call) and instructs the ISP to place a local call to the PPP enabled client which is remote user.
		A tunnel is established from a client LAC to the L2TP Multi-hop gateway and then another tunnel is established between the L2TP Multi-hop gateway and a target LNS.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/L2TP (1405 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Virtual Private Networks Work"
		Part of the TCP/IP stack, PPP is the carrier for other IP protocols when communicating over the network between the host computer and a remote system.
		The truck is the carrier protocol, the box is the encapsulating protocol and the computer is the passenger protocol.
		The vendor packs the computer (passenger protocol) into a box (encapsulating protocol) which is then put on a UPS truck (carrier protocol) at the vendor's warehouse (entry tunnel interface).
	computer.howstuffworks.com /vpn15.htm (384 words)

	Interpeak Embedded Networking Software Products
		PPP is the most commonly used protocol to provide remote access over dial-up lines.
		The Interpeak Embedded L2TP client is easy to use and to provides a flexible API which can be used to implement a variety of L2TP configurations.
		Implements LAC mode according to RFC 2661 - Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol "L2TP".
	www.interpeak.com /products/l2tp.html (135 words)

	An HTTP/1.1 compliant tunneling protocol? (Long)
		The assumption that the HTTP port (80) is more than likely to be allowed by the network administrators through their firewalls is the bedrock upon which the entire edifice of SOAP is built, and I am trying to leverage that.
		Fortunately our system runs the HTTPS protocol (port 443) and as such there is no possibility of our full-duplex client/server connection interfering with normal web server operation.
		If someone's firewall is blocking your traffic, the correct solution is to make it easy for the user (in the form of the local network administration) to change that in a controlled way, not to attempt to bypass their security policy by hiding your data inside something else.
	www.webservertalk.com /message48962.html (1570 words)

	IP Tunneling Protocols
		It is sometimes more useful to think of tunneling in a less literal sense, namely, as a "tunnel" of privacy between two end-points connected by a public (non-secure) channel.
		In fact, although PPTP is commonly thought of as Microsoft's protocol (for obvious reasons), Aboba and Eitelbach point out that most of the work on it was actually done by the engineers at Ascend Communications Inc., makers of IP routers commonly used by ISPs.
		UDP is a faster, leaner (and less reliable) protocol for sending packets that, because it does not retransmit lost packets, is commonly used in real-time Internet communications.
	www.intranetjournal.com /foundation/tunneling.shtml (1674 words)

	RFC 4667 - Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (L2VPN) Extensions for Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
		Abstract The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) provides a standard method for setting up and managing L2TP sessions to tunnel a variety of L2 protocols.
		The baseline protocol supports various types of applications, which have been highlighted in the different Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) reference models in [RFC3931].
		Once a tie is discovered, the PE uses the standard L2TP tie breaking procedure, as described in Section 5.4.4 of [RFC3931], to disconnect the duplicated pseudowire.
	www.packetizer.com /rfc/rfc4667 (3442 words)

	The Internet Report
		This document defines the control protocol and encapsulation specifics for tunneling PPP over L2TPv3, and is a companion document to the L2TPv3 base specification.
		Protocol extensions to L2TP defined in this document are intended to facilitate state recovery, providing additional resiliency in an L2TP network and improving a remote system's layer 2 connectivity.
		The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol, Version 3, (L2TPv3) defines a protocol for tunneling a variety of data link protocols over IP networks.
	ietfreport.isoc.org /ids-wg-l2tpext.html (1483 words)

	Continuous Computing \| CN \| Products \| Trillium \| GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)
		The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is used as the path protocol to transfer signaling messages between GSNs.
		Provides a tunneling mechanism to carry the user data packets between the 2G-SGSNs during the Inter-SGSN RA Update and Intersystem Handover procedures.
		The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), compliant with STD 0007, is used to tunnel connection-oriented T-PDUs.
	www.trillium.com /cn/products/trillium/technical/gtp.html (860 words)

	Java Tip 111: Implement HTTPS tunneling with JSSE - Java World
		The first step to creating your secure socket is to open the tunneling socket to the proxy port.
		In the original tunneling code on line 206 in JSSE, it then checks for "HTTP/1.0 200" in the proxy's reply.
		After you have successfully created the tunneling socket, you overlay it with the SSL socket.
	www.javaworld.com /javaworld/javatips/jw-javatip111.html (679 words)

	Cisco - Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
		A key building block for Access VPNs is L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), an extension to the Point-to-point (PPP) protocol and a fundamental building block for VPNs.
		In a dial environment, an L2TP tunnel can be initiated from a Network Access Server (NAS) as a NAS-initiated tunnel or from client software as a client-initiated tunnel to a router that acts as a tunnel termination point.
		Because L2TP is a standard protocol, all customers—service providers and corporate network managers alike—can enjoy a wide range of service offerings available from multiple vendors.
	www.cisco.com /warp/public/cc/pd/iosw/prodlit/l2tun_ds.htm (2808 words)

	Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Your first connection, or pipe, is your Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connection to your ISP; your second connection is your PPTP connection, which tunnels through your first connection.
		PPTP tunneling has particular significance if your IP network is using addresses that you haven't registered with InterNIC or addresses that InterNIC has reserved for private networks (such as the 10.x.x.x range).
		Having read the June “Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol” article by Douglas Toombs, I believe his review of the security of information exchanged between a RAS server and client is incorrect.
	www.windowsitpro.com /Windows/Article/ArticleID/461/461.html (2255 words)

	What is Layer Two Tunneling Protocol? - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: L2TP
		- Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is an extension of the Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) used by an Internet service provider (ISP) to enable the operation of a virtual private network (VPN) over the Internet.
		The two main components that make up L2TP are the L2TP Access Concentrator (LAC), which is the device that physically terminates a call and the L2TP Network Server (LNS), which is the device that terminates and possibly authenticates the PPP stream.
		The user has an L2 connection to an access concentrator, which then tunnels individual PPP frames to the NAS, so that the packets can be processed separately from the location of the circuit termination.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci493383,00.html (324 words)

	FAQ - Microsoft's PPTP Implementation
		But the point of these servers is to act as VPNs; users outside the firewall use Microsoft PPTP to tunnel inside the network.
		The gross cryptographic mistakes that we found in Microsoft's PPTP only happen with proprietary protocols, not with public ones such as IPSec.
		Microsoft has been aware for over a year that the Windows NT password protocol is insecure; L0phtcrack has been publicly available for that long.
	www.schneier.com /pptp-faq.html (788 words)

	L2TP - Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
		Layer Two Tunneling Protocol - A secure protocol used for connecting Virtual Private Networks over public lines such as the Internet.
		It is used to encapsulate PPP frames and transmit them across a TCP/IP network.
		L2TP is a network protocol and it can send encapsulated PPP packets over IP, x.25, frame relay or ATM networks.
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/L2TP.asp (184 words)

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